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Combining  JAIN aspirations..Globally...... Mission*24L*
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of ARVANTIGE

CHAPTER-1

CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER-4

q®ºuµ w®l®‰±›u® …¢N®º

Cºu®±î®Š®º …mÖSµ²h±Ô yµYÏ › yµ½w®Ýº

î®±±ºu®Š®T‹uµ¶‡®±ãÁº š¯

w®ºu®uµ §š¯xÙ šµiÔ y®‹Š®¤›u®º ||

y®©N¯©º w®lµu®q®±Ù …mÖ‡µ²¡µ u®âÁq®º …¢N®w®±Ù yµ½°º

y®©î¯S®©ÊªN¯©îµ±°Š®± ï…±u®º š¹cw®ãŠ®q¯ÝN®Š®º

…©î®w®Ùº y®ä„®±ý¯xÙ šµiÔ‡µ²¡®S¯S®‡µ²Ý…àÁŠ®±º yµ½ºS®¡®º

y®©î®º Nµ²h±Ôïwµ²q®‹w®±Ù y®lµu®Š¬ § ïy®äе²¡®²áﱇ®±º ||

Aºu®Šµ, A𮩱-…mÖ „µ¡µ‡®±±q¯Ù oeµ²Š®h±u®©åuµ …mÖ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î® š¯©S¯Š®Š®±

q®î®±â u¯ï±ÁN® „¯î®wµ‰±ºu® Kºu®± Iq®î®w®²Ý, Aw®ºq®Š® Kºu®± Нh¡®u® „¯ï‡®±w®²Ý,

î®±qµÙ î®±±ºuµ D Нh¡®u® „¯ïSµºu®± Bu¯‡®±u® „®²ï±‡®±w®²Ý Nµ²ºl®± u¯w®î¯T

†h±ÔNµ²hÔŠµºu®± D ý¯š®w® BtÁN® î®ãµÚ‡®± Kºu®± î®±±Qî®w®±Ý u¯Qª›uµ (Auµ°, y®¼.

69) Sµ²°©N®u® oe®oî®w®±Ý N®u®Û®±, …mÖNµ²l®uµ Y›u®î®Š®±, y®ºX®î®±oe¯y¯q®N®Šµºu®±

xºvš®OE¯Tuµ (IA.X. w®º. 187 Oä.ý®. 1095).

Nµ©îµ½îµ±â î®±±xS®¡µ² N®ºr‡®±Šµ² ý¯äî®N® ý¯äî®O‡®±Šµ² …š®v‡®±ªå š®OEµå°Qw®

q®î®w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®± B ïþÇ®Ô š®ºu®„®Áu®ªå q®u¯‹‡®±± š®î®¾¯vÃî®±Š®o

oeµ²ºu®±î®î®ŠµSµ Awµ°N® ïvÃS®¡®w®±Ý BX®‹š®±î®Š®±. Ey®î¯š® q®î®w®±Ý Nµ¶Sµ²ºl® îµ±°OEµ

y¯äo oeµ²°S®±î®¼u®± ®S®hÔOEµ N¯© Ÿm‡®±…oe®±u®±. bµ²qµSµ B î®ãOÙ Ÿ°Sµ î®±±mzu®

îµ±°©² š®ºš¯ÊŠ® ïvà w®lµ‡®±„µ°N®±, A® wµw®zS¯T x›v N®©±å xªåš®±î®

Iy¯Ág¯S®„µ°N®± - Cå BtÁN® î¯hw®±Ý K¡®Sµ²¡®±ëî® O䇵±S®¡®±;

c‡®±O°rÁuµ°î® ›u¯Ûw®Ù î®±±x‡®± þǮ㊮² Awµ°N® w®³y®ry®½dq®Š®² BS® y®äN¯ºl® y®ºmq®

 

w¯S®X®ºu®ä ›u¯Ûºq® uµ°î®Š®± 10-10-1059 Š®ºu®± îµ²Š®…u® U®g¯ºq®O‡®± …š®v‡®±ªå

š®w®ãš®w® ïvɱºu® î®±±lµzu®Š®±. ASµ y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±îµºu®± A® þǮ㊯u® N®w®N®ý®OÙ

›u¯Ûºq®uµ°î®Š®± x›vSµ N®©åw®±Ý xªå›u®Š®± (sll.Vol.xx. w®º. 530. Oä.ý®. 1059

îµ²Š®…)

