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1. §°î®±q®ïq®ä+AN®¡®î®±w®w®Ù N®©0
š¯æ‡®±0„®±î®0 š®N®¡® î®±0S®¡®î®¾¯v r°q®®×90
xqµ²°ãq®éî®0 î®±oî®±‡®±0 x¡®‡®±0 dw¯w¯0
q®³¡µ²°N®ã „®²Ç®oî®±œ®0 ý®Š®o0 y®äy®uµã° ||

[H. N®. 8−2, š¯S®Š® 159 . 1159. ŒµŠ®NµŠµ (þî®îµ²S®Ì d/š¯S®Š® q¯.) y®¼. 331−33]

BvÃw¯s® r°s®90N®Š®Š® …š®v Cu®Û š®ÕÉ¡®îµ0… N¯Š®oN¯ÊT `Bv r°s®9 ' H0… œµš®Š¯‰±qµ? q®±0… y¯äY°w®î¯u® r°s®9îµ0… As®9îµ0… D ý®…Ûé y¬䇵²°S®î¯‰±qµ ? H0…±u®± Xµ0q®x°‡®±î¯u®±u®±. `î®±œ¯r°q®9' H0… Cwµ²0u®± ý®…Û CŠ®±î®¼u®±‹0u® Dy®u®u® As®9 y®är°rSµ „µ¡®N®±†°Š®…œ®±u®±. Cu®Š® š®0…0u®î¯u® EŒµ°Q; z䇮±vw®Û0 œ®±¡® šµ°w¯y®r Nµ²y®o î®±œ¯r°s®9uµ²¡®. …œ®± N®w®N®î®±w¯ £µ°q®äcT9q®±Ù [H,N®. 2, 476 (345) 1159. y®¼.289] D …S®Ì ï®î¯u® X®Xµ9‡®±w®±Ý î®±qµÙ Nµ©å0Sµ¦¨ r°q®9 N®±‹q® ïîµ°X®wµ‡®± N®£µ‡®±ªå wµ²°l®…œ®±u®±.

6. †b¯y®¼Š® dŒµå „¯Sµ°î¯m q¯©²N®± C0S®¡µ°ý®æŠ® r°q®9 C0S®¡µ°ý®æŠ® …¢‡®±² bµ¶w® y®Š®0y®Šµ ‡®±ªå ï ýµ°Çµ š¯ÕÉw® y®lµvuµ.

š®æ›Ù §°î®±v0S®¡µ°ý®æŠ®u® r°q®9u® …š®v‡®¾¯
X¯‡®±ã9Š®± uµ°î®X®0u®ä „®g¯ÔŠ®N® uµ°î®Š®
S®±l®Ö …î®±â S¯î®¼o×w® y®¼q®ä „µ²°S®S¯î®¼oÖw® x™v

[š¹. C. C 2. 15 . 598. 12 ý®. q®î®±â u®mÖÉ(†b¯y®¼Š® d/
î®±uµÛ°†œ¯¡® q¯.) y®¼. 391]

Dý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù uµ°î®X®0u®ä „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±, X¯¡®±N®ã q®äȳ¡µ²°N®ãî®±©å K0u®wµ‡®± šµ²°îµ±°ý® 抮 X®O䇮± î®±S®w¯u® `ïÇ®±Øî®u®9w®−ïc‡®¾¯vq®ã− O°r9î®î®±9'w® œ®±Š®±S®¡µ0…±u®± ïýµ°Ç® S®î®±xNµSµ Aœ®9î¯u® X¯‹räN® î®±œ®q®æu¬ EŒµ°Q, [w¯S®Š¯‡®¾¬ã, œ®0y® : ïÇ®±Øî®u®9w® −ïc‡®¾¯vq®ã O°rî®î®±9; 1996 ]N®Œ¯oã X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® r°q®9u® ïX¯Š®î¯T Cw®² Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w® ¯ŸrS®¡®± Ey®©…Ûî¯Tîµ. C0S®¢Sµ‡®±(S®±©àS®9 d/) …š®vS®¡®ªå K0u®w®±Ý X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® BŠ®wµ ïN®ä¯vãq®w® Š¯o (N®©±X®±‹) b¯N®uµ°ï‡®±± Oä.ý®.1094 Š®ªå N®iÔ›u®¡®± [H.BŠ¬.J.C.1960.†.−441.: bµHš¬J (1957) .y®¼. 236−39. 1095] C0S®¡µ°ý®æŠ® r°s®9…¢ š®0…0u®î¯T y®‹þ°ªš®„µ°N¯u® ý¯š®w®S®¡®± : š¹. C. C. 15, 544. 1160 : Auµ° 550 . 1194: Auµ° 605 .1212: Auµ° 606 .1215: H.N®.7, w¯î®±0 72.1183 A¢°š®0u®ä: H.N®.4. z‹‡®±y®hÔo 125.1384. Š¯î®0u®²Š®±: H.N®. 111. ®w®0cw®S®²l®± 137. 1372. œ®±©å¢ −Cq¯ãv.

7. î®±0l®ã dŒµ w¯S®î®±0S®© q¯©²N®± N®0…u®œ®¢ë r°q®9 †0l®Sµw®ïŒµ r°q®9u® K0u®± „¯S®î¯Tq®±Ù. Cªå I¡®± …š®vS®¢u®±Û. :AS®¡®ªå Nµ©î®¼ y®½o9î¯T œ¯¡¯Tîµ. y®0X®N®²h …š®v, „µhÔu® X®0u®äy®ä„®š¯æï± [H.N®. (1979) w¯î®±0.
37(14 w¯î®±0 134) y®¼. 24] ý¯xÙw¯Ýs® uµ°î®Š® …š®v [Auµ°: w¯î®±0. 30(14 w¯î®±0.130) y®¼. 19] îµ²u®Œ¯u® ¯ŸrS®¡®± ›S®±q®Ùîµ. N®0…u®œ®¢ë r°q®Ú9 œ®wÉšµ²°Sµ î®±j®NµÊ y®är…u®Ûî¯Tu®Û0qµ K0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ. [Auµ°: w¯î®±0. 26 (4w¯î®±0 20) 1168. N®0…œ®¢ y®¼. 17 š¯©±:2] cSµqµ Cu®± X®0S¯¡®æ‹S®² (X®0TN®±¡®) BŠ¯u®ãîµx›q®±Ù [Auµ°: w¯î®±0. 29(14 w¯î®±0 129) 1174. N®0…u®œ®¢ëÉy®¼. 18] Bu®Šµ î®±±0vw® ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå N®0…u®œ®¢ë r°q®®Ú9NµÊ HNµ²Ê°hdw¯©‡®± îµ0u®± î®±Š®±œµš®Š®± uµ²Šµq®±, B N¯© U®hÔu®î®±r°‡®± š®0U®Ç®9S®¡®± q®©zu® wµŒµ‡®±w®±Ý qµ²°‹š®±q®Ùuµ: î®±²© š®0U® uµ°›S® S®o y®¼š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu®N®0…u® œ®¢‡®± r°q®9î® HNµ²Ê°h dw¯©‡®±îµ0u®± œµš®Š®±0 „µ°‹° y®0X®î®±œ¯ý®„Ûî®0 HNµ²Ê°h î®±œ¯Š®±u¯ä‹¡®±Û Nµ²hÔŠ®± Au®w¯S®uµ0u®î®0 þî®uµ²°Ÿ [Auµ°: w¯î®±0.31 (14 w¯î®±0 131) 13 ý®. N®0…u®œ®¢ y®¼. 19 š¯©±: 2].

8. N®l®š®q®î¯v r°q®Ú9− N®¡®š®q®î¯v r°q®Ú9 N®±‹q®± HŠ®l®± ý¯š®w® y®䇵²°S®S®¡®± ›S®±q®Ùîµ. C®l®± Š®²y®S®¡®² K0uµ° F‹w® †Ãw®Ýw¯î®± Š®²y®S®¡µ0…±u®± Š®²y®S®¡µ0…±u®± xý®Ï‡®±.N®l®(¡®) š®q®î¯v‡®±± ýäî®o „µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u® wµŠµœµ²Šµ‡®± S¯äî®±. œ®wµ²Ý0u®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®NµÊ šµ°‹u® HŠ®l®± u¯w® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå D r°q®êÕ9u® y®äš¯Ùy® …0vuµ.

A. §° î®±uµÛ°î®oxÛ „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® S®±mÖ î®¾¯¡µ„µà N®l®š®q®î¯v‡®± r°q®Õ9u® …š®vSµ Nµ²hÔ¡®

[H.N®. 2, (1973) 520 (484)11 ý®. y®¼.322]

B §°î®±q® N®o„µ N®xÙ‡®±Š®± N®¡®š®q®î¯v‡®± r°q®ÑÕ9u® …š®vSµ Nµ²hÔ¡®
[H. N®. 2, (1973) 520 (484) 11ý®. y®¼. 322]

B §°î®±q® N®o„µ N®xÙ‡®±Š®± N®©š®q®î¯v‡®± r°q®Úu®…š®vSµ Nµ²hÔŠ® [Auµ: 521 (485) 11. ®ý®.] u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²hÔ C…àŠ®² î®±Ÿ¡µ‡®±Š®±. A®ªå …„¯Nµ ý¯äî®O (S®³Ÿo). Cwµ²„¯àNµ B‰±9Nµ (N®0r, š®w¯ã›x ), C…àŠ®² u¯w®N®²h±Ôu®±Û K0uµ²0u®± dw® †0…S®©w®±Ý u®w®î¯T. Nµ²hÔ y®0X®Œµ²°œ®u® dw®†0…S®¡® y¯u® z°j®u® Ÿ0…v‡®±ªå D HŠ®lµŠ®l®± š¯ªw® ý¯š®w® …Šµœ®u® KN®Ênµ‰±uµ. D ý¯š®wµ²Ù°N® î®ãOÙS®© Crq®Ùî®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå ›S®±î® î®±Ÿr ‰±0u® S®±Š®±rš®…œ®±uµ H0u®± y®‹ýµ°ª›uµÛ°wµ.

