CHANDRAKODE

î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9: ý¯š®w®S®¡® Bu¯Š®

C0vw® „µ¡®S¯ïSµ y¯äY°w® œµš®Š®± îµ°(¡®±) o± S¯äî®± .DdŒµå‡®± š®î®u®rÙ (š¹0u®rÙ. š¹u®rÙ, š¯î®w®rÙ) H0…±u®Š® š®0š®ÊÈ´rN®Š®oSµ²¢›u® Š®²y®îµ š®±0S®u®î®r9. š¹u®rÙSµ œ®qµ²Ù0…qµÙwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµSµ y®Š®š®S®l® q¯©²åN¯H0u®± N®Šµ‡®±Œ¯Tuµ. „µ¡®S¯î®− š®î®u®rÙ‡®± š®±q®Ùo y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý Ÿ0uµ y®ä›u®Û Š®hÔN®±© y®äÉu¯w®Š®± B¢u®Š®±. š®±î®¾¯Š®±350 î®Ç®9S®¡®Ç®±Ô v°U®N¯©D Š®hÔŠ® Bª¢åæNµ‰±q®±Ù.A® N¯©u® š®0š®ÊÈ´q® î®±q®±Ù N®w®Ýl® ý¯š®w®S®:¡®w®±Ý bµ.Hy®. z°h y®äN®h›u¯ÛŠµ(1874).

š¹0u®rÙ −š®u®rÙ H0… ý®…ÛŠ®²y®u® xÇ®ßrÙ î®±q®±Ù ïN¯š® N®±‹q® X®Xµ9 q®³ zN®Š®î¯T w®lµv©å. DS® cw®Š®²mÇ®±ªå î¯mNµ‡®¾¯ŸŠ®±î®0qµ š¹0u®rÙ− š¹u®rÙ −š®î®u®rÙ H0…±u®± š®0š®±öq® š®±S®u®î®r9‰±0u® …0u® q®u®î® Š®²y®S®¡®©å.®Ùî®î®¼ Cu®Š® q®v抮±u®Ûî¯T w®lµvŠ®±î® „¯™N® y®äO䇵±‡®¾¯Tuµ. Cåu®Nµ²Ê î®±²© ý®…Û `š®î®ou®rÙ' H0…±u®± .bµ¶w® î®±±xS®¡¯u® ý®äÉî®±o y¯äN®³q®u®ªå š®î®±o−š®î®o H0u¯S®±q®Ùuµ: b¹w® š®w¯ã›H0u®± Au®Š® As®9,ý®äî®±o−ý®äî®o H0… š®0š®±öq® ‡®±±S®â Š®²y®S®¢Sµ š®0î¯v‡®¾¯T y¯äN®³q®u®ªå š®î®±o− š®î®o H0… š®î®¾¯w®Š®²y® S®¢îµ.N®w®Ýl®u®ªå‡®±² Cîµ° y¯äN®³q® Š®²y®S®¡®± 1200 î®Ç®9S®¢0u® …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯S®±rÙîµ.

š¹u®rÙ‡®± H©åî®±w®œ®±m‡®±± B y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý B¢u® Ay®Þh bµ¶w® Š¯u® Š®hÔŠ® y®hÔdw¯©‡®±î¯Tq®±Ù H0…±u®± DS® š¯zq®î¯TŠ®±î® š®q®ã. Š®hÔŠ® N¯©u®ªå D „¯S®îµ©åîµ½ bµ¶w®Š® wµŒµï°l¯Tq®±Ù. Awµ°N® bµ¶w® î®±±x š®0U®S®¡®², Aw®æ‡®±S®¡®², S®oS®¡®², S®X®S®¡®² Cªå d°î®0q®î¯Tu®±î®¼. AS®¡®ªå X®0väN¯î¯h H0… Aw®æ‡®±î®¼ y®䅩î¯TvÛq®±. X®0u®äÉy®ä„® r°s®9ºN®Š®Š® uµ°î¯©‡®±îµ° y®äÉî®±±Qî¯Tu®±Û u®‹0u® X®0vN¯hîµ0… Sµš®Š®²,î®±±xš®0U®î®½ Šµ²zq®î¯‰±qµ0… A†Ãy¯äɇ®±ïuµ: X®0väÉN¯h H0…±u®± š®¡®î¯Y î®±²©v0u®…0u® A†Ãu¯w®îµ0… S®äŸNµ‡®±² Cuµ.