…š®v‡®±ªå Bq®y® q®y®š®éw®±Ý ¯l®±rÙu®Û î®oÁwµ‡®±± y®¼w¯Ýh š®ºU® dw®šµ°w®

BX¯Š®ãŠ® oe®‹î®ºý® y®¼Š¯ou®ªåuµ (21.111-114) ‡®¾¯q¯ätÁS®¡®± CŠ®±¢w®ªå

…š®vS®¡®ªå C¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ërÙu®ÛŠ®±. ïýµ°Ç® š®ºu®„®ÁS®¡®ªå š®î®¾¯Š®º„®S®¡®w®²Ý š®oe®

…š®vS®¡®ªå B®ou®ªå š®ºU®iš®OE¯S®±rÙq®±Ù (Auµ°, 5.676-80). …š®vS®¡®ªå

Ey®î¯š®S®¡®w®±Ý BX®‹š®±rÙu®±Ûu®w®²Ý u¯ï±ÁN® Ey®w¯ãš®S®¡®w®±Ý Iy®Ámš®±rÙu®±Ûu®w®±Ý š®oe®

dw®šµ°w® BX¯Š®ãŠ®± u¯Qª›u¯Ûе. D Aºý®î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¡®©²å w®î®±²u¯Tuµ (Nahar

P.C.ed: Jaina Inscriptions, pt. 1, p. 193- Osian

inscription,Saka 1013, V.12).

A©åuµ îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¡®±q®Ù …ºvŠ®±î® H©å š®ºu®„®ÁS®¡®©²å ®r‡®± bµ²qµSµ Fh

y®©oe¯Š®u® Iy¯Áiw® y®äýµÝ‡®±² …Š®±q®Ùuµ. bµ¶w®Š®± Нr䇮± Fhî®w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®î®Š®±.

Au®‹ºu® 𮲇®¾¯Áš®Ùu® K¡®Sµ Boe¯Š® ïq®Š®nµ‡®± Nµ©š® y®½Šµ¶š®„µ°N®±. AmSµ‡®± y¯qµä

y®l®S® š¹uµ š®Š®…Нc± , u®î®š®u¯w®ã ©î¯cîµ± BS®„µ°N®±. Cå uµ²l®Ö BtÁN®

î¯iw® y®äýµÝ‡µ±° BTuµ. šµ°î®N® î®S®Áu®ªå „¯T©± N¯‡®±±î®î®Š®±, oe®oqµ

oe®X®±Ïî®î®Š®± Нrä N¯î®ªw®î®Š®±, y®©åOÊ oeµ²Š®±î®î®Š®±, î¯u®ãS¯Š®Š®±, qµ²°hS¯Š®Š®±,

oe®n¯Ø¡®±-S®ºl¯¡®± -Ÿ°Sµ Kºu®± y®‹î¯Š®ïŠ®±q®Ùuµ. CSµ©å w®S®u®± C©åuµ u®î®š®u¯w®ã

Š®²y®u®ªå q®N®Ê š®º„Â¯î®wµ š®ºu¯‡®± BS®±q®Ùuµ. Cuµ©åu®Š® îµ±°ªæX¯Š®N®Š®± Cu®Š® BtÁN®

î¯hw®±Ý xî®ÁŸš®±q¯Ùе. …š®v‡®± N®š® S®±mš®±î® „µ²°‡®±y®u®Û Hº„¯q®xSµ Kºu®±

oe¯S® u¯w® Nµ²hÔu®±Û š®oe® ý¯š®w®u®ªå …ºvuµ. (Inscriptions of Anadhra

 

Pradhesh, Warangal No.22.A.D. 1117) …š®v‡®±ªå w®lµ‡®±±î® wµ²°ºz‡®±

xï±q®Ùî¯T §°î®±u¯ÛŠ®© uµ°ï‡®±Š®± uÂ¯Š¯y®½î®ÁN®î¯T î®q®±ÙSµŠµ‡®± S®uµÛ x°î®Á‹

îµ±°Šµ‡®¾¯T Cy®ÞÉÙqµÙ¶u®± î®±q®ÙŠ®± †h±ÔNµ²hÔŠ®± (ARSIE 1960-61.

