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[H.N®. 9 (1990) „µ° 389. 1133. y®¼. 353−57] ArÙî®±„µà, S®ºS®Š®± x‹â›u® œµu®Û‹‡®±ªå œµ²Š®h±, X¯¡®±N®ã š¯î®¾¯äcãu®ªå u®±äî®q¯Šµ‡®¾¯u®¡®±, B ¯S®«u®ªå N®äï±›u® S®ºS®Š¯cw®ºqµ‡µ±° œµ²‡®±é¡®Š® œ®±¡®ë u®ºl¯vÃy®w®² …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u® AS®äcŠ® š¯ªw®ªå Hu®±Û N¯o±q¯Ùwµ:

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[H.N®. 2(1973) 476 (345) 1159. y®¼. 289.] „µ¢ë‡®± „µhÔºS®¡® x¦¿y® bµ¶w® x¡®‡®±ºS®¡®º ¯m›u® Š®hÔŠ® îµ±°Š®± ý®ºN®Š® S®ºl®w®± `c‡®±vðŠ®' †Š®±u¯ºOq®w®±. Dq®w®± wµ°‹©, Šµ°î®¼ºm (w®Œµ²Ìºl® dŒµå: q®±îµ±â©S®±lµº Bºu®ä,) Nµ²y®n¯X®©−îµ²u®Œ¯u® š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®w®±. [HzdHBŠ¬C 1965, †−279, Oä.ý®. 964. H.BŠ¬. J.C 1973−74, †−19: J.H.z. ®ºS®Œ¬. 3.960.: H.BŠ¬. J.C.
1961−62. †−93. 1067 .]

yµS®Ì«lµ wµ²N®Ê‡®±ãw®± î®±ºl®ª š¯›Š®u® î®±q®±Ù š¯ºq®¢Sµ š¯›Š®u® î¯ãzÙ‡µ²¡®Sµ …Š®±î® q®iÔNµŠµ, œ®‹Sµ, wµ©åî®rÙ (Cºvw® þî®îµ²S®Ì dŒµå‡®± œµ²w¯Ý¢ q¯. w¯ãî®±r) î®±±ºq¯u® N®lµS®¡®ªå Kh±Ô BŠ®± …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý ¯l®›u®w®± [H.N®.7. þ°îµ²S®Ì 10. 1085.]. N®u®º…N®±© O°r«uµ°î®w® BS®äî®±Ÿ™ ¯¡®©uµ°ï‡®±± N®±y®Þh²Š®ªå (þî®îµ²S®Ì d. šµ²Š®… q¯.) ¯m›u® …䜮âdw¯©‡®± (y¯ý®æ«w¯s® dw¯©‡®±) q®² ArÙî®±„µà N®iÔ›u® …䜮âdw¯©u®ºqµ O°r«ý¯ª‡®¾¯u®±u®± [H.N®. 8−2. šµ²Š®…. 262. 1077.] N®î®±âŠ®Xµ°l®± dw¯©‡®±, O°r« š® ý¯xÙdw¯©‡®±, c‡®±vðŠ® dw¯©‡®± [H.z.d.H.BŠ¬. C. 1965. †−279] q¯l®y®rä X®ºu®äy®ä„® …š®v, rä„®±î®w®r©N® [š¹.C.C.6, 798. 1208], Oä.ý®. Hºhwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®Ç®±Ô y¯äY°w®î¯u® (ïc‡®±î¯l®u®ªå N®hÔŒ¯u®) w®l®±º† ®r [H.BŠ¬. Hš¬. J.C. 1916−17. H−9. Oä.ý®. 715. ], y®©åî®dw¯©‡®± [H.C. 40−2, 1087; H.z.d.H.Hš¬.

