CHANDRAKODE

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1. Oä. ý®. 867−68 Š®©å Š®Yq®î¯u® K0u®± ý¯š®w®u® KN®Ê o‡®±ªå …Š®±î® Nµ©î®¼ ¯q®±S®¡®±:
š®æ›Ù [y®äX®oÖ ] î®±oÖ

[¡¯] S®ä QoÖ q¯Š¯rî®± oÖ¡® y®äÉq¯y® š®0y®w®Ý ‡®¾¯u®î®î®0ýµ²°u®î® Š®o (î®±²Q9) u®¡®î®
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[š¹ .C.C 11−1, 12.867−68. Šµ²Š®h²Š®±(u¯d./S®S®u® q¯.) y®¼.8]

2. Oä. ý®.897 Šµ Aî®vÃSµ šµ°‹u® Cw®²Ý0u®± ý¯š®w®u® š¯©±S®¢î®¼:
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[Auµ°. 22.897. îµ±°î®¼n¬Ö (u¯d/ î®±±0l®Š®T q¯. )y®¼. 13]

3. Oä. ý®. œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® (š®±.980)Š® î®±qµ²0u®± ý¯š®w®u® y®0OS®¢î®¼:
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¯‡®±uµ²¡¯‡®±u® wµSµ¥¸‡®±0 y®äÉN®h›u®w¬,
[H.N®.2(y®) 172(139) y®¼.116]

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[š¹ .C .C11−1 , 621984(†°¡®Tq¯)y®¼. 52]

5. œ®w®²Ý0u®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®uµ°Û Bu® „µ°Š®²0u®± ý¯š®w®v0u®:
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îµ²Š®N¯î®¾¯‡®±NµÊ r¡®N®Š¯‡®±w® y®¼q®äŠ¬||

[Auµ°, 65.1029. œµ²š®²Š®± (u¯d/S®u®S®q¯)y®¼. 56.š¯©± 40−42]
Cwµ²ÝCq®Š® Nµ©î®¼ y®䇵²°S®S®¡®± Ÿ°Tîµ.

6. îµ²Š®N® N®±¡®r¡®N®wµ¥¸N®w®
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[Auµ°, y®¼.57. š¯©± 56−57]

7. Cw®Ù®¾¬ã9 „®±cïN®äî®±w®±0 y®Š®…¡® y®䡮‡®±„®³Š®î®
w®±î®Š¯ru¯î® y¯î®N®w®±0 îµ²Š®N®N®±¡® š®Šµ²°dx°É
Š¯cœ®0š®w®±0 .........Hx› q®w®Ý yµš®Šµ yµš®Š¯T
yµ½š®î®½Š®wµ°N® „µ²°S®vw¯¥Û (w¯OS¯î®¼n¬Ö0)š®±Q
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[Auµ° ,152. 1103.œµ²š®²Š®± y®¼. 190.š¯©± 23−25]

8. u¯æŠ¯î®r° y®¼Š®î®Šµ°ý®æŠ®0| ‡®¾¯u®î®î®0ýµ²°uáî®0| š®±î®oÝ9S®Š®±l®
u®æc0 | Š®oî®±²QË9 y¯q®Ú90 | §°î®±w¯Ýu®®Š®š®Š¬|
[Auµ°, 92.1059 .q¯0…äS®±0m (u®d/î®±±0l®Š®Tq¯) y®¼. 88]

9. îµ²°‹‡®¾¯w®æ‡®±NµÊ9w®¡®îµ±° | îµ²°‹‡®±N®±©r¡®N®Š¬...........
[Auµ° . 132. 1087 .N®±q®Ù9Nµ²°h (u¯d./ S®u®S®q¯.) y®¼.156]

10. œ®Š®X®Š®ow®QOŠ®o N®±š®±î®± î®±0c‹° y®‹Š®0dqµ²°
q®Ù¯0S®w®±0 þî®N®s¯ y®䚮0S®w®±0îµ²°Š®N®±N®±¡®w®„®š®¢°S®„®› ¯ª‡®±±0
u®±u®9î®±y®äq¯y® ý¯ª‡®±±î®±y®Þ œµ²š®î®½Š® î®±œ¯ y®ä„®± œµ²©å S¯î®¼n¬Ö0
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q®îµ²°u®w®Š¯œ¯Š®u¯w®NµÊ †h±Ô î®±qµÙŠµ²w®±[ š¹.C.C .15,52. 1155. Š®± y®¼.69wµ²°m,
Auµ°, 51,1155 œµ²š®²Š®±]