No.B.521, „µ²î®±âw®oe®¢ë (S®±©àS®Á d\š®±Š®y®¼Š® q¯); oe®w®±î®¾¯¤ Sµ²°T (š®º), š®±Š®y®¼Š®

q¯©²Ow® ý¯š®w®S®¡®± (1995), š®ºPµã 49. Oä.ý®. 1106, y®¼. 104-106)

oe®©î®¼ …š®vS®¡® Klµ‡®±Š¯T, š®î®¾¯cu® u®Áý®OÙ‡®¾¯T wµ²°mNµ²¡®±ëî® BtÁN®

î®ãµÚ‡®± î®±j®S®¢Sµ šµ°‹qµÙº…±u®NµÊ xu®ý®Áw®î¯TŠ®±î® Cºvw® î®±j®S®¢î®¼;

ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡®u® î®±j¯v°ý®Š¯T š®æ›Ù§° X¯Š®±O°rÁ „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±ÁŠ®±

CŠ®±î®Š®±. C® î¯ãzÙSµ K¡®y®h±Ô u®¤o N®w®Ýl® dOEµå‡®± î®±²l®†u®Šµ‡®±©²å Kºu®±

î®±j®ïuµ, Aªå‡®± y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±Á‹S®² Cuµ X¯Š®±O°rÁ „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Šµº… oeµš®‹Š®±q®Ùuµ.

N®w®N¯vä (î®±OEµ‡®±²Š®±-îµ±¶š®²Š®± dOEµå) î®±j®î®½, N®º…u®oe®¢ë (î®±ºl®ã d) î®±j®î®½

y¯äY°w® ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡®NµÊ Bvðw®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ.

þî®îµ½S®Ì dOEµå‡®± oeµ²º…±cu®ªå‡®±² y¯äY°w® bµ¶w®î®±j®ïuµ. Aªå‡®± î®±j¯vðý®‹Sµ

š®æ›Ù§° uµ°îµ°ºu®äO°rÁ „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±Áеº… oeµš®‹uµ. u®¤o N®w®Ýl® dOEµå‡®±

¯ºS® î®±j®î®½, D oeµ²º…±c î®±j®NµÊ Bvðw®î¯Tuµ.

u®¤o N®w®Ýl® dOEµå N¯N®Á¡®u®ªå‡®±² Kºu®± y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® î®±j®ïuµ. Aªåw®

î®±j¯vðý®‹Sµ š®æ›Ù§° ©ªq®O°rÁ „®g¯ÔX¯‡®±ÁŠ®± Hº… oeµš®‹uµ.

YN®Êî®±S®¡®²Š®± dOEµå‡®± w®Š®›ºoe®Š¯cy®¼Š®u®ªå‡®±² (›ºoe®w®S®uµÛ) Kºu®± bµ¶w®î®±j®ïu®±Û

Cªåw® î®±j¯vðý®‹Sµ š®æ›Ù§° ©¤Èâšµ°w® „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±ÁŠ®± Hº… oeµš®‹uµ. DS®

î®±oe¯Š¯Ç®óNµÊ šµ°‹Š®±î® Nµ²OE¯êy®¼Š®u®ªåŠ®±î® bµ¶w®î®±j®î®½ Cuµ° y®Š®ºy®ŠµSµ šµ°‹u®±Û

Aªå‡®± î®±j¯vðý®‹S®² š®oe® š®æ›Ù§° ©¤Èâ°šµ°w® „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±±Áеº… oeµš®‹uµ.

 

Cå DS® oe¯ª X¯ªÙ‡®±ªåu®±Û BtÁN® î®ãµÚ‡®±w®±Ý wµ²°mNµ²¡®±ërÙŠ®±î® d°î®ºq®

î®±j®S®¡®±. Cåuµ Ÿºuµ w¯ºu®p (w¯ºuµ°l¬),cî®±Qºm, Š®q®ÝT‹, yµw®Sµ²ºlµ, Nµ²y®Þ¡®

, î®±wµÝŠ® î®±š®©î¯l®, î®±±¡®S®±ºu®, oe®w®šµ²°Sµ, Nµ²°S®¢, Nµ©åºSµŠµ , y®¼ªSµŠµ, ApØSµŠµ, -

î®±±ºq¯u® š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå‡®±² bµ¶w® î®±j®S®¢u®±Û. D H©å î®±j®S®¢S®² B‡®¾¯ î®±j®u®

Bl®¢q® î¯ãzÙSµ , BtÁN® î®ãµÚSµ K¡®y®h±Ô …š®vS®¡®± CŠ®±rÙu®Û. î®±j¯vðý®Š® î®±q®±Ù

î®±j® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± †Š®±u¯î®¢‡®± y®äý®›Ù î¯X®w®u®ªå A® Bl®¢q® î¯ãzÙ‡®±

š®²X®wµS®¢Š®±q®Ùîµ.

Eu¯oe®Š®nµ‡®¾¯T oeµ²º…±cu® î®±j¯vðý® y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±±ÁŠ® y®äý®›Ù î¯X®w® y¯j®î®¼

oeµ°TŠ®±q®Ùuµº…±u®w®±Ý wµ²°l®…oe®±u®±. š®æ›Ù§° §°î®±u¯ä‡®±Š¯cS®±Š®±

„®²î®±ºl®OE¯X¯‡®±Á®±Á î®±oe¯î¯u® î¯v°ý®æŠ® Н‡®±î¯v zq¯î®±oe® š®N®©ïu®æcÑw®

š¯î®Á„¹¯u®ãwµ°N® Aw®æs®Á †Š®±u¯î®¢ c¯w®Š®±º §°î®±ºq® N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯w®æ‡®±

š®Š®š®ærS®X®Ð y®u¯âî®r°uµ°ï°©…Û® y®äš®w®ÝŠ®± Eq®ÙŠ® î®±u®±Š¯vðý®æŠ® dw®u®q®ÙН‡®±

d°î®Š®£¯y¯©N®Š®±º N®ªN®±ºl® ‡®±ºq¯äНu®N®Š®±º š®±î®oÁ N®©ý® y®ärǯÔy®w¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®±º

§° dw®î®±q® N®î®±©î®w® oe®ºš¯‡®±î®¾¯w®Š®±º §°î®±xÝcU®iN®š¯Úw® m¢ë î®±©‡®¾¯vä

ïc‡®±w®S®Š® ®ºS® y®hÔyµ½º…±X®ÏX®q®±» ›u®Û ›ºoe¯š®w¯vðý®æŠ®Š®±º §°î®±q¬

›u¯Ûºq®O°rÁ „®g¯ÔŠ®N® š¯æï± y®g¯Ôº„µ²°c vî¯N®Š®Š¯‡®±î®¾¯w®Š®±º §°î®±q¬

ïu¯ãw®ºu® š¯æï± y®g¯Ôº„µ²°c vî¯N®Š®Š®±º.

D ‹°r‡®± y®äý®›Ù š®Ÿq® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® x¯Áo, y®ºX®N®OE¯ão, y®ärǯÔy®wµ, y®½bµ

Eq®éî®, Š®s®‡®¾¯q¯ä î®±oeµ²°q®éî® -CS®¡® xŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý q®î®±â „®N®Ùºu®NµÊ N®¢š®±q¯Ùе.

N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå‡µ±° …oe®± uµ²l®Ö î®±j®î¯u® ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²°¡® î®±j®u® †Š®±u®± „¯î®ªS®¡®±

v°U®Áî¯Tu®±Û î®±oe¯î®±š®ÙN¯†Ãǵ°N® š®î®±‡®±u®©²å ÁN® y®½b¯î®š®Š®u®©²å §°

 

î®±j®u® î®r‰±ºu® N®¢š®OE¯S®±î® §° y®q®äu®ªå D KN®Ênµ CŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Au®N®Êw®±S®±oî¯T

B‡®¾¯ š®ºu®„®Áu® y®½b¯vS®¢Sµ …ºu®î®Š®±, oe®Š®Nµ oeµ²q®Ù®± N¯pNµ š®ªåš®±q¯Ùе.

Ÿ°S¯T B‡®¾¯ î®±j®S®¡® î¯ãzÙSµ K¡®y®l®±î® H©å …š®vS®¡® BtÁN® î®ãµÚ‡®±±

„®g¯ÔŠ®N®‹Sµ šµ°‹u¯ÛTŠ®±q®Ùuµ. „®g¯ÔŠ®N®‹Sµ îµ±°©Þh±Ô CŠ®±î® xS®äÁºs® BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®±,

‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° OE¹ON® î®ãî®oe¯Š®S®¢Sµ …Š®±î®¼v©åî¯u®Š®² AS®q®ã†u¯ÛS® š®²N®Ù Buµ°ý®S®¡®w®±Ý

„®g¯ÔŠ®N®‹Sµ Nµ²l®±î® AvÃN¯Š®î®w®±Ý oeµ²ºvŠ®±q¯Ùе. ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²°¡®u®ªå

î®±oe¯î®±š®ÙN¯†Ãǵ°N® N¯©u®ªå w®²Š¯Š®± cw® xS®äÁºs®Š®², B‰±ÁNµ‡®±Š®², £®²©åN®Š®²

J©N®Š®² …äoe®âX¯‹S®¡®² ©£¯ºq®Š® cw® Ey¯š®N®Š®² šµ°Š®±q¯Ùе. BTw® xî®Áoe®nµ‡®±

…oe®±uµ²l®Öoeµ²nµS¯‹Nµ y®½cã y®g¯ÔX¯‡®±Á‹Sµ šµ°‹u¯ÛTuµ.