1 îµ±œ®…²„¬ w®S®Š® 58.w®º. 33.1087] †iÔ N®±¡®r¡®N® dw¯©‡®± [J.H.z. ®ºS®Œ¬. 18.1108] ‡®±±u®Ü î®±©ådw¯©‡®± [J.H.z. N®‹°ºw®S®Š®. 14. 1051], ï°Š®N®î®±© dw¯©‡®± [H.B. 1.10. 1082], u®ãŠ®q¯ÝN®Š® dw¯©‡®± [bµHš¬.J. y®¼.8] ïc‡®±î¯l®u® [H. B.1.10. 1082], u®ãŠ®q¯ÝN®Š® dw¯©‡®± [dHš¬.J. y®¼.8] ïc‡®±î¯l®u®ã [ïc‡®±î¯iN¯, „µcî¯l®]. CwµÝŠ®l®± dw¯©‡®±S®¡®± [H.C. 24, 38. 950. y®¼. 268−82], š®î®«Œµ²°N¯ý®ä‡®± dw®„®î®w® [H.C.7, y®¼. 177] îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå î®p«q®î¯Tîµ. CS®¡®ªå N®u®Œ¯©‡®± …š®v‡®±±, œ®w®±î®±Nµ²ºl® S®±l®Öu® y®u¯â¤ uµ°î¯©‡®±î®¼ bµ¶w® dw®ý®š®w®uµ°ï‡®± y®ä„Â¯î® †°Š®±î® uµ°î¯©‡®±.bµ¶w® ‡®±¤‡®±w®±Ý Cªå°S® `u®±«T' Hºu®² ,Ÿºu®² uµ°î®qµ‡µ±ºu®± y®½dš®Œ¯S®±rÙuµ. Š®Yî® S®ºS¯u®Š®± D S®±m‡®±w®±Ý QoØš®±iq® d°nµ²9° u¯ÜŠ®Sµ²¢›u®±Û u¯QŒ¯Tuµ. [H.C.9, y®¼. 257: bµ.H.HX®. BŠ®.Hš®. 36−1.y®¼. 58−62]. Nµ²©w®±y¯N®u® Xµ°xºXµ …š®v‡®±w®²Ý Cªå EŒµ°Qš®…œ®±u®± [HBŠ¬JC 1961−62, †−65] N®w¯«hN®u®ªå w®²Š¯Š®± dw®S®³œ®S®¡® x¯«oNµÊ N¯Š®oŠ¯u® S®ºS®Š®±, Bºu®äu® yµ°Š®²‹xºu® …ºu®î®Šµº…±u®w®±Ý Cªå wµwµ‡®±…œ®±u®±. q®ï±¡®± w¯mw®ªå w®lµu®ºqµ Bºu®äu®ªå‡®±ºq®² D Nµ©š® ,…š®vS®¡® ïu®溚®w®, HÇ®±Ô î®ãî®›Úq®î¯T î®±q®±Ù.î¯ãy®N®î¯T w®lµ‰±qµºu®Šµ, Cºu®± AªåÉbµ¶w®Š® N®±Š®±œ®±S®¡®w®±Ý, œ®S®©ªå y®ºc± œ¯O‡µ±° œ®±l®±N®„µ°N®±.

q®ï±¡®± w¯mw® u¯ﱫN® X®‹qµä‡®±©²å bµ¶w® î®±q®−u®«î®¼ ýµ¶î® ǮØ® BN®äî®±ou®ªå w®±X®±Ïw®²Š®± Bu®u®±Û ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå ªQq®î¯Tuµ. îµ°u®„¯œ®ãS®¡¯u® bµ¶w® −„¹u®Ü u®«S®¡® î®±±w®Ýlµ‡®±w®±Ý x‡®±ºräš®©², cw®y®u®Š®w®±Ý q®w®Ýq®Ù šµ¡µ‡®±©² vN® y®Š®ºy®Šµæ‡®± ý¯Pµ°S®¡®± „®OÙX®¡®î®¢ ‡®±w®±Ý î¯ãy®N®Sµ²¢›u®±î®¼. r°î¯Š®º, vî®ãy®ä…ºu®º , yµ‹‡®± y®¼Š¯oº îµ²u®Œ¯u®±î®¼ bµ¶w® ²°vÇ®±² „¯äœ®âo y®Š®î®½ Bu® x©±î®w®±Ý xw®v›îµ.bµ¶w®Š® BX¯Š® ïX¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý ïl®º†› Qºmš®Œ¯T, Cm° q®ï±¡®± w¯mw®ªå î®±r°‡®± N®©œ®S®¡¯u®±î®¼. î®±u®±Šµ, rŠ®±îµ½qµ²ÙŠ®±, rŠ®±î¯Š®²Š®±, rŠ®±y¯Þr‹y®¼ª‡®±²Š®± îµ²u®Œ¯u® š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå w®lµu® î®±q®S®¡® w®l®±î®o D cS®¡® y®‹n¯î®±î¯T bµ¶w®Š®îµ±°Œµ u¯¢S®¡¯u®±î®¼.

AºŸš¯Š¯u®N®Š®² A©š®ºP¯ãN®Š®² Bu® bµ¶w®Š®± ES®äqµS¯ª°, y®är°N¯Š®N¯ÊS®ª°,Ÿºu®² uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® w¯ý®N¯ÊS®ª° qµ²lµS®ª©å :The jaina adherents, true to their faith, had not resorted any violent means to counter act the antagonistic attitude of brahmanical followers. lnstead,they assimilated many elements from drahmanism and accommodated them suitably in their own religion. Changes had been accepted in the mode of worship and iconographic from of sassana devatas… The jains resorting to conversion of Hindu temples is unheard in their reiligious History ,''[A,Ekambaranathan , religious conflicts conflicts and conversion of jain temples in Tamilnadu,` jAlnjournAL ', April 1994 .pp. 161-68]. Ÿºuµ²S®¡® Ÿºš¯q®â N® BN®äî®±oS®¢ºu® q®î®¾¯S¯u® wµ²°î®¼ î®±q®±Ù. Bq®ºN®S®¡®w®±Ý bµ¶w®Š®± q®î®±â N®sµS®¡®ªå, y®¼Š¯oS®¡®ªå qµ²°mNµ²ºmu¯ÛŠµ.

ý®¶î®S®±Š®± u®ºmAmS®¡¬ Hº…±u®± rŠ®±î¯Š®²‹w®ªå þ‡®±u® NµŠµ‡®±w®±Ý ïš®ÙÙ‹š®±î® wµw®y®u®ªå Aªåu®Û bµ¶w® î®±wµ î®±j® î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®w®±Ý wµ©š®î®± ¯mu®Š®±. þî®î®¾¯Ÿî®¾¯ šµ²Ù°q®äS®¢ºu® cw®š®î®¾¯w®ãŠ®ªå bµ¶w®Š® ±u®Üu® „¯î®wµS®¡®w®±Ý †q®±Ùq®Ù š®º…u®Š¬ q®ï±¡®±w¯mw® Eu®ÑÉÛS®©S®¡®ªå š®ºX®‹›u®Š®±. î®±±u®±Šµ¶Sµ …ºu¯ Aªåw® Š¯cw¯u® N®²w®y¯ºl®ãw® œµ²gµÔÉwµ²°î®w®±Ý œµ²°S®Œ¯m›u®Š®±. bµ¶w®š®w¯ã›S®¡®± S®±oy®mš®Œ¯S®u®Ñ Eu®Š® ý®²Œµ‡®±w®±Ý ýµ¶î®S®±Š®± š®º…ºu®Š¬  ¯mu®Û‹ºu®, Š¯c N®²w®y¯ºl®ãw®± bµ¶w®u®«w®w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®± ýµ¶î®w¯T î®±q¯ºq®Š® ¯mu®w®±. [Cu®Š® Bu¯Š®vºu® šµ²Þr«Sµ²ºl®± œ®±iÔu® N®h±Ô N®sµ‡µ±° œµ²‡®±é¡® †iÔuµ°î®Š®±, Š¯î®¾¯w®±cŠ®± q®w®Ý î®±S®¡® N¯ŸŒµ‡®±w®±Ý S®±oy®m›u®Šµºu®±, bµ¶w®u®« qµ²Šµu®± ǮØî®w¯u® Hº…±u®±. Cu®NµÊ ‡®¾¯î® ý¯š®w¯u¯Š®S®¡® „µº…©î®½ C©å.]

bµ¶w®î®±q®vºu® ýµ¶î®î®±q®NµÊ î®±q¯ºq®Š® ¯mu® N®²w®y¯ºl®ãw®± bµ¶w®‹Sµ Yq®äŸºšµ Nµ²hÔw®±: š®º…ºu®Š®Š® Buµ°ý®u®ºqµ Hºh± š¯ïŠ® bµ¶w® î®±±xS®¢Sµ Ey®u®äî® Nµ²h±Ôw®±: î®±u®±Šµ¶w®Œµå° A©åuµ Cuµ°‹°r rŠ®±îµ½°q®²ÙŠ®±, y®w®q®Sµ¶ Hº…©²å u¯ﱫN® N¯Š®oN¯ÊT š®º…ºu®Š¬ î®±±xS®¡® Ey®uµ°ý®vºu® yµä°Š®nµSµ²ºl®± bµ¶w®Š® S®±Š®± ºu®î®w®²Ý ý¯äî®N® š®î®±±u¯‡®±î®w®²Ý ŸºšµSµ S®±Š®±y®mš®Œ¯‰±q®±, ý®²©NµÊ°‹š®Œ¯‰±q®±. D Ah±Ô‡®±w®±Ý yµ‹‡®± y®¼Š¯ou®ªå î®p«›uµ [yµ‹‡®± y®¼Š¯o¬: u®ºm AmS®¡¬ y®¼Š¯o¬ 15−24; š®º…ºu®Š¬ y®¼Š¯o¬ 600−850] uµ°î¯©‡®± þ©ÞS®¡®©²å Yq®äS®¡® î®±²©N® bµ¶w®‹S¯u® Ay®î®¾¯w®N®Š® Yq®äŸºšµS®¡®w®±Ý qµ²°‹š®Œ¯Tuµ.

N¯ºY‡®± Š¯cw¯u® Kºu®wµ‡®± î®±œµ°ºu®ä î®î®±«w®± Ay®Þh bµ¶w®w¯Tu®Ûw®± (Oä.ý®. 600−630). Bq®w® q®ºuµ ›ºœ®ïÇ®±Ø q¯q® ›ºœ®î®î®±«w®² dw®u®«y®Š¯‡®±oŠ®±. ýµ¶î¯X¯Š®ã Ay®ÞŠ¬ A® y®ä„¯î®vºu® bµ¶w® u®«î®w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®± î®±œµ°ºu®äî®î®±«w®± ýµ¶î®w¯u®w®±. š®æ‡®±º Ay®ÞŠ¬ Aµ° îµ²u®ªSµ bµ¶w® š®w¯ã› BTu®ÛŠ®±; A®± BŠ®º„®u®ªå rŠ¯y¯Þr‹ y®¼ª‡®±²Š¬ Hº…ªåu®Û bµ¶w® î®±j®u® y®g¯ÔX¯Š®ãŠ®² BTu®ÛŠ®±. N¯Œ¯ºq®Š®u®ªå bµ¶w®u®«î®w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®± þî®b¯Óx‡®¾¯T ýµ¶î®î®±q®NµÊ ¯q¯ºq®Š®Sµ²ºl®Š®±. ýµ¶î® Ay®ÞŠ®Š® î®X®«›éxºu® bµ¶w® î®±œµ°ºu®äî®î®±«w®± ýµ¶î®w¯u®w®±; î®±œµ°ºu®ä y®©åî® Š¯cw®± q¯w®± †h±Ô …ºu® bµ¶w® u®«u® …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý œ¯¡®±Sµl®ïu®w®±. A©åuµ dw¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý Nµl®ï Au®Š® CiÔSµ N®©±åS®¢ºu®Œµ° rