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y®‹œ¯Š®. . . . .†hÔ .. .. .. †hÔ. . . . u¯w®0 ||
4. î®±œ¯î®±0l®¡µ°ý®æŠ®
Н‡®±uµ°î®Š®š®w®± š®œ® q®w®Ý N®q®ÙŒµN®±©u® Ÿ‹‡®±Š®± î®0ý®y¯Š®0y®Š®ãî®T
y¯ª›Nµ²0l®± …0vu®Û ,š®î®9u®î®±9S®¢S®² š®î®¾¯w® S¹Š®î® qµ²°Š®±î® Awµ°N¯0q®
uȳ™Ô‡®±w®±Ý q¯w®² Aw®±š®‹›u®w®±.
8.1. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®
N®0X®w®³y®w®± S®0S®Š® −Š®hÔŠ® Bý®ä‡®±u®ªå „¯¡®±u®î®w®±. Nµ0X®Š®š®w® uµ°î®qµ‡®±w®±Ý
BНv°› ®î®w®±Ý y®lµu®± ‡®±ýµ²°î®0q® w¯u®w®±:y®u¯î®r° uµ°ïSµ²0u®± ®v0u®
yµ½0…±X®Ïy®¼Š®î®Š¯v°ý®w¯u® dw®u®q®ÙН‡®±w®± Buµ°ïSµ²0u®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý
¯m›u®w®±. Au®Š®0qµ Nµ0X®Š®š®w®² b¯æ¡® ¯¢x° uµ°ïSµ w®ï©±Ì0u®u®ªå K0u®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý
N®iÔ›u®w®± .
Nµ0X®w®³y®w® q®Š®±î¯‡®±
H0h± q®Œµæî®¾¯‹w® œµš®Š®±S®¡®± Dý¯š®w®u®ªå
…0vîµ.A®ªå N¯hŠ®š®w®± w®ï©±Ì0u®u®ªå `rä„®±î®w® r¡®N® ' îµ0… Cwµ²0u®±
dw® î®±0vŠ®î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±: Cu®± …œ®±ý®: X®0u®ä y®ä„® r°s®90N®Š®
uµ°î¯©‡®±î®TŠ®„µ°N®±.
5. N®q®ÙŒµN®±©u®
¯0l®ªN®−š¯î®±0q®Š® î®0ý¯î®¢‡®±w®±Ý Ey®©…Û ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå v凮±±î®
¯ŸrS®¡®w®±Ý A0†› S®±Š®±r…š®œ®±u®±;
(N®¦¨ÙŒµ −N®q®ÙŒµ )
N®q®ÙŒµ N®±© î®0ý® £®
е°î®w®Ù ,š®± 525
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Nµ0X® | .š®±. 850
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›‹î®±±u®Û. š®±. .875
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z‹‡®± Nµ²°I S¯î®¼0l® š®±. 900
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z‹‡®± B‡®±Ï , š®±, 925
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qµ²oÖ. š®±. 950
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N¯¢u®±Š®0uÂ®Š®. 980
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Nµ0X®w®³y® || .š®± . 995
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…ªåS®
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œ®¢S®
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w¯S®
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œ®±ªS®
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N¯iS® −N¯hŠ®š® .1071−72
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…î®±â|
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Н‡®±uµ°î®
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…ï±âuµ°î® || (œµ0,. „¯S®©uµ°ï)
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Н‡®±uµ°î® ||
ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåŠ®±î® D
ï0ý®u® ï®S®¡®w®±Ý y®Š¯î®±þ9›u® îµ±°Œµ q®©y®…œ®±u¯u® œ¯S®² N®³S®²¡¬…œ®±u¯u®±
Nµ©î®¼ r°î®¾¯w®S®¡®±;
1. N®¦¿Œµ (N®±©) .N®q®ÙŒµ(N®±©)
,N®q®ÙŒµ (N®±©) H0… î®±²Š®± Š®²y®S®¡µ²0vSµ î®±²Š®± œ®0q®S®¡®ªå D N®±©u® œµš®Š®±
¯y¯9h± œµ²0vuµ. D ý®…ÛŠ®²y®u® „µ¡µî®oS®‡®±ªå ïb¯r°‡®± š®0‡®±±N¯Ù£®Š®S®¡®±
š®b¯r°‡®±î¯T š®æw®y®‹q®9wµ y®mvîµ.
2. D
N®q®ÙŒµî®0ý®u®î®Š®± î®±œ¯ š¯î®±0q® y®u®±ïSµ I‹u®ÛŠ®±. š¯î®¾¯dN®î¯T y®är™q®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±.
N¯hŠ®š® (Nµ²°iS®− N¯iS®) w®± „µ¡®æŒ¯vÃy®r î®±œ¯š¯î®±0q®w¯T y®ä›u®Ûw¯Tu®ÛŠ®±.
3. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®±
‡®±±u®Ûï°Š®Š®±. Dî®0ý®u® Nµ©î®Š®± Š®o š¯œ®›S®¡®åT P¯ãq®w¯î®±Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±.
4. ®q®î®±â
š¯œ®š®v0u® îµ²u®©± C®± „µ¡®æ©î®w®±Ý y®lµu®Š®±, …¢N® C® wµŒµ‡®± `wµï©±Ì0u®y®¼Š®'±q®±.
N¯¢u®±Š® u®±Š®w®± „µ¡®æŒ¯vq®ã uµ°î®wµx›u®Ûе ,N¯hŠ®š®w®± „µ¡®æŒ¯vy®r‡µ±x›u®Ûw®±.
5. е°î®0q® ,N®0X®,
›‹î®±±uÂ®Û ,z‹‡®±Nµ²°iS¯î®¼oÖ. z‹‡®¾¯B‡®±Ï, qµ²o×, N¯¢u®±Š®uÂ®Š®− C®± N®äî®±î¯T
Dî®±wµq®w®NµÊ œµš®Š®± q®0u® î®±²u®ªS®Š®±, Aw®0q®Š® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± œ®0q®u®ªå
Nµ0X®w®³y® …ªåSµ ,œ®¢S®, w¯S®, œ®±ªS®, Nµ²°iS® (N¯hŠ®š® , N¯‡®±0N®N¯¥¸). …î®±â|,
Н‡®±uµ°î®|| ,…ï±uµ°î® || (œµ0 „¯S®©uµï ,) œ¯S®² Н‡®±uµ°îµ || (œµ0 .„¯S®©uµï),
œ¯S®² Н‡®±uµ°î® || −C®± y®äP¯ãq®Š¯u®Š®±.
6. N®q®ÙŒµN®±©u®î®Š®±
Oä .ý®. š®±. 825 ‹0u® 1200Š® µSµ 375 î®Ç®9N¯© B¢u® −„¯¢u® ï®S ¡®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùî¯Tuµ.
7. N®q®ÙŒµN®±©u®î®Š®±
î®±²u®ª Š¯Ç®ÔN®²hŠ®ªå š¯î®±0q®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±, Aw®0q®Š® q®³©y®w®± X¯¡®±N®ã š®î®¾¯äcã
š¬Õézš®±rÙu®Û0qµ‡µ±° q®î®±â Нc xǵ‡®±w®±Ý X¯¡®±N®ã‹Sµ qµ²°‹›u®Š®±. š®±. 150
î®Ç®9 Š¯Ç®ÔN®²hНvðw®Š¯T, š®±. 200 î®Ç®9 X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® ¯0l®ªåN®Š¯T ,š¯î®±0q®Š¯T
N®q®ÙŒµ N®±© Bl®¢q® w®l®›q®±. Bîµ±°Œµ œµ²‡®±é¡®Š® š¯î®±0q®Š¯TNµ©î®¼ N¯©
AvÃN¯Š®u®ªåu®ÛŠ®±.
8. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®±
y®äu¯w®î¯T bµ¶w®u®ï±9‡®±Š®±. dw®u®9 xî®±9¡®Š®±.
9. Š®N®© š®î®±‰±S®0
…±u®cw®N®0 v°w® u®Û væc‹S®² w®h„®h‹S®² Bš®Šµ‡®¾¯Tu®Û®± D N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®±.Cu®±
Aµ Ew®q® Cu¯Š® X®‹qµ‡®±w®² u®9š®Ç®ÌØqµ‡®±w®² qµ²°‹š®±q®Ùuµ. bµ¶w® …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý
¯m›u®0qµ þ‡®±î w®²Ýî®±m›u®Š®±.
10. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®
î®±±Qãî®±wµuµ°î®Š®± dw®ý¯š®w®uµ°ï‡®¾¯u® b¯æªî®¾¯ªåx° ‡®±¤[w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã ,œ®0y®;
‡®±£®‡®±¤‡®±Š®±: 1976: 123−24] ý¹‡®±9x°và Nµ0X®î®±w®± b¯æ¢x°î®±œ¯uµ°ïSµ K0u®±
uµ°î¯©‡®±î®w®²î®¾¯m›u®w®±.
11. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®±
uÂ¯Š®î¯l®dŒµ‡®± w®ï©S®±0u®î®w®±Ý wµŒµï°l®± ¯mNµ²mu®ÛŠ®±. N¯hŠ®š®w®± w®ï©±Ì0u®u®ªå
`rä„®±î®w® r¡®N®îµ±xy®Þ yµš®Š® dw®î®±0vŠ®î®±0 ¯m›u®w®±: A©åuµ Dq®w®± AoØSµ¥¸‡®±
S®0S®yµî®¾¯9m …š®ÖvSµ 50 î®±q®ÙŠ®± „®²u¯w® ¯mu®w®±.
12. ®w®ï©±Ì0u® H0…
N®w®Ýl® š¬Õ¡®w¯î®±î®w®±Ý š®0š®ör°N®Š®oSµ²¢› `î®±‡®±²Š® y®¼Š®'H0u®± N®Šµ‡®±Œ¯Tuµ.
N®q®ÙŒµN®±©u® š®î®±0q® −¯0l®ªN®Š®w®±Ý `î®±‡®±²Š®y®¼Š® ¯v°ý®æŠ®'
е0u®±S®±Š®±rš®Œ¯Tuµ .[w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã,œ®0y® ;ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå b¯æŒ¯î®¾¯ªx î®±Ÿîµ± −`š®î®±0q®„®u®ä'
(š®0) c‡®±X®0u®ä H0. H. b¯æqµ°u®äN®±î®¾¯Š®, Hš®,,1994 :23− 27]
13. ý®äî®o„µ¡µSµ²¡®u®
YN®Ê „µhÔu® îµ±°Œµ²0u®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý D N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®± N®iÔ›u®0qµ qµ²°Š®±q®Ùuµ
[w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã œ®0y®: š®0ýµ²°u®w® î¯ãš®0S® ,(š®0) š®0S®îµ±°ý® š®î®u®rÙ î®±j®,
1994]
14. N®w¯9hN®u®
X®‹qµä‡®±ªå BT œµ²°u® š®oÝy®¼hÔ AŠ®š®±N®±©S®¡®ªå `N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©' Nµ²Ê ïþÇ®Ôî¯u®
š¯Úw®ïuµ .
15. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©N®²
,îµ²°Š®N®N®±© (îµ²Š®N®±© ,Š®oî®±²P¬9 N®±© )N®²Ê î¯0þN® š®0…0u®±î®0qµ N¯o±q®Ùuµ.
16. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©u®î®Š®±
Š¯Ç®ÔN®²hš¯î®¾¯ähŠ® Av°w®u¯ªå Cu¯ÛS® S®0S®Š® š®0„0u® šµ°œ®î®w®±Ý y®lµvu®ÛŠ®± :y¯䇮±:
š®S®Š® î®±oŒµ‡®±Š® wµ0h›ÙNµ‡®±² CvÛŠ® „µ°N®±.
17. N®q®ÙŒµ N®±©î®w®±Ý
N®±‹q®± Cw®ÝÇ®± î¯ãy®N® œ¯S®² q¹©xN® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ D š®0y®ä…0u® œµ„¯àT©±
qµŠµvuµ.