11. §°îµ²°Š®Nµ°š®æŠ® uµ°î®Š¯X¯‡®¾¬ã9b¯w® ý®OÙ y®0mq®uµ°î®
[š¹. C.C. 18,145.1141. N®oï(u¯d./S®S®u®q¯.)y®¼. 188]

12. îµ²°Š®N®±N®±¡® œµ²©å S¯î®¼n¬Ö œ®²š®î®½Š® î®±œ¯ y®ä„®± Nµ²hÔu¯w®ý¯š®w®
[š¹. C. C 15, 51−1155. °š®±Š®±; wµ²°m Auµ°, 52, 1155.œµ²š®²Š®±]

H0†q¯ãv y®䇵²°S®S®¡®w®±Ý S®î®±x›u®îµ±°Œµ KhÔŠ® N®0l®± …Š®±î®0qµ Š®oî®±²Q9−Š®oîµ²°Š®N® H0… y®äɇµ²°S®Nµ²Ê îµ²°Š®N® N®±¡®Nµ²Ê š®0…0u®CŠ®±î®¼u®± š¬ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Š®oœ¯›S®¡® `Š®oîµ²°Š®N®− Š®oî®±²Q9' H0u®± ý®…ÛŠ®²y® y®‹î®q®9wµ y®lµu®±Nµ²0muµ. D …Sµ‡®± r°î®¾¯w®NµÊ q®©y®©± îµ±°ªw® ý¯š®w® y®äɇµ²°S®S®¡®± wµŠ®î¯Tîµ, A©åuµ Cîµ° ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå‡®±² Cw®ÝÇ®± Ey®y®0…N® œµ°¢NµS®¢îµ. îµ²°Š®N®N®±¡® w¯‡®±N®Š®w®±Ý î®o9š®±î¯S® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå …0vŠ®±î® y®½Š®N® ïýµ°ý®oS®¡®± C0rîµ:
1. š®0S¯î®±c‰± Nµ0X®wµ0„µ²°w¬C¡¯î®±Ÿq®0 ï°Š®0
2. „®±c …©uµ²Š®Sµî®Š®Œµå ¥¸‡®±Šµ°0 y®äÉq¯z‡µ²°î®±±u®Û0
3. Bœ®î®ý¹n¬Ö0 qµ²n¬Ö0 q®u®w®æ®±w®bµ°‡®±0
4. Abµ°‡®±0 N¯¢u®±Š®0u®Š®0

-Cïǵ²Ô ¯q®±S®¡®± [š¹.C.C. .11−1, 45.980] y¯äY°w® ý¯š®w®u®ªå‡®±± …0vîµ. Š®oî®±²Q9u®® H0uµä ‡®±±ï°Š®Š¯u® îµ²°Š®N® N®±©u®î®Š®ªå ýµä°Ç®w¯u®wµ0u®², Š®oî®±²Q9Nµ°š®‹‡µ±0u®Šµ ‡®±±u®Û ï°Š®Š¯u® îµ²°Š®N® N®±©u®î®Š®ªå ›0œ®w®0qµ CŠ®±î®î®wµ0u®² As®9. Cu®Š® š®î®¾¯w¯s®9N® ý®…Ûîµ° `îµ²Š®N®N®±¡® r¡®N®' H0…±u®± .

îµ²°Š®N®N®±© ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ0…±u®± Y0q®x°‡®±î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® î®±²© `î®±‡®±±Š® N®±©'îµ0u®± N¯o±q®Ùuµ. `îµ²°Š®' H0…±u®± î®±‡®±²Š® H0…±u®± H0…±u®Š® Cw®²0u®± Š®²y® : îµ²°Š®îµ±0u®±0 šµ²°Sµ‡µ±u®±0 w®ïŒ¬−H0…±u¯T N®n¯9hN® ý®…Û š¯Š®îµ0… xU®0iw® ï®o [51−96] š®0š®±öq® î®±‡®±²Š® ý®…Û y¯äN®³q®u®ªå îµ²°Š¬H0u¯T, N®w®Ýl®u®ªå îµ²°Š® H0u¯Tuµ. ¬Ùî®î¯T Cåu®Nµ²Ê îµ½©u®ªåu®Û œµš®Š®± N®w®Ýl®u® `w®ï©±Ì0u®N®±©' H0…±u®w®±Ý š®0š®±ör°N®‹›u®ÛŠ® y®© `îµ²°Š®N® N®±©' Cu®± š¬Ú¡®î¯Y ý®…Û.u¯Š®î¯l® d¡µ‡®± w®ï©±Ì0u®îµ° îµ²°Š®N®N®±©u®î®Š® îµ²u®© wµŒµï°lµ0u®± ý¯š®w® u¯Qª›uµ.[š¹. C.C.111−1, 45.980] Oä. ý®.825 Š® îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ°wµ Nµ0X®wµ0… ï°Š®w®± „µ¡®æ© w¯mw®ªå w®ï©±Ì0u®î®w®±Ý q®w®ÝŠ¯cu¯x ¯mNµ²0mu®Ûwµ0… ï® N®±Š®œ®iÔ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®ª uµ[Auµ°,y®¼.30−32].

N®±Š®±œ®iÔ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå N®q®ÙŒµ (N®¦Œµ−N®q®Ù9Œµ) N®±©u® Ǯ°Œ¯¡®±S®¡® œµš®Š®±S®¢îµ. Šµ°î®w®Ù, Nµ0X®, ›‹î®±±u®Û , z‹‡®±Nµ²°iS¯î®¼n¬× ,z‹B‡®±,qµ²o× , N¯¢u®±Š®0u®Š®− Cµ©å „µ¡®æ© w¯mw® w¯‡®±N®Š®±.C® Bvy®¼Š®±ý®w¯u® Nµ0X®wµ0„µ²°w¬ (y®½î®9u® œ®¡µS®w®Ýl®u® D ý®…ÛŠ®²y® Cu®Š® y¯äÉY°w®qµ‡®± y®¡µ‡®±±¢Nµ‡®± N®±Š®±œ®±),N¯u¯m „µ¡®æ©î®w®±ÝÉ y®lµu®w®±Ý , Aªå `…¢NµÊ w®ï©±Ì0u®y®¼Š®'î®w®±Ý hʩꌵ N®±©u®î®Š® ïc‡®± š®0u¯¯î¯T›u®w®± [Auµ°,š¯©±: 2−4]. Cuµ° î®±‡®±²Š® (îµ²°Š®N®) î®0ý®u®ªå z‹‡®± B‡®±w®± £®räÉÙ‡®±‹S®²,š®N®¡® š®î®±‰±S®¢åS®², …±u®cw®‹S®² Bý®ä‡®±u¯q®w¯u®w®±[Auµ°, š¯©±10−12]D z‹‡®±B‡®±Ïw® N¯©± š®±.915.É

z‹‡®± B‡®¾¬ H0… yµš®‹w® D K…à î®ãOÙ‡®±± CŠ®„µ°N¯u®Šµ, š®œ®cî¯T‡µ±° Cuµ° š®î®±N¯ªN®î¯T; O¥¸‡®± B‡®±w®² CŠ®„µ°N®± : B O¥¸‡®± B‡®±wµ° yµ½š®î®½Š® (œ®²š®²Š® ) B‡®±²ÏS¯î®¼n¬Ö [š¹. C.C.11−1,47.995 .y®¼.33−34] . Oä. ý®. 995 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯u® D œµ²š®²Š® (u¯d/S®u®S®q¯) ý¯š®w®î®¼ O¥¸‡®± B‡®¾¬ÏS¯î®¼n¬×w®w®±Ý œµš®‹›uµ.: A©åuµ Cuµ° œµ²šµ²‹w® Cwµ²Ý0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå [Auµ°,65.1029.y®¼. 55−57] yµ½š®w®²Š® B‡®¾¯ÏÉÌoÖw® [œµ0. N®0YN®„Âµà š®²oÖÉã î®±u®w¯S®šµhÔ‡®± î®±S®¡®±] î®±N®Ê¡®±,âN®Ê ¡®± N®±‹q® ¯ŸrS®¢îµ.

N®¦Œµ N®±©î®½, îµ²°Š®N® N®±¡®î®½ K0uµ° (š¬Ú¡®) î®±²©NµÊ šµ°‹u® N®±©S®¡®±.D N®±©r¡®N®Š®± u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµåSµ , wµŠµœµ²ŠµSµ,Au®Š®ªå‡®±² S®u®S® −w®ï©±Ì0u® q¯©²Ow® y®‹š®Š®NµÊ ›°ï±q®Š®±.yµ½š®î®½Š®(œµ²š®²Š®), š®Š®hŠ® (šµ²Š®h²Š®), w®ï©±Ì0u®,N®oï, îµ±°¦ï°l®±(îµ±°î®¼0m) œµS®²ÌŠ®± (†b¯y®¼Š®d/†°¡®Tq¯) C C® î®±±Qã šÚ ¡®S®¡®±: Au®Š®ªå‡®±² œµ²š®²Š®−w®ï©±Ì0u® Nµ°0u®äÉî¯Tu®±ÛÝ

ý®³î®„¯äœ®oŠ®± œ¯S®² bµ¶w®Š®± D î®0ý®u®ªå Cu¯Šµ.vN® „¯䜮âoŠ®± bµ¶w®Š¯Tu®±Û (îµ±°î®¼0m î®±q®±Ù œµ²š®²Š® 65wµ‡®± ý¯š®w® ] î®±qµÙ ý®³î®Š¯T î®±q¯0q®‹›u®Šµ0u®± ý¯š®w® Bu¯Š®S®¡®± š®²Yš®²q®Ùîµ [œµ²š®²Š® 52wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®, y®½îµ½9°N®Ù ].N®¦Œµ N®±©u®ªå š®±. Oä. ý®. 900 Š®ªåu®Û z‹‡®± Nµ²°iS¯î®¼oÖw® þ‡®±î®w®² bµ¶w®ý¯Œ¯î®w®²Ý ¯m›u®w®±[š¹.C.C 11−1 ,45] .yµ½š®î®½Š® B‡®¾¬ÛS¯î®¼o±Öw®± ý®³î®w¯Tu®Ûw®± [Auµ° ,47.995]. yµ½š®î®½Š® B‰±ÑS¯î®¼n¬Öw®± Oä. ý®. 1028 Š® îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ°wµ …š®v‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®›u®Ûw®±. xǯî®0q® bµ¶w®w¯Tu®Ûw®±. ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®0U®u® þÇ®ãw¯Tu®Ûw®±.[œµ²š®²Š® .65. 1028].

Bu®Šµ Auµ° yµ½š®î®½Š® î®±œ¯y¬ä„®± îµ²°Š®N®N®±¡® œµ²©åS¯î®¼n¬Öw®± Oä.ý®. 1155 Š®ªå ý®³î®y®Š®î¯Tu®±Û îµ²°Š®Nµ°ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±NµÊ u®rÙ‰±q®Ùw®± [œµ²š®²Š®. 52 .] S¯î®±±n¬Ö š¯ï± N®¦‡®±î®±âw®± š®Š®hy®¼Š® uµ°î¯©‡®±NNµ²Ê î®±j®N®²Ê ïu¯ãu¯w®N¯ÊT „µ²ï± œµ²w®±Ý Nµ²hÔw®±[š¹.C.C.11−1,39.951.y®¼ 24: C.B.12,y®¼.254]; D S¯î®±oéï± N®¦‡®±î®±âw®± N®¦Œµ(N®q®ÙŒµ) N®±©u®î®xŠ®„µ°N®±. B‡®¾¯ š®î®±N¯ªN® ý¯š®w®S®¡® ¯Ÿr‡®±w®±Ý q¹©xN®î¯T wµ²°l®±î®¼u®‹0u® D Š®oî®±²Q9N®±© −N®¦ŒµN®±©−îµ²°Š®N® N®±¡® CS®¡® b¯Órš®0…u®u® š®±¢î®¼ ›S®±q®Ùuµ. Š®oœ¯›œ®¡® D Š®oî®±²P¯9¯‡®± u®ªå œ®±hÔu®š¯ï‡®±„Âµà‡®±± , N®±u®Šµ œ®rÙ ,B‡®±±u® Ÿmu®± œ®Sµ‡µ²0vSµ œµ²°Š¯mu®±Û š®Yq®äî¯T ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡® ý¯š®w®u®ªå u¯QŒ¯Tuµ; YN®Ê „µhÔu® îµ±°Œµ N®q®ÙŒµ …š®v‡µ²0u® BNµ‡®± y®Šµ²°£®ïw®‡®¾¯s®9î¯T N®hÔ›Š®„µ°N®±. [w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã,œ®0y® N®ï® N¯î®±uµ°w®± :ArÙî®±„µá ,1996]