D X®0väN¯î¯h Aw®æ‡®±u®ªå‡µ±° N¯Šµ°‡®±S®o,šµ°w¯w®æ‡®±î®½, r0q®äÙp° S®X®î®½ šµ°‹îµ. š¹u®rÙ−12 NµÊ š®0…ºvÇ®¾¯u® î®±±¡®±S®±0u® Sµš®‹w® œ®¢å‡®±dw® î®±0vŠ®NµÊ N®w®Ý „µ²„®²cw®± q®w®Ý ›°î®hv0u® HŠ®l®± œ®±ošµ‡®± î®±Š®S®¡® w®l®±î®ou® BŠ®± xî®9q®w® „µ²ï±‡®±w®±Ý Cq®Ùw®±: r0räÙnµ° £® ‡µ²°u®æ 9‡µ²°Š® î®±uµ㇮¾¯ ›Úq¯ „®²ï±u®¯Û9q¯Ù þä°N®w®Ý „®²„®²b¯ [zðh: 1874:194] r0ränµ° £®u® š®0…u®v0u¯T r0räoS®X®îµ0u®± œµš®Š¯‰±q®±Ù. œ®±o›S®l®S®ª‡®± D r0räpS®X®îµ0u®± œµš®Š¯‰±q®±. œ®±o›œ®l®S®ª‡®±± Dr0räp°S®X®u® ES®î®±š¬Ú¡®.

î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9 î®±¡®œ¯‹° H0… w®v‡®± ›°î®¾¯ y®äuµ°ý®u®ªå y®ä„¯î®ý¯ª bµ¶w®‡®¾¯q¯äš¬Ú¡®[zðh:1874−198].î®±³¡¯y® r°s®9 Nµ°0u®äɆ0u®± î¯Tu®±Û bµ¶w® š®w¯ã›S®¡®² þǮ㊮² K0…q®±Ù−œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®ªå ‡µ±° N®0l®±…Š®±q¯ÙŠµ. î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9y®Š®0y®ŠµSµ šµ°‹u® dw®î®±0vŠ®S®¡® š®î®o‹Sµ Š¯Ç®ÔN®²h Š¯c‹0u® u¯w®u®rÙ‡®¾¯T N®²l®©hÔ š¬Ú¡¬îµ° š®î®ou®rÙ. î®±³¡¯y®r°s¬9 š®î®o‹Sµ Š®hÔŠ¯cŠ®± u®rÙ. Nµ²hÔ N¯Š®o `š®î®ou®rÙ' H0… œµš®Š®± X¯ªy®lµ‰±q®±Ù. š®î®ou®rÙ.H0… ý®…Š®²y® N¯äîµ±°o cŠ®w® EX¯ÏŠ®n¯w®±N®²©NµÊ Aw®±S®±oî¯T ý®…Û S®¡®± œµ²Š®¡®±q®Ù š®î®ou®rÙ š®0î®u®rÙ−š¹0u®rÙ−š®î®u®rÙ − š¹u®rÙ H0… î¯ãq¯ãš¯S®¡®w®±Ýy®lµu®± Nµ²0mu®.

ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå w®î®±²u¯TŠ®±î® y®äÉN¯Š® î®±±¡®±Ì0u®u® `® ý®ãb¯rb¯q®'. ýµ°z†Ã: [1874:190−91] , A0u®Šµ ý®ãN®±©u®î®Š®±(…‰±š®N®±©) î®±³¡¯y®r°s®NµÊ u¯w®u®rÙS®¡®xÝq®±. Þ þǮ㊯Tu®Š®±.š¹u®rÙ‡®± Š®hÔŠµx›u® Š¯cî®±wµq®w®u® BŠ®0„®u® uµ²Šµœ®¡¯u® îµ±Š®l®, zðt°æ°Š¯c, zh±ÔS® ,N®w®ÝŠ® −H0†° Bu®ãŠ®± š®œ® š®î®ou®rÙ‡®¾¯u® î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9u® Bl®¢q® wµ²°m Nµ²¡®±ëq®Ù xî®9o‡®± „¯S®î¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. zÃät°æŠ¯î®±±w®± î®±³¡¯y®r°s®u® S®±Š®±N®±©u®ªå Z¯q®äÉ(X®hÔ=þÇ®ã)w¯Tu®±Û Aªå N®ª‡µ²rÙu®wµ0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå Aš¬Ëªq®î¯T u¯QŒ¯Tuµ.

š¹u®rÙ‡®±ªå‡®±Š®±î® DTw® H©åî®±âw® Cm° S®±l®Öîµ° Bî®±³¡¯y® r°s®9î¯Tq®±Ù. H©åî®±âw® S®±m Š®hÔŠ® y®g¯Ôdw¯©‡®±îµ0u®± D Œµ°Qw®u® BŠ®0„®u®ªåÉå œµ°ªåu¯Ûuµ. Dš®î®u®rÙ(š¹u®rÙ) ‡®±± N®±œ®²0m(N®²0m) î®±±w®²ÝŠ®NµÊ Š¯cu¯x‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. D wµŒµï°l®± 12wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå š¹u®rÙ‰±0u® îµ°o±S¯äî®±NµÊ („µ¡®S¯ï) 70 NµÊ î®S¯9‰©ÞÉhÔq®±Ù. Ÿ°Sµ š¬Ú¡¯0q®‹š®©ÞhÔ, Bîµ°o±S¯î®±−70NµÊ Š¯cu¯x‡®¾¯Tu®Û Š®hÔŠ¯cãî®w®±Ý œ®vî®±²Š®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå y®Š¯c‡®±Sµ²¢ ›u® š®Yî® †°X®ow®± q®w®Ý ‡®¾¯u®î® w®³y®r‡®¾¯u® N®w®ÝŠ®uµ°î® (N®³Ç®ØŠ¯c) KzÞ›u®w®±.

š®î®u®rÙ î®±±¡®±Ì0u® −C u®® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Cu®±Ûîµ°0u®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùî¯Tuµ[1874:190].u®® ïÇ®‡®±îµ0u®Šµ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå w®²Š¯Š®± „¯‹ …Š®±î® „µ¡µ²æ© î®±±w®²ÝŠ®Š® y®äuµ°ý®.Du®® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªåw® ®− ý®ãb¯ṙ®±ªå œ®±hÔu® X®0u¯ä‡®±9w® î®±S®w¯u® Y°N¯Š®ãw®± î®±±¡®±Ì0u®u®ªå Ew®Ýq®cw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý Oä.ý®. 850 Š®ªå N®g¯Ô›u®w®±. Y°N¯Š¯ãw® î®±œ®0vŠ®± w¯S¯‡®±9 î®±q®±Ù AŠ®š¯‡®±9YN®Êî®±S®w¯u® AŠ®š¯‡®±9w®± bµ¶w® w®‡®±ý¯š®ôÉÛ©²å, BS®î®± ý¯š®ôÉÛ©² N®±ý®©w®², š®î®±³N®ÙÉæ Yq®Ùw®² BTu®Û wµ0u®± OäÉý®.902Š®ý¯š®w® œµ°¡®±q®Ùuµ.[zðh:1874:191:š¯©±5−7]

AŠ®š¯‡®±9w® (zq®³N¯‹q®) q®0uµ‰±0u® xï±9š®Œ¯u® dw¯©‡®±î®¼ u®® ïÇ®‡®±u® î®±±¡®±Ì0u® H0… œµš®‹w® w®S®Š®u®ªåu®±Û, Au®± X®0väÉN¯î¯hu® šµ°w¯w®æ‡®±NµÊ šµ°‹q®±Ù.X®0u®äÉy®ä„® r°s¬9N®Š®Š® uµ°î¯©‡®±u® î®±²©u® y®Š®y®0ŠµSµ šµ°‹u® î®±±xS®¡®± X®0väN¯î¯h Aw®æ‡®±u®î®Šµ0u®± r¢‡®±©± ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° „¯u®N®S®¢©åîµ0u®± BS®Œµ° š®²Y›u¯Tuµ. š¹u®rÙ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå BŠ®0„®u®ªå‡®±² X®0u®äy®ä„®r°s®90N®Š®Š® š®±rÙ‰±0u® − X®0u®äy®ä„® BP¯ã‡®± bµ¶w®ý¯š®w®î®³u®Û‡µ±° [1874: 190: š¯©± 20] X®0u®äÉy®ä„¯ H0…±u®NµÊ š®0š®±öq® š®0î¯v ý®…Ûîµ° X®0väN¯ :X®0u®äy®ä„®± r°s¬9N®Š®Š® dw¯©‡®±u® š¬Ú¡®îµ° X®0väN¯î¯h. X®0u®äy®ä„®Š® ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý (dwµ²°y®vÇ¬Ô Ey®uµ°ý® š¯Š®) v› y®äÉX¯Š® ¯l®±î®¼u®Š®ªå xŠ®q®Š¯u® î®±±xS®¡®± X®0väN¯î¯h Aw®æ‡®±u®î®Š®±. BuÛ‹0u® Cu®Š® y®½î¯9y®Š® œ¯S®² A0q®Š® „¯œã y®äÉ¯n¯u¯Š®S®¡µ©å „µ²h±Ô ¯mr°‹š®±î®0qµ D X®0väN¯î¯h Aw®æ‡®±u®Š®± bµ¶w®‡®±rš®î®±±u¯‡®± ES®î®±šÚ¡® î®±±¡®±Ì0u®u® X®0u®äy®ä„® dw¯©‡®±. Cu®± K0…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® w®l®±S¯©u®ªå BŠ®0„®±q®±. Bîµ±°Œµ D bµ¶w® S®±Š®± y®Š®0y¬ŠµSµšµ°‹u® œ®©î¯Š®± î®±±x−„®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® EŒµ°QS®¡®± ›S®±q®Ùîµ [H.C.8, 193. ¬Oä.ý®. 902: H.B.16, 55. 1053; 511. 18.71. 1066−Cq¯ãv] œ®©î¯Š®± ý¯š®w® y®䇵²°S®S®¢îµ.

î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9£®q®ä î®±±¡®±Ì0u®, š®î®u®rÙ. îµ°o±»S¯äî®±, Jœµ²¡µ, y®hÔu®N®©±å,…u¯ï±, šµ²Š®h²Š®±,…0N¯y®¼Š® îµ²u®Œ¯u® bµ¶w®Nµ°0u®äÉš¬Ú¡®S®¢Sµ©å î®±±Qã. Ey¯š®w¯ š®Úî¯Tq®±Ù. Au®Š® î®±²© šµŒµ HªåqµÙ0… y®äýµÝ‡®±w®²Ý y®‹þ°ªš®…œ®±u®±.Cu®NµÊ Eq®ÙŠ®î®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®u®ªå‡µ±° Aïq®± N®±¢rŠ®±î® `î®±¡®œ¯‹° w®v° ›°î®¾¯' H0… „µŠ®¡®±š®wµÝ‡®± š®²X®wµ‡®± Kl®©ªå œ®±l®±N®„µ°N®±. î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9 î®±¡®œ¯‹° (î®±©y®ä„¯) qµ²Šµ‡®± u®0lµ‡®± îµ±°ªu®Û K0u®± FŠµ0…±uµ²0u®± š¬ßÇ®Ô š®²X®wµ. î®±³¡¯y® r°s®9u® N¯Šµ°‡®± S®ou®ªå BTœµ²°u® dw®î®±±xS®¡®ªå y¯äÉY°w®Š®± î®±±¡¬ë „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±.C® N¯© š®±. Oä. ý®. 800. î®±±¡®ëɄ®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® þǮ㊮± S®±oO°r9 î®±±x°ý®æŠ®Š®±. S®±oî®0q®Š®², š®²‹S®¡®² Bu®S®±oO°r9 î®±±xN¯© Oä.ý®. 835. C® þǮ㊮± C0u®äÉO°r9š®¯æï±: C® N¯© Oä.ý®. 870 š®î®u®rÙ‡®±Š®hÔŠ® î®±²© y®¼Š®±Ç®w¯u® îµ±Š®l®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® (AS®äw®w®Ûw®) y®³t°æŠ¯î®±w®± D C0u®äÉO°r9š¯æﱇ®± þÇ®ãw®² î®±q®±Ù Š¯Ç®ÔN®²hŠ® Cî®±âm N®³Ç®ØŠ¯cw® î®±œ¯š¯î®±0q®w®² BTu®Ûw®±[1874:195:š¯©± 18]

Oä. ý®. 870 Š® Bc²„¯dw®ªå y®³ s¬®æ Š¯î®¾ x0u®(qµ°w® „®²yµ°w® ) î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9NµÊ šµ°‹u® K0u®± dw®S®³î®¼ N®hÔ©ÞhÔq®±(N¯‹qµ°w® dwµ°w®Û „®î®w®: Auµ°:195 š¯©±13−14 ]. Ddw®„®î®w®NµÊ Š¯cw®± BŠ®± xî®q®9w®u®Ç®±Ô „®²ï±u¯w® ¯l®u®w®±. Au¯u® w®²Š®± î®Ç®9S®¡® q®Š®±î¯‡®± î®±±0uµ Cuµ° …š®vSµ Cî®±âm N¯q®9ï°Š®ã (N®q®Ù„®²y®) î®±q®±Ù Bq®w® Ÿ‹‡®± œµ0l®r (AS®äN¯0qµ) „¯S®Œ¯0†Nµ („¯S®Œ¯uµ°ï)N¯©u®ªå î®±qµÙ 18 xî®q®9w® (AÇ®Ôu®ý® xî®q®9w®) „®²ï±‡®±w®±Ý š®î®9„¯u¯xî®d9q®î¯T› u¯w® Nµ²l®Œ¯Tuµ. DK0u®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® A0q®Š®u®ªå š®î®u®rÙ Š®hÔN®±©î®¼ N®Œ¯ão X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® X®N¯äty®q®ãu® AvÃw®qµSµ š®‹vu®ÛŠ®². N¯q®9ï°Š® w®³y®w®± î®±œ¯î®±0l®¡µ°ý®æŠ®w¯Tu®Ûw®±. y®ä›u®Û î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9î®w®±Ý Nµ©î®¼ ý®š®w®S®¡®± y®䚯z›îµ:

1. þä°î®±w®+ î®±³¡¯y®r°q®š®ã S®nµ° N¯Šµ°‡®±w¯î®±x 1 …„®²î®+
Esäq®yµ½°‡®±±N®Ù:î®±±¡¬ëɄ®g¯ÔŠ®Nµ²° S®p°|| [zðg¬; bµ††BŠ¬ HHš¬, 40−2, Oä. ý®. 867,y®¼. 194, š¯©± 6]

2. þä°‡®¾¯y®x°‡®¾¯0…±và y®½oÝ9X®0uµ²äÉ î®±³¡¯y®r°q¯Ú9„®Š®nµ²° S®nµ²°„®²q® N¯Šµ°‡®±o¯ y¬är…u®Û q®q®æ³Š¯X¯‡®±9®¾¬ã9 ¥tq®¥³tî¯ã0|| [H.C. 15, 530.1056. îµ²Š®… (u¯Š®î¯l® d./ w®î®©±Ì0u® q®.) y®¼. 359.š¯©± :3−4]

2. H N®©„¯ï („µ¡®S¯ï d. / š®0y®S¯0î®q¯) Š¯î®±ª0S® S®±m Hu®±‹w® N®©±å ý¯š®w®

3. w®ï©²Š® …¢‡®± „¯ .........œ®¢ë‡®± U® ........
(…)š®v î®±³¡¯y¯w®æ‡®± N¯Šµ°‡®±S®ou® S®±l®Ö
Nµ°î®±o Šµ°X®o d°wµ²9u®¯ÛŠ®0 ¯m›u®
…š®v X®0u®äw¯s® š¯æï±S®¡® AÇ®Ôïu¯X®9wµSµ
‹zÇ®±Š®dч®±Š¯œ¯Š® u¯w®NµÊ B š®Úéëu® A¥¸î®qµ²ÙN®Ê©±
š¯›î®æ9Š®±0 Éþä°Š¯cu¯x w®Šµ°0u®ä. U® N®±¢‡®±
…š®v‡®¾¯X¯‡®±9 „¯œ®±…ªåuµ°î®Š® þÇ®ãr
Š¯cî®±r N®x‡®±Š® N¯©0 N®X¬Ï9 BX®ºu¯äN®Ê9
q¯Š®0…Š®0 u¯Š¯ y®½î®æ9N®0¯Sµ †hÔŠ®± ||
[u¯Š®î¯l® q¯©²N®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®±,45.š®± 12ý®. w®±TÌNµ°‹. y®¼. 83]

4. µä°‡®±þä° ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®¾¯w 懮± î®±Q î®±±N®±Š®0
X¯Š®±î®±³¡¯y® r°q¯Ú9¯‡®± þ°äÉN®0j®N¯
N¯Šµ‡®±S®o r¡®N®0 u®â9 š®0Š®£® n¯†Ã°y¯䇮±0
§° Š®î®±X®0u®äÉ…ry®r q®w®‡®±0 „¯y®¼ÈÞ
š¯î®¾¯w ãwµ° ïu¯ã‰±°zw¬âÉ0l®w®0 „¯œ®±…ª
î®±±x®0 ›u®Û š®³u¯Ûw® N¯w®0
[ N®. C. 6, 68.1203. š¯©± : 37−39. î®±oS®±0u®Sµ ( î®±w®S®±0m: u¯Š®î¯l® d.)] .

5. N®w®Ýl® N®ïS®¡®ªå‡µ±° ïþÇ®Ôw¯u® …䜮ý®î® N®ï‡®±² (1175) q®w®Ý š®î®±‡®± y®‹°£® H0… N¯î ãu®ªå

u®Šµ‡µ²¡® î®±±hÔu® w®Sµu®0
q®‹£®uµ²¡µ©›x0u® î®±³¡¯y® dwµ°
ý®æŠ®r°s®9u®rý®‡®±î®w¯
u®Š®p°0u®ä0 yµ½S®¥‡®±w®±¢u®î®Š®¡®îµ°|| (2−47)

H0…±u¯T î®±³¡¯y® r°s®9î®±0vu®Š® î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²0l¯mu¯Ûwµ.

î®±³¡¯y® r°s®9u® N¯Šµ‡®±S®o H0… œµš®Š®± £® î®±²© w¯î®± y®äN®³r. N¯Šµ H0…±u®± K0u®± …Sµ‡®± œ®o±Ø †l®±î® î®±±¡®±Tl®. N¯Šµ‡®± (N¯Šµ°)œ®o±Ø, „µ²°Šµ‡®± („µ²°Šµ) œ®o±Ø H0…±u®± Š®²m‡®±, œ®¢ë‡®±N®l®î®¾¯q®±S®¡®±.rN®ÙO‡µ±w®Œ¬N¯Šµ‡®±N®±Ê H0…±u¯T î®±0S®Š¯c xU®±0hw® œµ°¢Nµ‰±uµ (72−37) N¯Šµ H0…±u®± AX®ÏÉÌw®Ýl®u®(u¯ïl®) ý®…Û. q®ï±¢w®ªå N¯Šµ H0u®±, î®±wµ‡®¾¯¡®u®ªå N¯Š®, q®±¡®±ïw®ªå N¯Šµ Nµ²l®S®± „¯ǵ‡®±ªå N¯Šµî®±o H0u®² Cu®NµÊ œµš®‹uµ. N¯ŠµTl®S®¡®± Cu®Û bµ¶w®î®±j®î®±±0vŠ®S®¢0u® …¡®NµSµ …0u®S®oîµ N¯Šµ‡®± S®o. N¯Šµ‡®± H0…±u®± y®ÇÔ0q®Š®²y® N¯Šµ‡®± Tl®u® î®±±¡®ëw®±Ý N¯Šµî®±±¡®± H0u®± N®Šµ‡®±±q¯ÙŠµ. Dœ®oNµÊ šµ°‹u® îµ²u®©wµ‡®± bµ¶w® S®±Š®±ïw® œµš®Š®± î®±±¡®±ë„®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±. î®±±¡®±ë H0…±u®±w¯î®±y®äÉN®³r, î®±±¡®ë H0…±u®S®± Ç®Ç®Ô 0q®Š®²y® N¯Šµ H0… î®±±¢ëw® Tl®S®¢u®Û î®±hNµÊ š®0…0vÛu® S®ou® S®±Š®±S®¡®± î®±±¡ë „®j¯Š®Š®±−H0…±u®Ç®Ô Cu®Š®s®9

N¯Šµ‡®±S®ou® bµ¶w®‡®±rS®¡® y®0S®l®î®¼ 10−13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµS®²,X¯¡®±N®ã Š¯cã CŠ®±î®î®ŠµS®², y®äÉX®ªq®î¯Tq®±Ù [N®.C.5, 68.120] N¯Šµ‡®±w¯¡®æ î®±³¡¯y¯w®æ‡®±îµ±x›u® N¯Šµ‡®±S®oS®S®w® X®²l¯î®±oS®¡®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Š®± [H.C.18, 311.11ý®. ] Aw¯ N¯Šµ‡®±S®ouµ²¡®r y®ä›u®ÛÉŠ®±0 î®±œ¯y®䅱uÛ ý¯š®w®Š®±0 Bu®î®Š®± BTœµ²°Tu¯Šµ[N®.C. 1, 32. 1219].

¡¯y®r°s®9N®²Ê î®±³Œ¯Š® (Q0lµ²°„¯) uµ°î®‹S®², w¯î®± š¯u®³ý®ãu® œµ²Š®q®±. Iwµ°w®² š®0…u®ï©å. î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9 ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®0U®u®ªå A0q®S®9q®î¯Tq®±Ù [N®.C. 68,1203].î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9NµÊ w®lµu®±Nµ²¡®ëî® ý¯äî®O‡®±‹Sµ î®±³¡®Œ¯uµ°ï‡µ±0… œµš®‹l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. š®î®ou®rÙ‡®± Š®hÔŠ® î®±q®±Ù X¯¡®±N®ã Š¯cŠ® Nµ©î®¼ Š¯o‡®±‹S®², Š¯cN®±î®¾¯Š®±‡®±‹S®² î®±³¡¯Œ¯uµ°ï œµš®‹uµ: A®± Dî®±³¡¯y®r°s®9u® „®N®ÙŠ®±. î®±³¡¯y®r°s¯9¯‡®±î®½ î®±³¡¯y¯w®æ‡®±î®½. ý¯š®wµ²°N®î¯Tu®±Û, Jrœ¯›N® î®±œ®q®æ y®lµu®± î®±²Š®± w¯©±Ê ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµSµ y®ä„¯î®ý¯ª‡®¾¯T „µ¡®S¯ïdŒµ°‡®±ªå S®oãî¯TvÛq®±. Š®hÔî®0ý®cw®³y®Š®², Š¯o‡®±Š®² î®±³¡¯y®r°s®9 y®Š®0y®Šµ‡®± S®±Š®±S®¢Sµ, u®³î®NµÊ xÇ®‰±0u® w®lµu®± Nµ²0l®Š®± [š¹.C.C 20,50 1070 .y®¼61;Auµ° 62.1098. š¹u®rÙ.y®¼. 76: Auµ°, 13875−76.y®¼.12]