šµ°l®î®¾¬-bµ¶w® š¯âŠ®N®S®¡® wµOEµï°l®±

m.Hw¬.AOÊ

Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® Нcu¯x w®S®Š® ¯w®ãPµ°h (î®±¡®Pµ°l®) AŠ®š®Š®, AvÃN¯‹ î®S®Áu®î®Š®

НcS®±Š®±S®¡® wµOEµ‡®¾¯Tu®Ûºqµ, ¯w®ãPµ°hvºu® Aw®r (10. O.ï±.) u®²Š®u®ªåŠ®±î®

šµ°mº…y®¼Š® (šµ°l®î®±) Bl®¢q® N®Xµ°‹S®¡® q¯oî¯Tq®±Ù. ¯w®ãPµ°h šµ°l®î®±S®¡® w®l®±îµ

î®±q®±Ù š®±q®Ùî®±±q®Ù© DTw® oe®¢ëS®¡®± BTw® y®äî®±±Q НcO°‡®± N¯Š®ãX®h±î®iNµS®¡®

Nµ°ºu®äS®¡¯Tu®Û. u®ºlµ²°r-Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® u®ºmw® y®äuµ°ý® , x°©oe®¢ë°-hºN®š¯OEµ‡®±

q¯oî¯Tq®±Ù. Cºs® î®±oe®q®æ y®½oÁ Jroe¯›N® š®Ú¡®S®¡®± ý¯›ô°‡®± š®ºýµ²°u®wµ î®±q®±Ù

š®O䇮± £µ°q®äN¯Š®ãu® Nµ²Š®qµ‰±ºu¯T Croe¯š®u®ªå Š¯Ç®óN®²h‹Sµ ›N®Ê y¯äý®š®ñ D

y®äuµ°ý®S®¢Sµ uµ²Š®N®u®ºq¯Tuµ. cw®Š® , š®Š®N¯Š®u® xНš®OÙ, Croe¯š®N¯Š®Š®

Eyµ°£µ‰±ºu¯T X®N®äî®rÁS®¡® , U®w®ïu¯æºš®Š®, š®î®±s®Á НcS®±Š®±S®¡®,

q®y®›æS®¡®,НcO°‡®± u¯ï±ÁN® š¯ºš®örN®î¯T îµ±Šµu® wµ©u® Croe¯š® CºYºX¯T î®±o±Ø

y¯OE¯S®±rÙŠ®±î®¼u®± N®h±š®q®ã. vS®º…Š®, ýµæ°q¯º…Š® î®±q®±Ù ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®î®Š®

 

N¯Š®ã£µ°q®äî¯T w¯mSµ° u®Áu® ŸOE¯ªw®ªå cw®Š®w®±Ý î®±±w®Ýlµš®±rÙu®Û wµOE š®âý¯w®

š®u®³ý®î¯S®oe®rÙuµ. Aªå‡®± u®ºS®± …mš®±î® ý¯š®w®S®¡®± š¯âŠ®N®S®¡®± w®î®±â y®½î®ÁcŠ®

Eu¯Š® X®‹qµä‡®± …u®±N®w®±Ý †q®Ù‹š®±î® Nµ²wµ‡®± ®š®±u¯Š®Š®ºqµ q®î®±â A¡®©w®±Ý

qµ²°l®±q¯Ù xºrîµ.

šµ°l®î®± w®S®Š®u® Nµ©š¯âŠ®N®S®¡®± Au®㇮±w® ‡µ²°S®ãî¯Tuµ. šµ°mº… w®S®Š®î®¼ AŠ®š®Š®,

AvÃN¯‹S®¡® Bl®¢q® Nµ°ºu®äî¯Tu®Ûºqµ u¯ï±ÁN® wµOEµS®h²Ô BTqµÙº…±u®NµÊ Aªå ›S®±î®

A¢u®±¢u® dw®î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®± dw®†º…S®¡®± ‡®±£®, ‡®±¤‡®±Š® ïS®äoe®S®¡®± 𝤇®¾¯Tîµ.

Nµ©îµ½ºu®± dw®î®±ºvŠ®S®¡® ïS®äoe®S®¡®± Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® N¯©u®î®¼S®¡¯Tu®Ûе …oe®±qµ°N®

Aî®ýµ°Ç®S®¡®± N®OE¯ãoX¯©±N®ãŠ® N¯©u®î®¼S®¡¯Tîµ. ©„®ã±î® Oä.ý®.

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