CHANDRAKODE

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1 y®þÏî®± S®0S®Š®± q®î®±â Š¯cu®9î®w¯ÝT bµ¶w®u®9î®w®±Ý …œ®±î¯T y¯ª›u®Š®±; H©å Š¯cŠ®0qµ Aw®ãu®Ñî®±9S®¡®w®² S¹Š®ï›u®Š®±, S®0S®Š®± u¯w®u®9 ¯mu® y®ä¯oî®w®±Ý Ey®©…Û q¯î®±äy®h î®±q®±Ù þŒ¯ ý¯š®w®S®¡® Bu¯‹v0u®, wµ²°mu®Šµ Eu®ÛN®² É„¯äœ®o‹Sµ AvÃN®Œ¯„® uµ²Šµq®±Š®±î®¼u®± N®0l®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. A‡®±±OÙN® u¯w®S®¡®w®±, Š¯cŠ®± š¯î®±q®0Š®± ¯0l®ªN®−§°î®±0q®Š®±, Nµ²iÔŠ®±î®¼u®± „¯äœ®o‹Sµ°wµ. Cu®± š®œ®c œ¯S®² x‹°¤q®. u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®±î®î®Š®± „¯äœ®o‹Sµ°wµ. Cu®± š®œ®c œ¯S®² ASµ u¯w®Nµ²l®±î®¼u®± K0u®± þÇ®Ô ïþÇ®Ô y®u®Ûr‡®¾¯T y®½î®9N¯©v0u®©² î¯mNµ‡®±ªåuµ. S®0S®Š® B¢Nµ‡®±² Dx‡®±î®±NµÊ Ay®î¯u®î¯T©å.

1.1 „¯äœ®o‹Sµ (ý®³î®, ǵØî® ) î®ãOÙS®q® u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý AvÃN® yÂä¯ou®ªå S®0S®Š®± Nµ²iÔu®ÛŠ®² A®± N®iÔ›u® uµ°î¯©‡®±‡®±S®¡®± y¯ä¯oî®w®±Ý q¹©xN®î¯T y®Š¯î®±þ9š®„µ°N®± . A©åuµ A® Kh±Ô uµ²°Šµnµ, q®ªå°w®qµ‡®± î®±wµ²°u®9 Cî®w®² y®‹þ°ªš®„µ°N®±.D ŸwµÝŒµ‰±0u® Au®㇮±w® š¯î®±±T䇮±w®±Ý K0uµlµSµ š®0X®‰±›‡µ±° ïýµ°™š® „µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. y®䚮±q®Ù š®0Œµ°Qw®u®ªå S®0S®Š® ý¯š®w®S®ªå bµ¶w® …š®vS®¡® š®0…0u®î¯u® š¯î®±T䇮±q®Ù K0u®± š®²Ù© y®¤ wµ²°h œ®‹›uµÛ°wµ.

1.1.1. bµ¶w® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý S®0S®Š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå Aœ®9u¯‡®±q®w®, Xµ°v‡®± Xµ³q®ã,X®³Hq¯ã©‡®± dw®„®î®w®, dw¯©‡®±,(r°q®Ú9u®) …š®v, ®v, −H0… œµš®Š®±S®¢0u® xuµ9þš®Œ¯Tuµ. S®0S®Š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå …Š®±î® …š®vS®¡®±,bµ¶w®S®±Š®±S®¡®± ,S®o−S®X®ÐS®¡®±, u¯xS®¡®±,…š®vS®¡®± Cu®Û FŠ®±S®¡®±, …š®vS®¢Sµ u®rÙ‰±q®Ù œµ²©−wµ© FŠ®± HlµS®¡®±− Cåu®Š® Au®㇮±w® zHX® ,m As¯î¯ H0. zÃŒ¬ y¹l®ä y®ä…0u®NµÊ q®N®Ê®±Ù. D œ®0Œµ°Qw®u®ªå A0q®œ® ي®î®u® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ u¯‹qµ‡®±±î® K0u®± œ¯š®± Cuµ; Ey®©…Û ý¯š®w® š¯î®±T䇮±w®±Ý š®0£µ°z› ,œ®Š®¡®±Sµ²¢š®Œ¯Tuµ.

1.2.1. D š®0Œµ°Qw®u®ªå bµ¶w® BX¯Š®ãŠ®±, S®w®−S®X¬Ð Cq¯ãvS®¡® ï®NµÊ qµ²l®T©å: Nµ°î®© …š®vS®¡® KŒµ°QS®¡®w®±Ý y¯䚯Ùz› ý¯š®w®S®¡® BN®Š®î®w®±Ý š®²Yš®Œ¯S®±î®¼u®±.

2. S®0S®Š®± …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý îµ²u®©± î®±Š®u®ªå‡®±², îµ±°Œµ CiÔSµ‡®±©², Aw®0q®Š® N®ªåw®©² N®iÔ›u®Š®±. î®±Š®u®ªå ¯m›u® …š®vS®¡®ªå Nµ©î®w®±Ý î®±qµÙ N®ªåw®ªå N®h±Ô›u® EŒµ°Q ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ [H. N®. 7−1 þîµîµ².4. 112] .S®0S®Š®± 4−5 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®v0u® îµ²u®©± Sµ²0l®± N®iÔ›u® …š®vS®¡®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùî¯Tîµ: BuµŠµ B y¯äY°w® …š®v S®¡µ²0u®Š®² E¢u®±…0v©å.

2.1. (AŠµ) ry®½Š®±. wµ²oî®±0S®©å, ïc‡®±î®±0S®©0 (q®ï±¡®±w¯l®±/ yµ‹‡®¾¯Š¬d./) î®±±0q¯u® š¬Ú¡®S®¡®ªå S®0S®Š®± N®iÔ›u®±Û CiÔSµ‡®± …š®vS®¡µ0u®± Qyq®î¯T r¢u®± …0vuµ. [sharma, i.k: Brick Tempies of western Gangas, `srinidhi' –perspectives in Indian Archaeoiogy, Art and cuiture ; 1983 ;67 –83].Au®Šµ B CiÔSµ …š®vS®¡®² w¯ý®î¯Tîµ.

3. S®0S®Š®± q®î®±â N®±©S®±Š®± ›0œ®o0vBX¯‡®±9Š® Buµ°ý¯w®±š¯Š® Š¯cãN®iÔu®Š®±. Nµ²0S®±oî®î®±9w®± (š®±. 350 70) þî®îµ²S®Ì š®ï±°y® î®±0l®ª š¯›Š® Š¯cãî®w®±Ý š¯Úz›u®w®±, î®±0l®ª‡®± S®±l®Öu® îµ±°Œµ î®±Š®u® Xµ³q¯ã©‡®±î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±, Cuµ° Aq®ã0q® y¯äY°w®q®î®± œ¯S®² y®äs®î®± S®0S®Š® …š®v [î®±³.B. ‹. 1912.y®¼. 30, y¯ãŠ¯ 70: Š®š¬ †.HŒ¬. îµ±³ š®²Š®± S¯ã›i‡®±Š® ,š®0 1, 1897, y®¼. 311: H.N®. 7−1 (1902). þîµîµ². 4. 1122.y®¼. 10−15]. Cu®w®±Ý Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ®î¯T 10−11−12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®ªå N®ªåw®ªå N®iÔ› y®¼…à9Š®oSµ²¢š®Œ¯‰±q®±.

4. î®±±î®±âm ¯u®î®î®î®±9w®± (480−95) ï°Š®uµ°î® Ey®uµ°ý¯w®± š¯Š®, î®±±u®±Nµ²q®±ÙŠ® ïÇ®‡®±u® yµ„µ²9¥©ªåu®ÛÉî®±±©š®0U®u® Aœ®9u¯‡®±q®w®NµÊ œµ²©, qµ²°h. N®±î®¾¯Š®y®¼Š® S¯äî®±−Cî®w®±Ý u®rÙ‡®¾¯Tq®Ùw®± [H.N®. 10¯©²Š®± .73.5 ý®y®¼. 208; iwG:1984: w®0 10:34−36] yµ„µ²9¥¸©± (uµ²l®±Ö y®hÔo) FŠ®ªåu®Û D …š®v‡®±w®±Ý w¯©Êwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå‡µ±° N®iÔŠ®…œ®±u®±.

5. Aïx°q®w®± (š®±. 495−555) q®w®Ý ýµ°ä‡µ²°†Ã°î®³vÛS¯T Ew®w®²Š® Aœ®9u¯‡®±q®w®NµÊ Nµ²‹Š®±w®Û ïÇ®‡®±u® XµwµÝ©ÊŠ®x œ®¢åëS®¡®±. EŠ®w®²Š® …š®v‡®±w®±Ý î®±²©š®0U®u® X®0u®äw®0v H0… BX¯A‡®±9w® þǮ㊮±, w¯©Êwµ‡®±ý®q¬î®¾¯w®u® š®±î®¾¯‹Sµ ¯m›u®ÛŠ®±. A©åuµ. Cuµ° EŠ®w®²Š®ªå X®xÛ AmS®¡®± N®iÔ›u® Cwµ²0u®± dw¯©‡®±ïq®±Ù, Au®NµÊ Aïx°q®w®± ¼ N®Ç®9y®o „¯S®u®
u¯w®Nµ²hÔw®±.[H.N®0 10. ή¾¯©²Š®± 72 wµ²oî®±0S®© (Nµ²°d /¯©²Š®±q¯) y®¼.l¬ 207−08;iWG 1984:w®012:40−43]

6. ¯u®î®w® î®±S® Nµ²0S®n¯ãvʯcw®± Aœ®9uµ°î¯‡®±q®w®NµÊ œ®©î®¼ œµ²© q®‹cï±°w®± qµ²°h xîµ°ý®w®S®¡®w®±Ý †h±ÔN®²h±Ôw®±. Ju®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® D …š®v‡®±w®±Ý y®©åî¯mÃꊯc ›0œ®ïÇ®±ïw® q¯‰±‡®±±, q®w®Ý y®r‡®± N®±h±0…u® O°r9S¯T N®iÔ›u®Û¡®±. Cu®± ‡®±î®xN® (‡®¾¯y®x°‡®±) š®0U®u® …š®v …w®î¯›‡®± BvN®u®0…Š®0qµ‡µ±° y¯äY°w® S®0S®Š®² ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®0U®NµÊ yµ½°q¯éœ®− y®¼Š®š¯ÊŠ® Nµ²iÔu®ÛŠ®±.

[î®±³.B. ‹. 1938, y®¼.80−90 ý®. œµ²š®Nµ²°gµ („µ0d/) :iWG 1984;w®0. 14; 48−51]

7 s Nµªåy®¼š®²Š®± Xµ°v‡®± (X®³q®ã) Nµ²l®±S®²Š®± w¯mw®ªåq®±Ù;D …š®v ‡µ²°cŠ®± X®0u®ä šµ°w¯X¯‡®±Š¬ãŠ®±. y®®©åî® H¡¯Š®š®w®± (‡®±±î®Š¯c), þî®î®¾¯Š® Š¯cw® (î®±±q®ÙŠ®š®−u®ÛŠ¯c) KzÞSµ y®lµu®± D Xµ°v‡®±NµÊ ®vS¯©± S¯äî®±î®w®², HŠ®l®± „®q®Ùu® S®uµÛ‡®±w®² qµ²°hî®w®² î®±wµ‡®±w®² xîµ°ý®w®î®wµ²Ý u®rÙ‡®¾¯T Cq®Ùw®±. S®0bµw¯mw® N®oÝî®±âw®± îµ±°Œ¯¦¯ÑvS¯©±, †h±ÔNµ²hÔw®±. Î¯Š®Sµ²gµÔ¥Š¬ H0„¯q®w®± Cwµ²0u®± qµ²°hî®w®±Ý ›Nµ²h±Ôw®±.…š®v‡®±uµ°î®‹Sµ šµ°‹u® u®w®S®¡®w®±Ý ¯‹ î®±qµ²Ù0u®± qµ²°hî®w®±Ý Nµ²¡®Œ¯‰±q®±.

[î®±³. B. ‹. 1925, y®¼.90−92. 7−8ý®. N®±©S¯o(î®±³d/X¯î®±Š¯q¯); iwG1984:w®0 36:140−41.H.N®.49(y®) X¯î®±Š¯ . 347. 7−8 ý®. N®±©S¯o .y®¼ .222]

4. î®±²©S®o w®0v š®0U® HŠµTqµ²ÙS®9o y®¼ªN®©ÌX®Ðéu® X®u®äo0v‡®± þÇ®ã N®±î®¾¯Š®o0v‡®± þÇ®ã O°q®Ù9w®0v BX¯Š®ãw® N¯©u®ªå §°y®¼Š®u®ªå N®±0u¯Yχ®±± Œµ²°N®r©N® H0… œµš®‹w®dw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®¡®±. DNµ xS®±90u®u® y®Š®î®¾¯S®²¡®Š¯cw® î®±l®v, šS®Š®N®±©u® î®±Š®±î®î®±9 Š¯cw® î®±S®¡®±. N®±0u¯YÏ N®iÔ›u® D …š®vSµ §°y®¼Š®±Ç®w®± (726−77) xS®±90u® ïÇ®‡®±u® y®½w®¢‡®±w®±Ý Kz›u®w®±.A©åuµ. ›q®±Ùî®±±q®Ùªåw® œ®©î®¼ œ®¢S®¡® œµ²© qµ²°h î®±wµ x°îµý®S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²l®Œ¯‰±q®±. [H.N®. 4, w¯î®±0. 85;776−77 .uµ°î®Š®œ®¢åë (îµ±³ d/w¯î®±0 q¯)] iwG1984:w®0 182−89]

5. Œµ²°N® ränµ°q®ä ¯Š®›0œ®w® šµ°w¯vÃy®r §°ïc‡®±w®± dw®„®N®Ù. Dq® œ®¢ë y®hÔo,qµ²Šµ‡®±u®l® ,„µhÔS®¡® îµ±°Œµ,‰±Ôé væy®S®¡®ªå œ¯S®² NµŠµS®¡® œ®rÙŠ® …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®±. Cåuµ î®±nµ‡®±ªå (¯w®ãŠ®S®Š®)q®±0S® xî®±9¡® dw®„®î®w®î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±;D …š®vSµ ¯Š®›0œ®Š¯cw®± O¥±î®N®²Š®± S¯äî®±î®w®±Ý u®rÙ‡®¾¯T †hÔw®±.

Ýý¯©ª° ïÇ®‡®±u® , ý¯©ª°S¯äî®±u®ªå Nµ²0l®N®±0u® Aš®æ‡®±u® qµ²°Š®n¯X¯Š®ãw® þÇ®ã y®¼Ç®w®0v‡®± þÇ®ãw¯u® y®ä„¯X®0u®äxS¯T šµ°w¯x §°ïc‡®±w®± D ¯w®ãy®¼Š®dw®„®î®w®w®w®±Ý xï±9›u®w®±. D…š®vSµ „µ°Šµ „µ°Š¬ NµŠµS®¡® Nµ¡®Sµ y®©î®q¯Ùu® cï±°w®w®±Ý u®rÙ †l®Œ¯‰±q®±

[H.N®.9, wµî®±0 . 60. 798. î®±nµØ („µ0d/wµî®±0q¯)y®¼. 48−49; iwG1984; w®0. 49;190−205]

12.§°y®¼Š®±Ç®w®± B¡®±rÙŠ®±î¯S® ,y®›0m H0… S®0S®î®0ý®u® w¯S®î®î®±9w®± S®0S®Š¯cwµ0u®± A†Ã™N®Ùw¯Tu®Ûw®±. Dq®w®², Dq®w® š®œµ²°u®‹‡®± S®0l®w®² î®±q®±Ù N®0u®0… N®±Œ¬;Au®î®w®² Bu® q®±¡®±S® −Bm‡®±² šµ°‹, q®SµŠµ cw®y®u®u®ªåu®Û î®±©åë H0… FŠ®w®±Ý qµ²¡¯S¯äî®±u® Xµ³q¯ã©‡®±NµÊ u®rÙ‡®¾¯T Kz›u®Š®±. xî®±²9© Nµ²°þN®î®0ý®u® š®î®±ãS® u®ý®9w®ïý®±u®Ûw¯u®î®±oªåî®±wµ Klµw‡µ²°w® H0„¯q®w®±D Xµ³q¯ã©‡®±NµÊ E0…¢ x°mu®w®±Cu®± ý¯0ršµ°wµ A„µS®¡®± Cq®±Ùu®± î®±q®±Ù yµ„¯à9ª E0…¢ w®îµ²dwµ°„®ã: || H0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ.

[îµ±³ .B .‹.1920, y®¼23. 8ý®. w®Š®›0œ®Š¯cy®¼Š® :iwG1984 :w®0 71; 253 55]

13. þî®î®¾¯Š®w® (788−816) B¢Nµ‡®±ªå ïhÔŠ®š® (ïÇ®±ØŠ¯c)w®± ›0u®w¯l®± Hn¯›Š®NµÊ H¥¸ (Klµ‡®±) q®w®v0u® q®S®Šµw¯l®± Hy®Þq®Ùw®± B¡®±rÙu®Ûw®±. ÏhÔŠ®š®w®± qµ²¡®Š® F‹w® Xµ°v‡®±NµÊ (…š®v) N®‹î®±oØw® œµ²©î®w®±Ý u®rÙ x°mu®w®±. ïhÔŠ®š®w®± N¯u®0… Š¯b¯œ¬9 ¯u®0u®äw® î®±S®.

[ îµ±³.B. ‹. 1920 ,y®¼. 24 .9ý® ›0œ®w®SµuµÛ w®Š®›0œ®Š¯cy®¼Š®;
iwG;1984;w®0. 85;274−75]

14. þî®î®¾¯Š®w® − A¯ ¯î®±S®¡¯u® ïc‡®±ý®OÙ AŠ®š®w®± uµÑ°ïSµ¥¸‡®± Nµ¡µSµ BŠ®± S®0l®±S® îµuµ î®±o±î®¾¯ (†q®Ùwµœµ²©), Nµ²¡®w®±0þ‡®±ªå K0u®± y¯¢‡®±±î®¾¯ î®±±u®ï±°‹‡®± E0X®î®±±0 (u¯ãw® š®0S®äœ®) .î®±²¢î®¢ë‡®± Xµ°v‡®± (Xµ³q®ã)NµÊ †h±Ô Nµ²hÔŠ® [iwG;1944; w®0 86,9 ý®; 276−77]

15. ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡®u® YN®Ê„µhÔu® îµ±°Œµ X®0uäw¯s® r°s®90N®Š® …š®v‡®± ®±î®ãu®N®lµ þî®î®¾¯Š®w®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®± [îµ±³ B. ‹. 1911y®¼. 33,9 ý®, iwG;1984 ; w®0 .88; 279; H.N®.11(y®) 140 (415) y®¼. 86 ] A©åuµþî®î®¾¯Š®w®± K0u®± …š®v‡®±w®± N®±î®±âl®î¯l®u®©² („µ¡®S¯ïd/)K0u®± Nµ²‰±Œ¬ …š®v‡®±w®±Ý œµ…à©S®±yµÞ‡®±©² (î®±d/) ,K0u®± Xµ°v‡®±î®w®±Ý î®±±¢î®¢ë‡®±©² N®iÔ›š®Ûw®±.

16. š®q®ãî¯N®ãNµ²0S®±oî®î®±9 yµî®¾¯9w®m Š¯X®î®±©åw®± (870−907) y¯©±Ìo ¯š®u® §° y®0X®ï± œ®…àu®0u®± yµnµS®l®0S®u® š®q®ãî¯N®ã H0… œµš®‹w® dw¯©‡®±NµÊ †¢‡®±²Š®±, „µuµ²Û¥¸S®Šµ‡®± y®xÝy®Þ9¢− H0„µŠ®l®± œ®¢ëS®¡®w®±Ý u®rÙ †hÔw®± . þî®w®0v ›u¯ÛÉ0rÙuµ°î®w® þǮ㠚®î®9o0v uµ°î®w®± D Nµ²l®±SµS®¡®w®±Ý y®lµu®w®±

[H. N®. 1, 2. 888.†¢‡µ²Š®± (Nµ²l®±S®±d /cyµ°gµ q¯); H.N® .1 (y®) .96; iwG1984;w®0 .106;325−26].

17. yµ½¡®u® qµ°w®0u¯N® Sµ¡µ‡®±Š¬ N®oØî®±0S®©u®ªå K0u®± (î®) …š®›Û‡®±w®±Ý Oä.ý®. 902 Š®ªå ¯m› œµ²š® qµ²°hS®¡®wµ² „®q®Ùu® S®uµÛ‡®±w®² u®rÙ†hÔŠ®± Eq®Ùx0vy®¼‹‡®± N®l®±œ®±Š® „®g¯Š®w®þÇ®Éãî®±0l®©„®g¯Š®w® þ™0r N®î®±±0S®¥¸ N®0r‡®±‹Sµ D Nµ²l®±SµS®¡®w®±Ý š®Œ¯‰±q®±.

šµ ²rÙ ‡® ±²Š® yä î® ±±Q î® ±u® î® ±â ‡® ±ãÉÝ î® ±S® §°î® î® ±â9‡® ±é w® ± Nµ²oØ î® ±0S® © u® ªå Cwµ ²°0u® ± …š® v N®iÔ ›u® w® ±; Au® NµÊ B …š® v‡® ± Ÿq® Ù© Ÿ0„ ¯S® u® qµ ²°hî® w® ² qµ ²0„µ© u® ªå H0h± Nµ ²¡® Sµ †°cî® ‹ œµ ²© î® w®±Ý KzÞ ›u® w® ±. DNµ ²oØ î®±0S® ©u® …š® vSµ H¡® wµ ²î® ±â mîµæ ‡® ± î® ±S® w¯u® A‡® ±ãÉy® Þ wµ ²î® ±â ‡® ±ã w® ±Ý q® ±0„µ²© u® ªå y® l® ±î® ou® qµ0Tw® qµ ²°hî® w® ² w¯© ±Ê Nµ ²¡® S® „® q®Ù u® œµ²© î® w® ² u¯w®  ¯mu® w®±.

[H. N®. 10, Nµ²°Œ¯Š®. 90. 902−03. W®š¯9y®¼Š® (Nµ²d /q¯) y®¼. 24−25; iwG;1984;w®0 107,y®¼. 327−33]

18. q®w®Ý q¯‰± N®©å„¯à¡®± ¯m›u® …š®vSµ y®½b¯vS®¢S¯T ¯Š®›0œ®w®± (962−

74) Nµ²0S®Œ¬w¯mw® N¯u®Œµ²åŠ®w®±Ý š®²Š®š®ÙS®ou® I¡¯X¯Š®ã‹Sµ KzÞ›u®w®±. N®©å„µ‡®±± X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® ›0œ®î®î®±9 AŠ®š®w® î®±S®¡®±.c‡®±u®q®ÙŠ®0S® …²q®±S® || AŠ®š®w® Š¯o. N®©å„¯à¡®± ¯m›uµ …š®v‡®±ªå Yq®äS®¡®² Cu®±Û ; š®±u¯Yq®ä Yq¯äv y®½b¯s®90 (š¯©±: 15).

[H.C. 36,y®¼ .97−110.962. N¯u®©²Š®± (u¯d/q¯); H . BŠ¬.J. Hš®.C.1934−34. H−23. 962; iwG ;1984;w®0. 139: 433−48]

19 Aǯl®−N¯r9N® −y¯©±Ìo ¯š®u® w®0v°ý®æŠ® œ®…àu®ªå yµS®Ìu®²‹w® …š®vSµ, yµS®Ìu®²Š®± î®±q®±Ù yµ½š®î¯l¯S® œ®¢S®¡®w®±Ý Aw®0q®ï°Š®‡®¾¬ã xSµ ›Nµ²l®Œ¯‰±q®±. A„®ã0q®Š® ›vÛ‡®¾¯Tq®Ù. D yµS®Ìu®²Š®± …š®v‡®± ý¯š®w® u¯QŒµ‡®±w®±Ý X®0u® w®0v‡®±‡®±±ãw®± Š®Y›u®w®±.

[H. N®.1. 4.978,yµS®²ÌŠ®± (Nµ²l®S®± d/ c yµ°gµ q¯); H.N®. 1(y®) 98;iWG;1984;w®0 148 ;465−66]

22. w®x݇®±S®0S® …²q®±S® yµî®¾¯9m‡®±± q®w®Ý B¢Nµ‡®±ªåw® q®iÔNµ¥¸ …š®vSµ F‹w® NµŠµ‡®± Nµ¡®Tw® q®‹cï±°w®w®±Ý u¯w®î®¾¯mu®w®±. Bq®w® y®hÔ î®±œ¯uµ°î®ï‡µ² D r°š¬Ú9u® …š®vSµ N¯oNµ‡®±w®² `w¯lµ²ÌS®Ì9¡®²¡®± y®oî®0 Nµ²hÔŠ¬' Dý¯š®w®u®ªå N¯o²Š®±S®ou® BX¯Š®ã y®Š®0y®Šµ ‡®±w®±Ý S®±Š®±r› u¯Qª›uµ.

[î®±³ .B. ‹.1923. 113 .10ý®. DX®î¯m (þî®îµ²d/q¯)y®¼. 114−15 iwG;1984;w®0 .150;468−70]

21. ¯uÂ®î® î®±œ¯vʯc (š®±. 400−40) î®±q®±Ù N®³Ç®Øî®î®±9w® î®±S® ›0œ®î®î®±9 (œ®‹î®î®±9 ,š®±.440−60) B¢Nµ‡®± ý¯š®w® ïŠ®î® : ›0œ®œ®î®î®±9w® Š¯cz䇮¾¯ w®q®9O‡®¾¯u® w®0u®î¯æ¡®± š®î®±ãS® u®ý®9w® ‡®±±N®Ù¡¯Tu®Û¡®±. DNµ L0u®± Aœ®9u¯‡®±q®w®î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®¡®±(š®æN®³q¯‡®±) ;Cu®± î®±²© š®0U®NµÊ šµ°‹u® …š®v‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. AŠ®š®w® Aw®±î®±r‰±0u® D…š®vSµ K0u®± qµ²°hî®w®±Ý x°mu®¡®±; Dqµ²°hî®w®±Ý Jw®²Š®± N¯Ç®9y®oî®w®±Ý Nµ²h±Ô N¯N®Š¯Œ¯v°y®r‰±0u® Nµ²0l®u®Û¡®±. w®0u¯î¯æ N®Œ¯ïuµ‡®± N¯u®©w¯u® ›0»cŠ¯cw®², q®w®Ý H0hwµ‡®± î®Ç®9u® B¢Nµ‡®±0u®±. yµ°Š®²‹w® Š®N®Ù q®l¯S®u® x°‹0u® E¡®±îµ±‡®¾¯S®±rÙu®Û x°Š¯î®‹ „®²ï±‡®±ªå ,w¯©±Ê N®0l®±N® †°c „®²ï±‡®±w®±Ý †h±ÔNµ²h±Ôw®±. Cu®± K0uµ²î®Šµ š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®9u®Ç®Ô Ÿ0vw® …š®v Š®N®ÙÉq®g¯N® H0…±u®± N®w®l®u® Nµ0y®¼NµŠµ H0…±u®Š® š®0š®öq® Š®²y®.

[iWG ; 1984; w®0 155. 5 ý®.; 479−82. yµ°Š®²Š®± (q®ï±¡®± w¯l®±: Nµ²‡®±î®qµ²ÙŠ®± d/q¯)]

22. wµ²¡®0…î¯m 32,000 u® „¯S®î¯Tu®Û Nµ²°S®¢−500 w¯mw®ªå î®±±Qã y®hÔoî¯u® Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± bµ¶w® Nµ°0u®äî¯T Nµ²°S®¢‡®±r°q®Ú9 Hx›q®±Ù. Cªå S®0S®Š® u®±ï9x°q®w®±. (š®±. 495−53.5) K0u®±É…š®v‡®±w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®±;

Cu®± u®±ïæ9x°q®x0u®0
îµ²u®Œµ²¡® …š®v‰±0u® w¯l® î®±q®ÙŠ®U®¡µ‡®±0
ïmq®‡®±ý®‹0u®ä O°rä9S®
¡®±vqµ²°vq®î®¾¯Sµ ¯mu®Š® Nµ²°S®¢‡µ²¡® ||

C0u®ä O°r9 î®±±x°0u®äw®± D …š®v‡®± ¯oS®¡® LvS¯T K0u®± u®rÙ‡®±w®±Ý Cq®Ùw®±. Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± bµ¶w® U®iN¯ š¯Úw®î¯Tq®±Ù.

[š¹. C. C. 1, w®0 189−196; š¹. C.C−1 346, 347. 1173. 1220; Auµ°, 117, 1055Nµ²°Sµ¢ (…¡¯0d/œ®l®S®ª q¯)] N®±ã. Bµ. H0. Hš®. š®0. 36y®¼. 126− 33]

22. î®±±Ç®ãŠ®w®± [538− 86] …¡¯ë‹ dŒµ‡®±ªå î®±±N®ÊŠ® …š®v‡®±w®±Ý ¯m›u®± ¯m›u®î®‹Sµ š®œ¯‡®± ¯mu®w®±.[H.N®. 7(y®)î®±u®²ÛŠ®±. 100. y®¼.312]

24. H¥¸S®0S® x°r¯S®9 yµî®¾¯9w®m‡®±± (907−21) AŠµ ry®½Š®± r°q®Ú9(N®w®N®T‹r°s®9) u®ªå …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±, ¯m›u®î®‹Sµ š®œ¯‡®± ¯mu®w®± [ H.N®.7(y®) î®±uµ²ÛŠ®±,.100.y®¼.312]

25. q®ï±¡®±w¯mw® yµ‹‡®¾¯Š¬ dŒµå‡®± ïc‡®±î®±0S®©0 H0… w®S®Š®ªå S®0S®Š®± ¯m›u® X®0u®äy®ä„® …š®v‰±uµ. ïc‡®±î®±0S®©î®¼ bµ¶w® ‡®¾¯N®Š®o y®î®o0v (w®wµ²©Ê N®q®³9)œ®±iÔu®²Š®±.Cªåw® D X®0uäy®ä„® …š®v‰±uµ. ïc‡®±î®±0S®©î®¼ bµ¶w® îµ³‡®¾¯N®Šµo y®î®o0v (w®w®²Œ¬ N®q®³9) œ®±±iÔu®²Š®±. Cªåw® D X®0u®äy®ä„® …š®v‡®±ªå š®±ï P¯Èãq® Sµ²î®±âhî®±²r9‡®±w®±Ý ¯m›u® X¯î®±±o׊¯‡®±w® q®0Ÿ,y®¼©å„µà‡®±± š®Œµ°Qw®v0u® î®±±l®±zu®¡®±; Cªå‡®± þ©u®ªå y®¼©å„µà‡®±± y®u¯š®w®œ¯O Nµ³ î®±±Tu®± N®±¢rŠ®±î® „®0T‡®± î®±²r9‰±uµ.

[shama,i.k.Bricktemples of westem Gangas, srinidhi, 1983,pp. 293-98]

29. u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå‡®± w®ï©±Ì0u® q¯©²Ow® (AoØSµ¥¸)‡®±ªå S®0S®Š® …²q®±S® 11(938−62)î®±œ¯î®±0l®Œµ°ý®w®± dwµ°0u®äî®±0vŠ®î®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®±. …²q®S®w®. Š¯Ç®ÔN®²hŠ® î®±±î®±âm N®³Ç®Øw® „¯î®w¯Tu®Ûw®±.

§°î®š®±uµ°ý® „¯î®0
Šµ°î®N®xî®±â9m‡®± å„®0 …²q®S®w¯
q¯î®S®q® š®N®¡® ý¯š®ô x
¡¯ï±ý®±äq®O°r°9 S®0S®î®±oשw¯s®(0) ||

Š®²mSµ Š®²mwµqµÙ šµu®. „µ¡®æ©uµ°ý®î®±w¯¡®Û S®0S®yµ
¯âÉ9mS®¢0u®î®±oØSµ¥¸ w¯¡µÊ¥¸î®gµÔx›q®±Ù w¯l®w¯
l¯mS®¡®±0…îµ±0†wµSµS®î®¾¯ y®¼Š®uµ²¡®± c‡®±u®±q®ÙŠ®0S®yµ
¯9m‰±w¯‡®±±Ù …²q®±S® w®Šµ°w®ÛÉäxw®ªå dwµ°0u®äî®±0vŠ®0 ||
š®0S®î®¾¯Sµ ¯m q®¡®ïärÙ‡®±w®ªåSµ î®±²l®Sµ°‹S®±
î®±±â 0Sµ²¡®w¯v‡®¾¯Sµ wµS®¢ÛhÔSµ S¯î®‹î¯l®îµ±0… „¯
l®0S®¡® ý¯š®w®0 „µŠ®š®± š®î®æ9 w®î®±š®ãï±îµ0u®± †h±ÔNµ²
hÔ0 S®±oO°rÙ9 y®o×q®SµÌ9 „®OÙ‰±w®±q®Ùî®± u¯w®ý®OÙ‰±0 ||

[H. C.15, 23. 1071−72. S¯Š®î¯l® (u¯d/S®u®S® q¯) y®¼, 337−46. š¯©±; 15−20]

27. §°y®¼Š®±Ç®w® î®±S® Š®oïN®äî®±w® î®±S®w¯u® Š¯X®î®±©å š®q®ãî¯N®ãw®± q®ï±¡®±w®mw® åî®±Œµ³ w®ªå K0u®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®±.

…š® vS® ¡® ± bµ¶ w® uÂ®î® ±9u® š® 0U® hwµ ‡® ±ªå S® ox°‡® ± y¯q® ä î® Ÿ›îµ . bµ¶ w® š®  ¯cNµÊ š¯0VN® − š¯0›Ú N® š®æ Š® ²y® Nµ ²l® ±î®¼ u® Nµ²Ê D Xµ³ q¯ã © ‡® ±S® ¡® ± N¯hoî¯u®  . u ¯ï±9N® š¯Ÿq® ã N® š¯0š® örN® X® h±î® iNµ S® ¡® Nµ °0u® ä †0u® ±S® ¡® ± …š® vS® ¡® ±. bµ¶ w® X¯‡® ±9Š® ± î® ±q® ±Ù dw¯© ‡® ±S® ¡® ± bµ¶w® X¯‡® ±9Š® ± î® ±q® ±Ù d ¯©‡® ±S® ¡® ± bµ¶ w® u® î® ±9w¯oã u® HŠ® l® ± î® ±QS® ¡® ±: y® Š® š® Š¯î® ©0†S® Œ¯T …š® vœ® ¡® ², …š® vS® ¡® ², …š® v‡µ ²lµ‡® ±Š® ² y®½ Š® N® yµä °Š® N® yµ½ °Ç® N® BTu® ±Û u¬w® ±Ý S®0S® Š® y ¯äY°w® ý¯š® w® S¡® ± ý® ±ä q® y® m›îµ , Aïw¯„ ¯î® š® 0…0u® CŠ® ±î® N¯Š® oN¯Ê T …š® v î® ±q®±Ù bµ¶ w¯X¯Š® ã w® ±Ý KiÔ Sµ y® ‹S® oš® ±î® y® u®Û r Š® ²mà Sµ …0vuµ . y® ä›u®Û BX¯‡® ±9š® 0U® X¯q® ±î®¾ ¯9š® N¯Ê T w¯w¯ …š® vS® ¡® ªå wµ Œµ x0q¯© 0q® ² dw¯©‡® ±S® ¡® ± X® h±î® iNµ ‡® ± cw¯© ‡® ±S® ¡¯S® ±rÙ u® ±Û  . y® ½ b¯š® 0y® ä u¯‡® ±u® ES® î® ±NN® ²Ê Cîµ ° cw® â š®Ú ¡® . u¯w® u® rÙ S® ¢0u® …š® vS® ¡® ± „µ ¡® Tv ; Š® ¤q® Š® Š® £®q® Š® Š® £® nµ C©å u¯S® šµ ²Š® Tu® ±î®¼ , y¯¡®± uµ °S® ±© S® ¡¯u® ±î®¼ .

S® 0S® Š® š¯î®¾ ¯ä cã î® w® ±Ý œ® Š® › u¯‹ qµ ²°‹u® N¯ä o²S® 9o−‡®¾ ¯y® x°‡® ± š® 0U® u® î® ±œ¯w® BX¯‡® ±9 ›0œ® o0v î® ±x‡® ± Ey® uµý® u® 0qµ u® mS®  ¯u® î® Š® N¯©v0u® S® 0S® î® ±wµ q® w® Eu® Û N® ²Ê Bu® ã qµ ‡® ± îµ ±°Šµ Sµ bµ¶ w® u® î® ±9î® w® ±Ý q® î® ±â Š¯Ç® Ô u®î® ±9î¯T ›æ °N® ‹› y®¼ Š® š®Ê ‹›u® Š®±. Aïx°q® , u® ±ï9x°q® ,þî® î®¾ ¯Š® §°y®¼ Š® ±Ç® î® ±q® Ù Š® š® , šµ ³ Sµ ²hÔ þî® î®¾ ¯Š® , u® ±S® Ì î®¾ ¯Š® HŠµ ‡® ±y® Þ , x°r ¯S® 9, …²q® ±S® , î® ±Š® ±¡® ,  ¯Š® ›0œ® , Š¯X® î® ±©å , Š® N®Ê š® S® 0S® yµ  ¯9w® m H©å Š® ² xŠ® 0q® Š® î¯T …š® vS® ¡® w® ±Ý N®iÔ ›u® Š® ±.  ¯w® š¬Ù 0„® S® ¡® w® ±Ý xªå ›u® Š® ±. bµ¶ w¯X¯‡® ±9‹Sµ yµ½ lµ î® ±h±Ô yµ½ Šµ u® Š® ±,  ¯w® š®Ù 0„® S® ¡® w® ±Ý xªå ›u® Š® ±, bµ¶ w¯X¯‡® ±9‹Sµ yµ½ lµ î® ±h±Ô yµ½ Šµ î® ±h±Ô yµ½ Šµ u® Š® ± H0…±u® NµÊ ý¯š® w® S® ¡® Bu ¯Š® S® ¡®² š¯Ÿq® ã N® ³rS® ¡® œµ °¢Nµ S® ¡® ² y® Š® š® Š® y®½ Š® N® î¯T ïy®¼ ©î¯u®  ¯ŸrS® ¡® w® ±Ý Ku® T›îµ . bµ¶ w® š¯Ÿq® ã NµÊ , bµ¶ w® ® ±Ù þ©Þ NµÊ , Kg¯Ô Šµ ‡®¾ ¯T bµ¶ w® y® Š® 0y® Šµ ‡® ± î® ±0u® ±î® ‹Nµ Sµ S® 0S® Š® Nµ²l® ±Sµ …œ® ¡® uµ ²l®Öu® ±.