1. ……à N®o…àŠ®›‡®± î®±q®±Ù BNµ‡®± î®±²î®h± q®î®±â0vŠ®±S®Œ¯Au®
X¯î®±‡®±ã u®î®±âl®‡®¾¬ã w¯S®î®î®±â9Š®± „µ¡®±Sµ²©NµÊ …0u®± uµî®‹Sµ î®0u®wµ î®±mu®Šµ0u®±, YN®Ê„µhÔu® îµ±°Œµ ©OÊuµ²nµ‡®± y®Þþî®±NµÊ …0lµ‡®± îµ±°Œµ Nµq®ÙŒ¯TŠ®±î® œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® ý¯š®w® œµ°¡®±q®Ùuµ. [Auµ°: 241 (466) y®¼. 151] w¯î®±š¯u®³ý®ã œ¯S®² N¯©u® œµ²0u¯nµNµ AǮԋ0u®Œµ° N®o…àŠ®›‡®±² N®o„µ N®0r‡®±² A„®w®ÝŠµ0u®± š¯zš®±î®¼u®± N®Ç®Ô. A0u®Šµ N®o…àŠ®›‡®±² N®o„µ N®0r‡®±² A†Ãw®ÝŠµ0u®± š¯zš®±î®¼u®± N®Ç®Ô. A0u®Šµ N®o…àŠ®›‡®±± „µ¡®±Sµ²¡®NµÊ r°q®Ú9î®0u®wµSµ K0u®±, v°£µ œµ²0v N®o…àN®0r BTN®…œ®±uµ0u®± FŸš®©± Aî®N¯ý®î®0q®² Cuµ.

2. ¯¡®„µà ý¯äî®O‡®± S®±Š®±S®Œ¯u® uµî®o0v „®g¯Š®N®Š®² (ý®ä„µ) YN®Ê „µhÔu® îµ±°ªw® y¯ý®æ9w¯s® …š®v‡®± …©S®lµ …0lµ‡®± îµ±°ªŠ®±î® 52(49) wµ‡®± š®0Pµã‡®±. œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®. u®. ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù uµ°î®w®0v …¡®Š®Š®² ……àŠµ° H0u®± qµ²°Š®±q®Ùuµ. [Auµ°.: 52 (49) 10 ý®. y®¼17]

N® (¡® ) l® š®q® î¯v r°q®Ú 9 . œ® q®Ùwµ ‡® ± ý® q®  ¯w® u® BŠ® 0„® u® îµ °¡µ S¯S®Œµ°wµ O°r9ý ¯ª‡® ¾ ¯Tq®±Ù . N® w® N® T‹‡® ± r°q®Ú 9u® îµ±°ªw® …š® v‡® ± w®±Ý Oä.ý® , 909 Š® ªå Cî® ±â mš®Œ ¯‰± qµ 0u® ± œµ°¢uµ . Cu® ‹0u® Cw® ² Ÿ0uµ ‡µ± °, y ¯ä ‡® ± : K0…q® Ù wµ ‡® ± ý® .u® Bv„ ¯S® u® ªå ‡µ± ° Cªå Cwµ ²0u® ± …š® v CvÛ qµ0u® ± r¢‡® ±…œ® ± u®± .

ή î®± 0l® ã dŒ µ î® ± u®²Û Š®± q¯©²N® ± N® ²ªSµ Šµ ‡® ± ý¯š® w®î¼ D N® w® N®T‹ r°q®Ú 9î® w® ², Au® Š® BX¯‡® ± 9Š® w®². S® 0S®Š® B¢Nµ‡® ± w®±Ý . î® ± oŒ µ ‡® ± Š® w®± …š® v‡® ± w®±Ý N® iÔ ›u® wµ 0…± u® w® ² š® ïî® Š® î¯T°‡µ±° xŠ® ²z›uµ . [H.N® . 7 (1979) î® ± u® ²Û Š®± 100 (111 î® ± î® 30) 916−17. N® ²ªSµ Šµ . y®¼ . 313 ] S® 0S® Š® x°r ¯S®9 yµ  ¯9w® m‡® ± B¢Nµ Sµ šµ °‹u® D ý¯š® wµ ²°N®Ù . ή ± w®Œµ‡® ± Š® w± …š® v‡® ± w®±Ý N® w® N® T‹ r°q®Ú 9u® îµ± °Sµ  ¯m›, `AŠ® š® Š® Au® 㣮uµ ²¡® ' (Š¯c š® î®±â Qu® ªå ) q® w® Sµ Avà N¯Š® u® q®Ù î¯T …0vu® Û É AhÔ uµ Šµ , N®±Š® ± uµ Šµ ‡® ± ² šµ °‹u® 0qµ š¯î® ± 0q® qµ ‹Sµ S® ¡µ©å î® w®² …š® vSµ †h±Ô Nµ ²hÔ w®± .D …š® v‡® ± Klµ q® w® Cu® Û N® w® šµ°w® „® g¯Š® ‹Sµ D ryµÞ ‡® ± ²Š® qµ ‹Sµ š¯æ º‡®± î® w®±Ý š¯î® ± 0q® Š® î® ± oŒ µ ‡® ± Š® w®± †h±Ô Nµ²hÔ w®± .S® 0S® Š® K0u® wµ‡® ± …²q® S®Š¯cw® (š® ± , 870) î® ± S® w¯u® H¦S® 0S® wµ° BS® B¡® ± rÙ u®Û x°r ¯S® 9 yµ  ¯9w® m Š¯c (907 21).š¯î® ± 0q® î® ± oŒ µ ‡® ± Š® w®± y® ä›u®Û î¯u® š® S® Š® oŒ µ‡® ± Š® î® 0ý® cw¯Tu® ±Û w®± [w¯S® Š¯c‡® ±ã ,l¯. œ ® 0y® . `ý ¯š® w® S® ©ªå HŠ® l®± î® 0ý® S® ¡®±'. î® ±±0…‰± ïý®æ ïu® 㩇® ± (1995) y®¼ . 39 ‹0u® 76.] N® w® N® T‹ r°q®Ú 9 ry®½ Þ Š®± r°q®Ú 9u® ªå A0q® S® 9q® î¯Tq® ±Ù : Cu® Š® î® ±± 0u® ±î® ‹u® œµ YÑ w® y® ‹ X® ‡® ± î® w®±Ý î®± qµÙ ry®½ Š®± r°s® 9 N®± ‹q® ± y® ‹X® ‰± š® ± î¯S® N® ³SµrÙ Nµ ²¡®Œ ¯S®±î®¼ u®±.

10. N®©±Nµ¦¨ r°q®Ú9 †b¯y®¼Š® dŒµå‡®± ›0u¯S¯ q¯©²N®± N®ŒµÊ°‹Sµ šµ°‹u®±u¯Tuµ:N®©±Nµ¦¨ MN®©Nµ°‹ −N®ŒµÊ°‹ H0… N®äî®±u®ªå D š®Ú¡®w¯î®±Š®²y®u®ªå u®æx¯y¯9h± w®lµvuµ. ‡®¾¯u®î® (šµ°…o) Š¯c ›0U®ow® C…àŠ®± y®Þu¯w® X®²l¯î®±oS®¡µ0u®Šµ, (YN®Êuµ°î®w® î®±N®Ê¡¯u® )î®±©å (î®±ªå šµiÔ) î®±q®±Ù †°X®‡®± u®0l¯vÃy® šµ²°u®Š®Š®±. †°Yuµ°î® u®0l®w¯s® X®²l¯î®±w®‡®±± š®y¯Ù0S®Š¯cã ©¤°x®u®0qµA šµî®u®¤o Š¯‡®± Š¯cxu¯x œ®±ªSµ¥¸‡®± wµŒµ ï°mw®ªåu®±Û Š¯cã®±rÙu®Ûw®±.

œ®(y®) S®Š®g¬Sµ w¯l®± c0…²v°æy®NµÊ œ®nµ, Au®Š®ªå N®©±Nµ¥¸ y®hÔw® r©N®î¯T ýµ²°†Ã›q®±:

u®î®±vŠ®ïu®± u¯w®u® q®î®î®±â9wµ u®â9u® cw®Ý„®²ï± x°r‡®± xcu¯S®Š® î®±Ÿ‡®¾¯S®Š®N®±q®ÙŠ®î®±. „®…ã Nµ²°I‡®± î®±w® îµX®±Ïî®±X®±Ï©wµÝ0…wµÝS®0 šµ²S®‰±y®¼Èv° u®Š®r䇵²¡®r ýµ²°„µ‰±0 šµ²…S®w¯w®±ÙÉN®©±Nµ¥¸ H0… y®hÔo0 || [š¹. C. C. 20, 202. 1244. N®©Nµ°‹ y®¼ 252, š¯©± : 42] Ÿ°Sµ N®0Sµ²¢›u® v…ã r°q®9 š®Ú¡®î¯u® ©©±NµŠµ‡®±ªåSµ N®î®±¡®šµ°wµ „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± …0u®Š®±. î®±²©š®0U® yµ½S®‹S®X®Ðu® u®9šµ°wµ Éqµäȳïu®ã uµ°î®Š® AS®äþÇ®ã xu¯w®Š®± N®î®±¡®šµ°wµ „®g¯Š®N®Š®± uµ°î®Š®±. î®±œ¯î®±Ÿî®±î¯u® A® y®ä„Â¯î® î®±q®±Ù î®ãOÙý®æî®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®N®ï N®0l®‹›u¯Ûwµ.

w¯lµ S®±o …äq¯„®Š®w® š®‡®±ãî®±q®±0S® q®Š®0S®v0uµ NµÊ
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[N®î®±¡®šµ°wµ î®±±x‡®± ý¯0q®qµ‡®±± Š®š® y®ä®î¯Tq®±Ù. AvðN®î¯u® S®±oS®¡® î®äq® (S®±oî®äq®)îµ° B„®Š®oî¯T, C0v䇮± xS®äœ®îµ0… îµ±°Œµu®Û AŒµS®¢0u® E0g¯u® þ°© (š®X¯Ï‹q®äã)îµ° wµ²Šµ‡µ²°H0…0qµ š®iN® y¯Š®u®ý®9N® rÙ (w®lµqµ) ‡®±w®±Ý œµ²0vŠ®±î®¼u®Š® þ°„µ‡®±w®±Ý N®0l® q®y®šµé0… š®î®r‡®±² „¯Š®r‡®±² N®²m š®u¯ Cªå c©Oä°lµ‡®±w®±Ý Bl®±î®Š®±. ]. C0q®œ® q®yµ½u®w®Š¯u® N®î®±¡®šµ°w®„®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± vî®ã r°q¯Õ9†Ãî®0u®w¯ xï±q®Ùî¯T ‹š®±q®Ù D ýµ²°„¯‡®±î®¾¯w®î¯u® N®©±NµŠµ‡®± v„ãÉr°s®9 š®Ú¡®NµÊ BS®ï±›u®Š®±. r°s®9N® y®ärÇ®‡®± X®³q¯ã©‡®±î®w®±Ý š®±î®±±œ®²q®9u®ªå xï±9š®±î®0qµ „µš®›u®Š®±. N®©±NµŠµ‡®± r°q®Ú9u®ªå wµ²°0z‡®± xï±q®Ùî¯T ¯m›u® Aw®0q® r°s®9uµ°î®Š® …š®v‡®±² î®±ªåw¯s® …š®v‡®±², î®±ªåw¯s® u¯w®š¯Œµ‡®±² œµš®Š®±î¯›‡®¾¯Tu®±Û. y®0X®î®±S¯ý®…Ûu® î®±Š¯ãuµ y®lµvu®±Û. Aš®0P¯ãq® cw®Š®±, Aî®±¡® q®yµ½°u®w®Š®± `N®©±Nµ¥¸ r°q®Ú9'î®0u®wµ ¯m y®½d›u®Š®±.

11. N®¥¸æy®¼Þ r°q®Ú9 N®w¯9hN®îµ° A©åuµ Cm° „¯Š®q®u®ªå‡µ±° y¯äY°w® q®î®± r°q®Ú9S®¡®Œµ²0u®± Oä.®.y®½. 4−3wµ‡®± ý®. u®. îµ°¡µSµ Au®Š®O°r9 Bšµ°q®± Ÿî®¾¯X®©î¯Tq®±Ù. AQ0l®î¯T 2 1/2 š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®9S®¡® u¯ï±9N®, X¯‹q®äN®,. š¯0š®örN® î®±œ®q®æî®w®±Ý S®†Ã9°N®‹› C0vS®² î®vÃ9Ç®± £µ°q®ä î¯TŠ®±î® ý®äî®o„µ¡®îµ° N®¥Ôy®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú9. N®¥æy®¼ H0u®Š® š¯ïw® (š®q®Ù®) S®±l®Ö H0u®s®9: îµ²œµ0bµ²u®Šµ² H0u®Š®² Cuµ° As®9. ή±Š®oî®w®±Ý î®±œ¯w®î®ï±‡µ±0u®± w®S®±q¯Ù KŠ®î®¾¯mNµ²¡®±î®, î®±±my®¼î®Š® š®î®¾¯vÃS®±l®Öîµ° N®¥æy®¼ÈÞ: ý®ä.„µ u® YN®Ê„µhÔ. HŒµåªå0u®Œµ² u®²Š®u® FŠ®±S®¢0u® š®î®¾¯vÃS¯T‡µ±° …0u®± î®±±m›u® î®±±xS®¡®. œ¯S®² N®0r‡®±Š® N®sµ œµ°¡®±q®Ùîµ Cªåw® w®²Š¯Š®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®±. 1 î®äq®þ°© wµ²°zS®±ov0u®, š¯æu¯㇮± š®0y®rÙx0u® q®y®îµš®Tu® š®›î®±r N®0r‡®±Š®± N®ïæzÞÞw®ªå wµ²°w®±Ù r°q®Ú9T‹ îµ±°Œµ î®±±mzu®Š®±. [H.N®. 2, (1973) .86 (76) ý®. y®¼. 67 ]

3. „µhÔu® îµ½lµ‡®±w® (……à bµ¶w®‡®±r‡®± )î®±S®¡®± (þÇ®ã) îµ³c„µà (A„µà. Aîµæ =N®0r) H0„¯Nµ‡®±± N®ïæy®¼ÈÞ r°š®Úê9î®0u®wµ ¯mu®î®Š®±. œ®©î®Š®±. [Auµ° : 52(49) .10 ý®. y®¼. 17: Auµ° 49 (46) 11ý®. y®¼.17]

4. N¯¥æy®¼ r°q®9 [Auµ°:16 (14) 8. Ý®. y®¼ 8−9] §° N®…ày®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú [Auµ°: 156 (127) 1115 y®¼. 97. š¯©±: 152: Auµ° 568 (HN®. 5.X®y® 148) 1094. œ®¡µ° „µ¡µ²Ì¡®.y®¼. 351 ] H0… „µ°Šµ ý®…ÛŠ®²y®S®¡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåîµ.

5. N®¥¸æy®¼ÈÞ r°q®9îµ0…±u®± N®¥æy®¼ÈÞ „µhÔ [Auµ° : 31 (28)] : A0u®Šµ YN®Ê „µhÔ. Cu®w®±Ý š®0š®ör°N®‹› N®hî®y®äw®ªÌ‹ [Auµ°: 113 (98) 7 ý®. ] N®hî®y®äýµ³© [Auµ°: 85 (75) 7 ý®. ] ‹™T‹þŒµ [Auµ° :94 (84) 7 ý®. ] H0… A‹š®î®¾¯š®Š®²y®î®½ Cuµ. yµS®9¥æy®¼ÈÞ [Auµ°: 38 (35) 8 ý®. y®¼. 14 š¯©±. :4 ] H0… y®䇵²°S®î®½ ›S®±q®Ùuµ.

6. N®¥æy®¼ÈÞ r°q®9 Cm° uµ°ý®u®ªå H0s® y®ïq®ä £µ°q®ä H0… cw® î®±w®Ýnµ y®lµvq®Ù0u®Šµ, ý¯š®w®S®¡® A0q®ãu®ªå ý¯y¯ý®‡®± y®0OÙS®¡® y®iÔ‡®±ªå šµ°‹š®Œ¯Tuµ. : A0s®uµ²0u®± Ay®Š®²y®u® y®䇵²°S®ïuµ. B‡®±Ùî®î®±â9Š®š®Š® ¯m›uµŠµl®±wµÛS®±©0 Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± yµäbµ°îµŠ®› î®±²¥wµ‡®±uµ°S®±©0 Cu®w®¥¸uµ² y®䇮¾¯Sµ‡®±±î®0 N®±Š®±£µ°q®äî®0 „¯oŠ¯›‡®±±î®0 N®¥¸y®¼ÈÞ î®0š¯›Š® N®ïŒµ‡®±±î®0 š¯›…9y¯9 î®æ9Š®±î®0 š¯›…à9Š¬ ‹™‡®±Š®±î®w® ¥¸u® y¯q®N®w®± …䜯âÉrN¯Š®w®± î®±N®±Ê0 || [š¹, C. .C9−1, 77−992. Nµ²°S®¢ (…¡¯‹d /œ®l®S®ªq¯) y®¼.49 .]

12. N¯r9N®š¯æï± r°q®9: N®³rÙN¯ y®¼Š®u® ATŠ¯cw®± q®w®Ý î®±S®¡®± N®³rÙÙNµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±u®±îµ‡®¾¯u®w®± : ASµ š¯æï±N®r9N® H0… î®±S® î®±q®±Ù ï°Š® §° H0… î®±S®¡®±. ï°Š®§°‡®± y®r Nµ²°S®¢‡®±Š¯cw¯u® N¹0X®. š¯æï±N¯r9w®± v°£µ œµ²0v †Ã£µSµ …0u¯S® ï°Š®§° ‡®±± î®±±x݇®±w®±Ý Bœ¯Š® ›æ°N®‹š®©± „µ°mu®¡®±. Cu®w®±Ý u®²Š®v0u® wµ²°mu® S®0l® N¹0X®ä. š¯æï±N¯r9N®w®± v°£µ œµ²0v †Ã£µSµ …0u¯S® ï°Š®§°‡®±± î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý Bœ¯Š® ›æ°N®‹©± „µ°mu®¡®±. Cu®w®±Ý u®²Š®v0u® wµ²°mu® S®0l® N¹0X®w®± q®y¯ÞT r¢u®w®±. N¯rÙ9N® G±™Sµ B‡®±±u®v0u® œµ²lµu®w®±. î®ã0q®Š®± uµ°î®qµ w®ï©± Š®²y®v0u® …0u®± G±™‡®±w®± HrÙNµ²0l®± ,Nµ²°S®¢‡®± î®±²l®ouµšµ‡®± „µhÔu® Nµ²¡®u¬ q®m‡®±ªåC¢›q®±. G±™ Aªå î®±±mÃzu®Š®±. q®0T ï°Š®§° AŒµ²0u®± …š®v ¯m›u®¡®±. B š®Õ¡® N¯rÙ9N® š¯æï± r°s®9¯‡®±±Ù [„¯ädÇ®±ØÉ, `î®l¯ÖŠ¯u®wµ' : (š®0) w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã, l¯. œ®0y® ; „µ0S®¡®²Š®± ïý®æ ïu¯ã©‡®± (1993)]

Cu®± š®±. Oä.ý®. 800 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯u® „¯ädÇ®±Øïw® `BŠ¯u¯w¯ N®n¯9h i°N¯' (îµl¯Š¯u®wµ) N®³r‡®±ªå …Š®±î® xŠ®²y®nµ. D N¯r9N® š¯æï± N¯r9N® „µhÔ. Cu®± y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® r°q®Ú9î¯Tu®±Û 12−13wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®v0v°XµSµ Abµ¶w® £µ°q®äî¯Tuµ. DTªå …š®v‡®±±u®Û N®±Š®±œ®±S®¡µ©å w¯ý®î¯Tuµ.

13. N®±Š®±¢‡®± r°q®Ú9 10−11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® îµ°¡µSµ O°r9îµlµvq®±Ù. S®0S®Š®± þîµîµ²S®±Ì š®ï±°y® î®±0l®ª r°q®ÙÚ9î®w®±Ý š¯Úz›u®±Û Oä.ý®. 4−5 wµ‡®± ý®. u®ªå.Auµ° š®‹š®±î®¾¯‹w®ªå D `N®±Š®±¢‡®± r°q®Ú9î®w®±Ý š¯z›u®±Û Oä.ý®. 4−5 wµ‡®± ý®. u®ªå Auµ° š®‹š®î®¾¯‹w®ªå D `N®±Š®±¢‡®± r°q®Ú9u®©± S®0S®dw¯©‡®± î®±0¯m'u®Š®±. [H.N®. 7−1 (1902) þ°îµ²S®Ì 64. 1067 î®±q®±Ù 1112. Y®¼Š®ŒµS¯äî®± (þî®îµ²S®Ì d/ q¯)y®¼. 63-69] Aw®0q®Š® Auµ° S®0S® î®0ý®cŠ®± 11−12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®©² w®ï°N®š®±q®Ù y®mš®ªš®±q®Ù …0u®Š®±. š®q®ãS®0S®uµ°î®w®± Hlµœ®¢‡®± wµŒµï°mwµ²¡®Sµ š®±Qv0u® Š¯cã®±q®Ù Aªå `N®±Š®±¢‡®± r°q®Ú9u®©± S®0S®dw¯©‡®±î®±0 ¯m' , 1132Š®ªå q®w®Ý u®9 S®±Š®± S®¡¯u® §°î®¾¯u®î®X®0u®äŠ® N¯©±qµ²¡µu®± u®rÙ†hÔw®±. î®±qµÙ î®±œ¯ î®±0lµ°ý®æŠ® S®0S®œµî®¾¯9m œ¯S®² Cq®Š®Š®± AŠ®š®Š® š®xÝvÇ®±ªå „¯¡®X®0u®äuµ°î®‹Sµ u¯Š¯y®½î®9N® ¯m†hÔŠ®±. A©åuµ. œµS®Ìlµ X®0vî®±‡®±±ãw®± N®±Š®±¢‡®± q®w® S¹mNµ‡®±w®±Ý N®ª‡®±Š® î®±ªåšµiÔ `¯¥0Nµ²0l®± ' u¯w® ¯mu®w®±[ Auµ°; þ°î®±²S®Ì 64. Y®¼. 69]

14. Nµ©å0Sµ¥¸ r°q®Ú9î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± š¯N®Ç®±Ô ¯Ÿr‡®±± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå Ey®©…Ûïuµ. Œ¯š®w® dŒµå „µ°©²Š®± q¯©²N®± œ®¡µ‡®± †°mw® y®‹š®Š®îµ° Nµ©å0SµŠµ‡®± Bvr°s®9îµ0u®± N®ŠµvŠ®±î®¼u®± Cu®Š® y®¼Š¯q®w®qµ‡®±w®² y®äî®±±Qãî®wµ²Ý œµ°¡®±q®Ùuµ. Nµ©å0SµŠµ r°s®9 îµ²u®©± (Ÿ0uµ‡µ±°) S®0S®‹0u® xï±9q®î¯Tq®±Ù S®0S®Š®± w®0u®T‹, N®±î®¡¯©y®¼Š®, §°y®¼Š®, ry®½Š®±, N®±Š®±¢, î®±0l®¢, Nµ©å0SµŠµ −CŒµåŒ¯å `r°q®Ú9'S®¡®w®±Ý (…š®v) xï±9š®±q®Ù D HlµS®¡®w®±Ý r°q®Ú9î¯T›u®ÖŠ®±. Bu®Šµ î®±±0uµ N¯©î®ý®v0u® Nµ©å0SµŠµ r°s®9 w¯î®¾¯î®uµ°Çµî¯‰±q®±Ù. Au®w®±Ý î®±qµÙ œµ²š®u¯T›u®î®w®± œµ²‡®±é¡®Š® œ®±¡®ëu®0l¯vÃy®w®± [H.N®. 2. 476 (345) 1159. Y®¼. 289−90 š¯©±: 45−46] Nµ©å0SµŠµ‡®±ªå œ®±¡®ëɄ®0l¯‹‡®±± y®0X®…š®vS®¡®w®±Ý ¯m›u w®±. [Auµ°] D Nµ©å0SµŠµ‡®±w®±Ý œ®©î®Š®± œµ²S®¢u®Š®±. [H. N®. 9(1990) „µ°. 388 (5 „µ° 123 )Oä.ý®. 954. …›Ùœ®¢ë (œ¯š®w®d /„µ°©²Š®± q¯) y®¼. 352)] Cªåu®Û `räN®²h Š®q®q®ä‡®±' H0… œµš®w®‹w® ý¯0rw¯s® uµ°î®Š® …š®vSµ Cªå‡µ±° Cu®Û y¯ý®æ9uµ°î®Š® …š®v‡®±± y®är…u®Ûî¯Tq®±Ù [Auµ°:„µ° 323 (15 „µ° 343) 13 ý®. œ®¡µ° †°l®± y®¼. 306] Nµ©å0Sµ¥¸ r°q®Ú9u® X®q®±:›é°îµ±‡®±w®±Ý š®œ® ý¯š®w® r¢›uµ. [Auµ°: „µ° 321(15 „µ° 342 ) 1265. œ®¡µ°†°l®±. y®¼. 299]. 12 wµ‡®± ý®. u®ªå Nµ©å0SµŠµ‡®±± `§° Nµ²Œ¯y®¼Š®u® §°Š®²y® w¯Š¯‡®±o …š®v‡®± y®ärïu®Û'î¯Tu®±Ûu®w®±Ý §°î®±wâ œ¯y®äu¯w®0 š®î¯9vðN¯‹ Ÿ‹‡®± „®0l¯‹ A†Ãw®î® S®0S®u®0l®w¯‡®±N® §°œ®±¡®ëŠ¯c0 y®¼w®„à9Š®oî®0 y®¼w®…á9Š®oî®0 ¯m' ›u®w®± [H.N®. 2, 71 (64) 1163. y®¼ 30. š¯©±:107−11] Nµ©å0Sµ ¥¸ r°q®Ú9î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± Au®㇮±w® š¯î®±±Tä š¯N®™Ôuµ.

15. Nµ²0l®N®±0uµ‡®± r°q®Ú9:N®Œ¯ão X¯¡®±N®ã rä„®±î®w®î®±©å yµî®¾¯9m ïN®ä¯vq®ãw®± (1076−1127) yµ½hÔ©NµŠµ‰±0u® B¡®±rÙŠ®±î¯S®, î®±œ¯ î®±0l®Œµ°ý®æŠ® bµ²°‰±î®±‡®±ãš®w®± ›0u®î¯m š¯ïŠ® yäuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý †°¡®ïärÙ‰±0u® wµ²°mNµ²¡®±ërÙu®Ûw®±. D Aî®v‡®±ªå w¯ªN®„µà H0… ý¯äÃî®O‡®±± q®w®Ý „®q¯9Š®xSµ y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±s®9î¯T Nµ²0l®N®±0uµ‡®± r°s®9u®ªå X®hÔdw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý 1081 Š®ªå N®iÔ›u®¡®±. Au®NµÊ î®±œ¯î®±0l®Œµ°ý®æŠ®w®² 30 î®±q®ÙŠ®± wµ©î®w®²Ý œ®²ïw® qµ²°‡®± î®±q®±Ù S¯oî®w®²Ý H0h± î®±wµ‡®± xîµ°ý®î®w®²Ý †h±ÔNµ²hÔw®± [š¹. C. C. 9−1, 150. 1081. Nµ²wµNµ²0l®å] w¯ªN®„µà‡®± S®0l®w® œµš®Š®± X®hÔ H0vŠ®„µ°N®±. „µ°Šµ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå A0q®œ® œµš®Š®±S®¢îµ. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ X®hÔS¯î®¼0l® H0… œµš®Š®± wµ°‹©Sµ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ. [š¹.C. C. 18, 151. 1148]

16. Nµ²0l®N®±0uµ‡®± r°q®Ú9:N®Œ¯ão X¯¡®±N®ã rä„®±î®w®î®±©å yµî®¾¯9m ïN®ä¯vq®ãw®± (1079−1127) yµ½hÔ©NµŠµ‰±0u® B¡®±rÙŠ®±î¯S®, î®±œ¯ î®±0l®Œµ°ý®æŠ® bµ²°‰±î®±‡®±ãŠ®š®w®± ›0u®î¯m š¯ïŠ® yÂäuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý †°¡®ïärÙ‰±0u® wµ²°mNµ²¡®±ërÙu®Ûw®±. D Aî®v‡®±ªå w¯ªN®„µàà H0… ý¯äî®O‡®±± q®w®Ý „®q¯9Š®xSµ y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®¾¯s®9î¯T Nµ²0l®N®±0uµ‡®± r°s®9u®ªå X®hÔdw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý 1081 Š®ªå N®iÔ›u®¡®±. Au®NµÊ î®±œ¯î®±0l®Œµ°ý®æŠ®w®² 30 î®±q®ÙŠ®± wµ©î®w®² œ®²ïw® qµ²°h î®±q®±Ù S¯oî®w®²Ý H0h± î®±wµ‡®± xîµ°ý®î®w®²Ý †h±ÔNµ²hÔw®± [š¹. C.C. 9−1, 150. 1081. Nµ²w®Nµ²0l®å] w¯ªN®„µ‡®± S®0l®w® œµš®Š®± X®hÔ H0vŠ®„µ°N®±. „µ°Šµ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå A0q®œ® œµš®Š®±. wµ°‹©Sµ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ. [š¹. C. C. 18, 151. 1148]

16. Nµ²y®o î®±œ¯r°q®Ú : ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u®Çµ° y¯äY°w® £µ°q®ä Nµ²y®o [Nµ²y®Þ¡®: Š¯‡®±X®²Š®± dŒµå ] ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡® YN®Ê „µhÔî®w®±Ý N®¥æy®¼ÈÞÉr°q¬Ú9îµ0u®², Nµ²y®Þ¡®u® Nµ²y®oT‹‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²y®o î®±œ¯r°q¬Ú9îµ0u®² N®ŠµvŠ®±î®¼u®Š® ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±w®±Ý A‹‡®±„µ°N®±. Nµ©å0Sµ°¥¸ r°q¬Ú9î®w®±Ý Bvr°q®Ú9îµ0u®², Nµ²y®ou® r°q®Ú9î®w®±Ý î®±œ¯r°q¬Ú9îµ0uµ² ý¯š®w®S®¡®± ïýµ°Ç®oS®¡®xÝq®±Ù xuµ9þ›Š®±î®¼u®± CS®¡® X¯‹räN® î®±œ®q®æî®w®±Ý î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®²Ý î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®²Ý y¯äY°w®qµ‡®±w®²Ý u®æxš®±q®Ùîµ.

1. Nµ²y®or°q¬Ú9u®ªå [H.N®. 11(1973) 220(475)10ý®.] œ®©î¯Š®± …š®vS®¢u®±Û JISI (1957) w®0. 29 y®¼. 360]. Nµ©å0SµŠµ, …0N¯y®¼Š® îµ²u®Œ¯u® š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý d°nµ²9°u¯Ü‹›u® œ®±¡®ë šµ°w¯y®r Nµ²y®o î®±œ¯r°q®Ú9u®ªå‡®±² u¯w¯vS®¢0u® `Œµ²°N®îµ±©å0 yµ½S®¡µ' dw® u®9y®ä„¯î®wµ ¯mu®w®± [H.N®. 2, 476 (345) 1159. y®¼. 289]

2. IYŠ¯cu®0l®w¯‡®±N®w®± Nµ²y®n¯ (vä) r°q®Ú9u®©²å „µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u®©²å Cq®Š® HlµS®¡®©²å œ®©î®¼ …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±; N®lµSµ Bq®w®± š®0w®ã š®w® ïvɱ0u® î®±±mzu®w®± [Auµ° : 532 (394) 12 ý®. dw®w¯s®y®¼Š®. y®¼ 328. š¯©±: 27-29]

3. S®0S®î¯m‡®±± Nµ²y®o (r°q¬Ú9) ±qµ H0…0qµ S®0S®o u®0l®w¯s®w®± dw¯©‡®±S®¢0u® q®±0†›u®w®± [H.N®. 9(1990) „µ° 389. 1133.y®¼. 353  57] Nµ²y®ou®ªå w®²Š¯Š®± …š®vS®¢u®±Û.

4. Š®w®Ýwµ° îµ²u®Œ¯u® N®ïS®¡® N¯w®ãS®¡®², œ®q¯ÙŠ®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®² Nµ²y®o r°s®9î®w®±Ý y®äý®0››îµ.

5. Nµ²y®0o r°s®9 y¯äŠ®0„®v0u®©² ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®0U®u® Aq®ã0q® y®ä„Â¯ï° Nµ°0u®äî¯Tq®±Ù.13wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® q®Š®±î¯‡®± Nµ²y®ou® bµ¶w® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡®wµÝ©å ýµ¶î®Š®², ï°Š®ýµ¶î®Š®² u®æ0š® ¯mu®Š®±.

6. 1994 Š®ªå œµ²š®u¯T š®±î®¾¯Š®± 60 bµ¶w® (xš®v) ý¯š®w®S®¡®± Nµ²y®ou®ªå uµ²Šµrîµ. Nµ²y®o HÇ®±Ô uµ²l®Ö bµ¶w® £µ°q®äî¯TqµÙ0…±u®NµÊ š¯¤‡®¾¯Tîµ.

17. Nµ²°S®¢ r°q¬Ú9 (…¡¯ë‹d/œ®l¬ª q¯): ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå `Nµ²°S®¢ −500w¯l®±' H0…±u®± y®ä›u®Ü Bl®¢q® S®:yÂä›u®Üw®S®Š®;bµ¶w®Š® uµ²l®Ö Nµ°0u®ä, r°q®Ú9š®Ú¡®. `wµ²¡®0…î¯m î®±²î®qµÙŠ®l®± š¯ïŠ®'u®ªå ïªå°w®î¯Tu®Û Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± S®0S®Š®±, Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ®±, X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®± î®±q®±Ù œµ²‡®±é¡®Š® Bl®¢q®S®¡®ªå Eu®ÛN®²Ê bµ¶w®Š® š¯0š®örN® Ÿ‹îµ±‡®±w®±Ý ïy®¼©î¯u® A0d A0ý®¡®± ›S®±q®Ùîµ:

1. š¹.C. C. 1, ý¯š®w® š®0Pµã 189, 193, 195, 215, 234, 245, 265, 265, 267, 275, 273

2. š¹. C.C. 9−1, 117, 141,368 îµ²u®Œ¯u® ý¯š®w®S®¡®±
3. „¯. N®. C. 1−1, 22. Oä.ý®. 897.

4. Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± …š®vS®¡® BŠ®îµ‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù Cªåw® K0u®± …š®v‡®±w®±Ý S®0S®Š® u®±ï9x°q® Š¯cw®± N®iÔ›u®±Û Au®w®± 1055 Š®ªå C0u®äO°r9î®±±x QoÖ š®±Þiq®î¯T› d°nµ²9°u®Ü‹›u®Š®± [š¹.C.C. 9−1 117.1055.Nµ²°S®¢.y®¼. 92. š¯©±:15−16]

5. K0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå Nµ²°S®¢‡®±± œ®w®šµ²°Sµ‡®± y®är…u®Üî¯TqµÙ0u®± w®î®±²u¯Tuµ [Auµ°: 360.š®±. 1200. šµ²°T (…¡¯ë‹d/ œ®l®S®ªq¯y®¼.377]

6. Nµ²°S®¢‡®± r°q¬Ú9u® Xµ0w®y¯ý®æ9uµ°î®‹Sµ §°î®±w¯Ý¡®æy®ä„®± uµ°ï šµiÔ‡®±Š®± A£®È‡®± „®0l¯Š®î¯T xq¯ã†Ç®°N®NµÊ Nµ²hÔ w®²Š®± S®u®ão u¯w®u® ï®ïuµ [Auµ°: 347. 1276. y®¼. 369. š¯©± 4−5]

7. Cwµ²Ý0u®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå Cuµ° §°î®±w¯Ý¡®æ y®ä„®± î®±œ®uµ°î® šµiÔ‡®±Š®± î®±q®±Ù Cq®Š® 35 cw® S®0l®š®Š®± −œµ0S®š®Š®± Nµ²°S®¢‡®± r°q®Ú9u® Xµ0w® y¯ý®æ9uµ°î®‹Sµ xq®ã A†ÃÇ®°N®NµÊ Nµ²hÔ w®²Š®± S®u®ão u¯w®u® ï®ïuµ [Auµ° :347. 1276.y®¼. 370. š¯©± 1−40]

13. Sµ²0î®±huµ°î®Š® r°q®Ú9: ý®äî®o „µ¡µ²Ì¡® uµ²l®Ö „µhÔu® îµ±°ªw® ý¯š®w®u®ªå `§° Sµ²0î®±h uµ°î®Š® r°s®9' H0vuµ. [H.N®. 2, 374 (268) 1118. y®¼. 241. š¯©± 32] N®hî®y®äT‹, N®¥ày®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú9, Sµ²0î®huµ°Š® r°q®Ú9, r°s®9T‹, „µ¡µ²Ì¡® r°q®Ú9,‹™T‹−Cå ý®äî®o„µ¡µ²Ì¡® (YN®Ê„µhÔ) î®w®±Ý š®²Yš®±î® y®Š¯ã‡®± ý®„ ÛS®¡®±.

14. ryµ½ÞŠ®± r°q®Ú9: î®±0l®ãdŒµå î®±u®²ÛŠ®± q¯©²åOw®ªåŠ®±î® AŠµry®½ÞŠ®± K0u®± y¯äY°w®î¯u® bµ¶w® r°q¬Ú9£µ°q®ä . Oä.ý®. 9‹0u® 17wµ‡®± ý®.u® µSµ œµš®Š®±î¯›‡®¾¯u® D r°s®9q®±Ú¡®±î®¼ Nµ¡®Œµ w¯mSµ šµ°‹q®±Ù. :HŠ®l®wµ‡®± ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡® Hx›q®±Ù :

H.N®. 7.(1979) 106 (111î®±î® 48 ) 1700 œ¯S®©œ®¢ë .y®¼. 319

Auµ° : 102. 1392 œ¯S®©œ®¢ë y®¼. 317. š¯©± 16
Auµ° : î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 115. 1197. „µ²y®Þš®0u®ä.y®¼. 326. š¯©± 11−13.

Auµ° : î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 52 (‹ 1947 ‹0u® 56−20) š®±. 1170 .y®¼. 281.

î®±±0q¯u® œ®q¯ÙŠ®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå r°q®Ú9u® î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®±Ý N¯o±qµÙ°îµ. Cu®Š® wµŠµœµ²Šµ‡®± œ¯S®©œ®¢ë, AŠ®±î®w® œ®¢ëS®¢Sµ Cu®Û y¯äY°w® œµš®Š®±S®¡®± ryµ½ÞŠ®± r°s®9u®œ®¢ë î®±q®±Ù AŠ®±œ®w® œ®¢ë H0u®± [Auµ° : î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 89,94 Cq¯ãv ý¯š®w®S®¡®±]. cqµwµ D š®±q®Ùªw® FŠ®±S®¡®ªå B›Ù‡®± S® ¯m š¯¤S®¡®± œ¯N®±î¯S® FŠ® uµ¶î®S®¡® œµš®Š®±S®¡®w®±Ý §°ï°q®Š¯S® ï°q®Š¯S® ï°q®Š¯S® ' H0u®± bµ¶w® r°s®90N®Š® š®âŠ®nµ‡µ²0vSµ œµ°¢Š®±î®¼u®± ïýµ°Ç® S®î®±xNµSµ q®N®±Êu¯Tuµ [Auµ°: î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 89(111î®±î® 20) 1388.y®¼. 307].

Oä.ý®. 8wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®v0u® ry®½ÞŠ®± r°q®Ú9 N®w®N®T‹r°q®Ú9 î®±oŒµ0‡®±Š® î®±wµq®w®u® N®±©uµ¶î®î¯Tq®±Ù [w¯S®Š¯c‡®¾¬ã ,œ®0y®., `ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå HŠ®l®± î®0ý®S®¡®±' (1995)]. œµ²‡®±é¡®Š¯c ïÇ®±Øî®u®9w®w® î®±œ¯u®0l®w¯‡®±N® S®0S®Š¯cw®± Xµ²°¡®Š® Av‡®±î®±w®w®±Ý šµ²°ª›u®w®±. Au®NµÊ y®är‡®¾¯T S®0S®Š¯cw®±D ry®½ÞŠ®± r°q¬Ú9u® rÙ‡®±w®±Ý ïÇ®±Øî®u®9w®x0u® „µ°my®lµu®w®±. Cu®w®±Ý S®0S®Š¯cw®± A†ÃvÜ y®m› q®w®Ý S®±Š®± ``î®±²© š®0U® N¯äo²Š®±S®o r0räoN®S®X®Ðéu® îµ±°U®X®0u®ä ›u¯Ü0q® uµ°î®Š® N¯©0 N®YÏ« u¯Š¯y®½…à9N®0 ¯m '' u®rÙ †h±Ô Nµ²hÔw®± [Auµ° :î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 54 (111 î®±î® 31 ) 1117 ry®½ÞŠ®±.¼y®¼. 282 84] . 1284 Š®ªå œµ²‡®±é¡® ï°Š® w®Š®›ºœ®xºu® î®±œ¯y®äu¯w® yµŠ®±î®¾¯¡® u®n¯Ø‡®±N®w®± q¯î®±äý¯š®w® î®±²©N® `„µhÔu® Nµ²°gµ †©å „µ¡®S®±0u® î®±q®±Ù ry®½ÞŠ®± CxÙ° î®±²¥± š®Ú¡®0S®¡®w®² ‡µ±0uµ0v0Sµî®½ q¯î®¼ îµ½lµ‡®±Š¯T w®l®š®±î®0q¯T' y®lµu® îµ±°Œµ ry®½ÞŠ®r°q®Ú9u® bµ¶w®q®æu® N®±Š®±œ®±S®¡®w®±Ý w¯ý®y®mš®Œ¯‰±q®±. [Auµ°: w¯î®±0 73 (4 w¯î®¾0 38 ) 1384. „µ¡µ²ëŠ®±. y®¼. 62]

15. u¯w®î®¼©y¯l®± r°q®Ú9 [H.BŠ¬.Hš¬.J C.1905−06 .y®¼, 120−27] DTw® B0u®ä y®äuµ°ý®u® N®l®y¯dŒµå‡®± cî®±â©î®±l®±S®± q¯©²åOSµ šµ°‹u® N®±Š®±î®±‹ä u¯w®î®¼y¯l®± r°q¬Ú9, Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® î®±±î®±âm C0u®äw® B¢Nµ‡®± (914−29) îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ° r°q¬Ú9îµx› P¯ãry®lµvq®±Ù. C0u®äŠ¯cw®± ý¯0rw¯s® dw®‹Sµ N®ªåw® z°j® ¯m›u®w®±. š®±y®ä›u¬Ü w¯u® §°ïc‡®± u®0l¯vðý®w®± u¯w®y®¼©y¯l®± r°q¬Ú9NµÊ šµ°‹u®î®w®±. Cªå ý¯0rw¯s® dw¯©‡®± î®±q®±Ù y¯ý®æ9w¯s® dw¯©‡®± −H0„µŠ®l®± …š®vS®¡®©åuµ Cw®²Ý „µ°Šµ dw®î®±0vŠ® S®¢u®±Û. u¯w®î®¼©y¯l®± š®Œµå°Qw® š®î®¾¯vÃî®±Š®oî®î®±«w®± Š®Y›u® ý¯š®w®î®½ Cªåuµ. [H.C.10, :J.H.z. N®l®y® 1,168, 915 ] y¯äY°w®î¯u® y¯¡®± …š®v C0u®äŠ¯cw® N¯©u®±Û, y¯ä‡®±: §°ïc‡®± u®0l¯w¯‡®±N® N®iÔ›u®±Û [š¹.C. C.10, 28.918].

16. yµ½š®î®½Š® r°q®Ú«: œµ²š®²Š®± r°q¬Ú9;u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå S®u®S® q¯©²åN®± œ®©î®¼bµ¶w® Nµ°0u®ä− £µ°q®äS®¡® N®î®±«„®²ï±:î®±±¡®±ë0u®, š®N®©S®±o š®0y®½o9w®² ,N®ªN¯© N®o9w®², Aî®±¡® X®‹q®äw®² Bu® B‡®±Ï S¯î®¼0l®w®± yµ½š®î®½Š® r°q¬Ú9u®ªåu®Ûw®±; Au®± w®l®±w¯l® r°q¬Ú«îµx ›q®±Ù. îµ²Š®N® N®±¡®u® B‡®¾¬ÏS¯î®¼oÖw® N®±©î®u®± N®0Y‡®±„µà‡®±± š®²0m‡®± î®±u®w¯S® šµiÔ‡®± î®±S®¡®±. D u®0y®rS®¡® î®±N®Ê¡®± îµ²Š®N® N®±¡®r¡®N®Šµx›u®±ÛŠ®±. B‡®±ÏS¯î®¼0l®w®±. q®w®Ý œµ0l®r N®0YN®„µà S¯î®¼0mSµ y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±î¯T …š®v‡®±w®±Ý yµ½š®î®½Š® r°q¬Ú«u®ªå ¯m›u®w®±. Bq®w®± q®w®Ý œµ0l®r‡®± œµš®Š®ªå ¯m›u® œµ²š®²Š® …š®v‡®±w®±Ý q®w®Ý S®±Š®± w¯S®X®0u®ä›u¯Ü0r‡®±î®‹Sµ N¯©± qµ²¡µu®± š®î®±z«›u®w®± ; y®½bµS¯T Al®Nµ qµ²°hî®w®²Ý †h±Ô Nµ²hÔw®± [š¹. C.C. 11−1, 65. 1028. œµ²š®²Š®±. y®¼. 55−57]

17. …0N¯y®¼Š® r°q®Ú«:u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå þS¯Ì0ï q¯©²åN®± …0N¯y®¼Š® r°q®Ú«î®¼ y¯äY°w®î¯u® y®ïq®ä bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®ä. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± „¯S®î¯u® Eq®ÙŠ® y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý BX¯‡®±«S®±o„®u®äŠ®± …Šµu®± y®½Šµ¶›u®±Û Cuµ° r°q®±Ú«š®Ú¡®u®ªå. X®©åNµ°q®w® î®±wµq®w® u®î®Š®ºq®² …ºN¯y®¼Š®î®w®±Ý y®ä„Â¯ï° bµ¶w®Nµ°ºu®äî¯T „µ¡µ›u®Š®±. …ºNµ°‡®±w® î®±S®Œµ²°N¯vq®ãw®± (Œµ²°N®gµ, Œµ²°N®lµ, Œµ²N®‡®±ã) …w®î¯› 12000 B¡®±î¯S® …ºN¯y®¼Š®îµ° y®äu¯w®î¯Tq®±Ù. Dq®w®² Dq®w® âS® Cî®±âm N®ªïhÔ î®±q®±Ù î®±S® Kºu®wµ‡®± N®ªïhÔŠ®² …ºN¯y®¼Š®î®w®±Ý dw®î¯m‡®¾¯T›u®Š®±. D H©å ïX¯Š®S®¡®± ي®î¯T ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå î®p«q®î¯Tîµ. S®ºS®X®²l¯î®±p wµ²¡®º…N®±¡¯ºq®N® ¯Š®›ºœ®w®± `…ºN¯y®¼Š®uµ²¡®dq®šµ°w® „®g¯ÔŠ®N® §°y¯u®š®xÝvǵ²¡¯Š¯u®w¯ ïvÇ®±º î®±²¥± uµî®š®º wµ²°w®±Ù š®î®¾¯vÇ®±º š¯vÛu®º' [H.N®. 2, 64(59) 10 ý®.y®¼. 23. š¯©± 109−111] œ®±¡®ëŠ¯c u®ºl¯vÃy®w®± …ºN¯y®¼Š®u®ªå xy®Þh d°o«î¯Tu®Û Ey®Þg¯‡®±Ùw® î®±œ¯ dwµ°ºu¯ä©‡®±w®±Ý xyµ½Þš®q®± ¯mu®w®± [Auµ°: 476 (345) 1159.y®¼. 289. š¯©±: 40−41] î®±qµÙ …ºN¯y®¼Š®u®ªå‡µ±− [Auµ°: š¯©± 41−43]

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Cq®Š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå î®±±Qãî¯u®±î®¼ [H.N®. 7, þN¯‹y®¼Š®. 219.918. Auµ°: þN¯‹y®¼Š® 225. 1203−04. Y®¼. 302.: H.N®. 8−2, šµ²Š®… 233. 1139]

23. …ºu®¢Nµ r°s®« (…w®ÛxNµ, …ºu®pNµ, …ºu®¢Sµ, …ºu®pSµ): N®w¯«hN®u® y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® r°s®« £µ°q®äS®¡®ªå …ºu®¢Nµ r°s®«î®½ Kºu®±. Oä.ý®. œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® îµ°¡µSµ Cu®± A›Ùq®æu®ªåq®±Ù. cOʇ®±„µà î®±q®±Ù w¯S¯c±«w® w¯¥²Ìºl®Š®± w¯S®Š® Qºl®−20 B¡®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. w¯S¯c±«w®w®± Ar°q®w¯u®w®±. cOʇ®±„µà Nµ©î®¼ N¯© w¯¥²Ìºl®q®w® w®l®›u®¡®±. N®lµSµ Oä.ý®. 912 Š®ªå …ºu®xNµ‡®± r°q®Ú«u®ªå î®±±mzu®¡®± [H.N®. 7, þN¯‹y®¼Š® 219. 912. …ºu®ªNµ. y®¼. 298. š¯©± 22−26] …ºN®Š®š®w® (…ºNµ°‡®±) î®±S®w¯u® Œµ²°N¯vq®ãw®± (Œµ²°N®lµ, Œµ²°N®‡®±ã) …ºu®¢Nµ‡®±ªå dw¯©‡®± ¯m›u®w®±.  Eu®ÜŠµ‡®± N®w®N® dw¯©‡®±î®½ [H.N®. 7−2, šµ²Š®…. 233. 1139.vä− Eu®ÜŠµ−Evä (þî®îµ²S®Ìd/šµ²Š®… q¯) Bw®î®iÔ œµ²°…¢. y®¼. 98.š¯©±: 59] N®±y®Þh²‹w® y¯ý®æ«w¯s® r°s®«ºN®Š® …䜮âdw¯©‡®±î®½ [Auµ°: šµ²Š®…, 262.1075. y®¼. 110] …w®ÛpNµ‡®± r°q®Ú«u® y®är…u®Ü (Avðw®) …š®vS®¡¯Tu®±Û.

§°î®±²©š®ºU® N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯w®æ‡®± N¯o²Š®± S®o rºräp (N®)X®Ðu® BX¯‡®±« y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± D r°s®«u® î®±œ¯î®±ºl®Œ¯X¯‡®±«Š¯T ¯S®« u®ý®«w® ¯mu®Š®± [H.N®. 8−2, šµ²Š®… 140 (Oä.ý®. 1198), 1\262 (Oä.ý®. 1077), 233 (1139) 345(1171) Cq¯ãv ý¯š®w¯S®¡®±.] Š¯î®±oº v…äry®r (1050), y®u®âw®ºv …äry®r (1077), î®±±xX®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºruµ°î® (1100), „¯w®±O°r« ›u¯Üºruµ°î® (1120) N®±©„®²Ç®o …ärqµäȶïu®ã ïu¯ãu®Š® (1150), š®N®¡® X®ºu®ä„®g¯ÔŠ®N® Aw¯Ù …ºvpN¯r°q¯Ú«v š®N®¡® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®±N¯ÊX¯‡®±ã«Š®±º î®±ºl®¡¯X¯‡®±ã«Š®± îµ±x›u® y®u®âw®xÛ ›u¯Ûºr [Auµ°: šµ²Š®…. 262. 1075. N®±y®Þh²Š®±, š¯©±: 27−31] î®±q®±Ù „¯w®±O°r« ›u¯Üºr uµ°î® [Auµ°: š¯S®Š® 159. 1159. œµŠ®NµŠµ. y®¼. 331 −33: Auµ°, šµ²Š®…. 233, 1139 Cq¯ãv] C®± …ºu®pNµ r°s®«î®w®±Ý Aq®ãºq® cw®z䇮±î¯T›u®Š®± î®±q®±Ù Š¯cO°‡®± ‡®±u®ªå q®±º… y®Þ„Â¯î® ý¯ªS®¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®±.

24. †ºmSµw®ïŒµ r°q®Ú«:î®±ºl®ãdŒµå w®S®î®±ºS®© q¯©²åOw® †ºmSµ w®ïŒµ r°q®Ú«î®½ Cªåw® y¯ý®æ«w¯s® …š®v‡®±² 11−12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®ªå ïP¯ãq®î¯Tq®±Ù [H.N®. 7(1979) w¯î®±º 26 (4 w¯î®±º 20) 1168. N®º…u®œ®¢ë y®¼. 17] î®±œ¯î®±ºl®¡µ°ý®æŠ® œµ²‡®±é¡®uµ°î®w® î®±œ¯š¯î®±ºq¯vÃy®r §°î®±w®âœ¯y®äu¯x uµ²ä°œ® U®Š®hÔ z‹‡®± u®ºl®w®‡®±N® S®ºS®Š¯cw®± q®©N¯l®w®±Ý Sµu®±Û Nµ²g¯ÔS® `îµ±YÏuµº „µ°mNµ²¡µëwµ §° †ºmSµ w®ïŒµ‡®± r°q®Ú«NµÊ q®¡®î®³rÙ‡®±º „µ°lµ §° ïÇ®±Øî®u®Ü«w® œµ²‡®±é¡®uµ°î®Š®± N¯Š®±oãºSµ‡®±±Û' Nµ²hÔw®±: BS® S®ºS®Š¯cw®± §°î®±²©š®ºU®u® uµ°›S®S®ou® y®¼š®ÚN® S®X®Ðu® Nµ²ºl®N®±ºu¯w®æ‡®±u® š®±„®X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®Š® N¯©ºN®YÏ«u¯Š¯ y®½î®«N®º ¯m †hÔ u®rÙ. [Auµ: w¯î®±º 33. 1118−19.y®¼. 22.š¯©±: 51−60] Cu®Š® š®º…ºu®î¯T œµYÏw® ï®S®¢Sµ `N®º…u®œ®¢ë r°s®«' î®w®²Ý š®œ® wµ²°l®…œ®±u®±.

„µ¡µ²Ì¡® r°q®Ú« (N®¦æy®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú«, Sµ²î®±âhuµ°î®Š® r°q®Ú«): N®w¯«hN®u® y¯äY°w®q®î®± bµ¶w® r°q®Ú« £µ°q®äS®¡µºu®Šµ ý®äî®o „µ¡®±Sµ²¡® î®±q®±Ù Nµ²y®n¯X®©. C®l®² Oä.y®½. vºu®©² y®ä›vÜ y®lµu® HlµS®¡®±. N®¦æy®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú«î®¼ ý®äî®o „µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u® YN®Ê„µhÔ, Sµ²î®±âh uµ°î®Š® r°s®«îµºu®Šµ Aªåw® uµ²l®Ö „µhÔ. „µ¡µ²Ì¡® r°q®Ú«îµºu®Šµ HŠ®l®± „µhÔS®¡® Nµ¡®Tw® FŠ®±. „®ºl¯‹ œ®±¡®ëX®î®±²y®w®±. cS®w®±Ýq®î¯u® `D ® „µ¡®±Ì¡® r°q®Ú« uµ²¡¬ X®q®±ï櫺 ý®r° r°q®Ú« N®³xÝ¡®‡®±î®±º wµ¥¸ ¯m›u®º u®ªxÙu®º' [H.N®.2, 476 (345) 1159.y®¼. 290. š¯©±: 49−50.] š®î®±ãN®æÉÙ X®²l¯î®±p‡®±² Bœ¯Š® A„®‡®± „µ¶Ç®cã ý¯š®ôu¯w® ïwµ²°uµ‡®±² Bu® ïÇ®±Øî®u®«w® yµ½‡®±é¡® uµ°î®Š® z‹‡®±Š®› y®hÔî®±œ¯uµ°ï ý¯ºq®©uµ°ï‡®±± `§° „µ¡µ²Ì¡® r°q®Ú«uµ²¡¬ š®î®r S®ºu®®o dw¯©‡®±î®±º ¯m›... îµ±°U® X®ºu®ä qµäȶïu®ã uµ°î®Š® þǮ㊮y®Þ y®ä„¯X®ºu®ä ›u®Üw®Ùuµ°î®SµÌ« y¯u® y®ä£¯¡®w®º ¯m š®…à« „¯u¯ y®‹œ¯Š®î¯T †hÔ u®rÙ‡®±w®±Ý ý¯š®w® š¯Š®±rÙuµ [Auµ°: 176 (143) 1123.. 134−35 š¯©± : 203− 06 î®±q®±Ù 215−17] D ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý Cwµ²Ýºu®± ý¯š®w®î®½ y®¼™Ô°N®‹› ›Ú‹°N®‹›uµ [Auµ°: 162 (132) 1123.y®¼. 105. š¯©±: 39−46]. î®±œ¯w¬ u®ºl®w¯‡®±N® S®ºS®Š¯cw® q¯‰± yµ½°X¯º†Nµ‡®±± „µ¡µ²Ì¡®u® r°q¬Ú«º îµ²u®Œ¯S®wµ°N® rq®Ú«S®¡µ²¡®± y®©î®¼º Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®±ºS®¡® ¯m› î®±œ¯u¯w®Sµ‡®±±Û' u®w®±Ý Kºu®± ý¯š®w® w®î®±²v›uµ [Auµ°: 136 (118) 1120.y®¼. 84. š¯©±: 27−29].

„µ²°u®w® r°q®Ú« [yµ½°u®w® r°q®Ú«: Bºu®äu® xb¯î®¾¯„¯u®± dŒµå] Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® î®±±î®±âm Cºu®äw® B¡®NµS®² (914−27) î®±±w®Ý „µ²°u®w®î®¼ bµ¶w® r°q®Ú« £µ°q®äî¯Tq®±Ù. bµ¶w® BS®î®± š¯Ÿq®ãu®©²å, y®¼Š¯oS®¡®©²å Cu®± Bvdw® q®w®‡®± „¯œ®±…ª‡®±
Š¯cu¯x‡µ±ºu®±, y¹u®w®y®¼Š®îµº… œµš®‹xºu® ¯w®ãqµ œµ²ºvuµ; „¯œ®±…ª‡®± Š¯cu¯x q®£®þŒµ‡µ±ºu®² œµ°¢uµ. „¯œ®±…ª‡®± AoØ „®Š®q®w®± Cªå 525 u®w®š®±é Hq®ÙŠ®u® „¯œ®±…ª î®±²r«‡®±w®±Ý ¯m›u®wµºu®± (N®ï „µ²y®Þo y®ºmq® Yq®) ý®äî®o „µ¡®±Sµ²¡® ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ [H.N®. 2, (234) 12 ý®. . 186. š¯©±: 6-8]

î®±ºl®¢ (ª) r°q®Ú«: þî®îµ²S®Ì w®S®Š®NµÊ š®ï±°y®u®ªå‡µ±° BTœµ²°u® …œ®±uµ²l®Ö bµ¶w® r°q®Ú« £µ°q®äïu®±. î®±²©š®ºU® N¯w®²Š®±S®o rºräp S®X®Ðu® BX¯‡®±«y®Š®ºy®ŠµSµ šµ°‹u® D î®±ºl®ª r°s®«î®¼ S®ºS®Š® N¯©vºu®©² y®ä›vÜ y®lµvuµ. K…àŠ¯u® îµ±°Œµ K…àŠ®ºqµ xŠ®ºq®Š®î¯T š®±î®¾¯Š®± Kºu®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®« î®±ºl®¢ r°q®Ú«î®w®±Ý, Au®Š® Ÿ‹îµ±‡®±w®±Ý S®q®îµ¶„®î®î®w®±Ý E¢›Nµ²¡®ë©± BS®ª©å. S®ºS®Š®± w®ºu®T‹ N®±î®¡¯© î®±ºnµ §°y®¼Š® xS®±«ºu® ›î®S®ºSµ r°q®Ú«S®¡®w®±Ý dw®î¯m‡®±w¯ÝT›u®ÛŠ®±. D Aî®vÇ®±ªå‡µ±° î®±ºl®¢ š¯›Š® î®±q®±Ù š¯ºq®¢Sµ š¯›Š®î®w®²Ý …š®vS®¡® †°l®w¯ÝT ¯mu®ÛŠ®±. Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ®± X¯¡®±N®ã‹ºu® šµ²°q®Š®±, ý®Š®n¯u®Š®±, S®ºS®Š®² šµ²°q®Š®±. Bu®Šµ S®ºS®Š®± xw¯«î®±î¯S®ª©å. X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®©²å, Aw®ºq®Š® œµ²‡®±é¡®Š®©²å Bš®Šµ y®lµu®± E›Š¯mu®Š®±. D Aî®vÇ®±ªå A®± Cm° þî®îµ²S®Ì, dŒµå‡®±ªå, Au®Š®ªå‡®±² î®±±Qãî¯T šµ²Š®…, š¯S®Š®, œµ²š®w®S®Š®, r°s®«œ®¢ë−D q¯©²åN®±S®¡® š®±q®Ù î®±±q®Ù ®r ¯mu®Š®±. î®±ºl®ªš¯›Š® î®±q®±Ù þî®îµ²S®Ì dŒµå‡®±ªå œ®¡µ‡®± …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý y®¼w®„®«Š®p›u®Š®±, œµ²š® dw®î®±ºrŠ®S®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®Š®±.

Nµ²y®o, N®¡®æy®¼ÈÞ r°q®Ú«S®¡®ºqµ î®±ºl®ª r°q®Ú«u® ¯ŸrS®¡®± X¯‹räN® î®±œ®q®ævºu® N®²mîµ. î®±ºl®ª r°q®Ú« N®±‹q® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ ý¯š®w® š®ºy®rÙuµ. Cu®w®±Ý Bu®‹› ي®î¯u® y®äqµã°N® Au®㇮±w® AS®q®ãïuµ, Aî®N¯ý®ïuµ; Cªå š®º£µ°y® Š®²y®u®ªå B ¯Ÿr „®ºl¯Š®u®q®Ù qµ²°Š®± „µŠ®¡®w®±Ý rŠ®±T›uµÛ°wµ. î®±ºl®ª r°q®Ú«u® ïýµ°Ç® wµŠ®î¯S®±î® ý¯š®w® š¯î®±Tä:

1. î®±ºl®ª‡®± r°q®Ú«u® y®hÔu® …š®v‡®± î®±ºl®ª‡®± „µhÔu® îµ±°ªq®±Ù. î®±±w®Ý0 u®mS® ¯u®®± ¯m›u® D y®hÔu® …š®v‡®±w®±Ý q®u®w®q®Š® î®±Š®îµš®w¯T ¯mš®Œ¯‰±q®±; î®±±ºuµ î®±qµÙ Cu®w®±Ý N®©±îµš®w¯T ¯m›u®Š®±. S®0S®w®æ‡®±u®î®Š®± y®mš®ªš®±q®Ù …0u® î®±0l®ª r°q®Ú9îµ0u®Šµ þî®î®±²S®Ì œµ²°…¢ N®©²åŠ®± S®±l®Öu® ›uµ×°ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±. bµ¶w®q®æv0u® ï°Š®ýµ¶î®Š® î®±mªSµ î®±q¯0q®Š®î¯‰±q®±. [H.N®.7, þî®îµ²S®Ì. 4.1122. y®¼. 10−15: Auµ°, þî®îµ²S®Ì 6.1060. œ®ŠµNµŠµ. y®¼. 18−19]

2. Cq®Š® y®½Š®N® ¯Ÿr CŠ®±î® ý¯š®w®S®¢î®¼.
Auµ° : þî®îµ²S®Ì 96,924, (Aqµ°v)
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39.1122;51.1108; 97.1113
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Auµ° : šµ²Š®… 233. 1139.

28. î®±±N®Êºu®r°q¬Ú« (î®±±N®Êºu®, î®±±S®±ºu®, î®±±S®±u®, î®±±S®u®): u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå î®±q®±Ù q¯©²åOSµ šµ°‹u® î®±±N®±Êºu® r°q®Ú«î®¼ š®î®±ãN®ð Š®q¯ÝN®Š® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®±î®½, Bvw¯s® î®±ºvŠ®î®½ Cu®Û bµ¶w® Nµ°0u®ä .š®N®© (y®) œ®©›Sµ y®xÝX®Ï«›Š®uµ²¡®Sµ î®±œ¯Š¯cî¯m w¯wµº…±u®± „®²©©w¯©y®w®º + Au®NµÊ r©N®îµ±xy®¼Èu®± î®±±S®±u®
î®±²î®q®±Ù [š¹. C. C. 11−1, 177,1125. î®±±S®u®. š¯©±13−14]. š®î®±š®Ùy®äý®›Ù š®îµ±°q®w¯u® w¯S¯9ºl® X¯î®¼l®0w® î®±S® w®S®uµ°î® (yµ½ªå‡®±N®Ê) w® î®±N®Ê¡®± î®±œ¯š¯î®±0q® ¯q®«ºl® (Sµ²cч®±N®Ê) î®±q®±Ù X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±. ¯q®«ºl®w® î®±S® w¯S® (N®) Š®š® î®±q®±Ù X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±w® î®±S® …⊮š® (…î®±âuµ°î® )−C…àŠ®² î®±œ¯š¯î®±ºq®Š®±,y®ä„¯ïS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù š®î®±ãN®ð Š®q¯ÝN®Š®Š®±. X¯î®¼ºl®S¯î®¼ºl®w®± î®±±N®±Êºu® r°q¬Ú9u®ªå `š®î®±ãN®ÙÉæ Š®q¯ÝN®N®Š® ' H0… œµš®‹w® Xµ¶q®ã¡®‡®±î®w®± œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå š®±. Oä.ý®. 960 Š®ªå ¯m›u®w®±. BS® Bªå `z‹‡®± Sµ²°î®u®«w®uµ°î®' H0… BX¯‡®±«Š®± y¯äu¯w®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±, A®± X¯î®¼ºl® S¯î®¼ºl®w®± x°mu® „®²ï±u¯w®î®w®±Ý y®lµu®Š®±. î®±±ºuµ Oä.ý®. 1045 Š®ªå X®î®¼ºl® S¯î®¼ºl®w®± ……à âS®w¯u® î®±œ¯š¯î®±ºq® ¯q®«ºl®‡®¾¬ãw®± q®w®Ý î®±±q®Ù‡®¾¬ã ¯m›u® …š®vSµ y®mš®ª›u®w®±; Aǵ԰ A©åuµ w¯hN® ý¯Œµ‡®±w®±Ý š®œ® ¯m› q®w®Ý O°r«þŒ¯ š®Ùº„®î®w®± BX®ºu¯äN®«q¯Š®º…Š®º xªå›u®w®± [š¹. C.C. 11−1,78. î®±±S®u®. 1045.y®¼, 71−72]. D w¯hN® ý¯Œµ‡®±w®±Ý xﱫ›u®±Û S®î®±xš® „µ°N¯u® A0ý®. r°s®« £µ°q®äu®ªå AºS®Š®ºS® šµ°îµS®¡®ªå š®0T°q® w¯hN® w®³q®ãS®¡® î®±²©N® ¯l®±î® N®Œ¯Š¯uµwµ‡®±² Kºu®± y®äî®±±Q AºS®. …š®vS®¡®ªå u¯ﱫN® BX®Š®nµ „¯S®î¯T N®Œ¯q®âN® A†Ãw®‡®± BX®Š®nµS®¡®² šµ°‹u®±Û. „®ºl¯‹ œ®±¡®ëX®î®±²y®w®± …š®v‡®± š®±q®Ù CŠ®±î® y¯äN¯Š®u®ªå w®³q®ãSµ°œ® š®œ® ¯m›u®±Ûºh± ý®äî®o „µ¡®Sµ²¡®u®ªå [H.N®. 2, 476 (345) 1159.y®¼. 290]

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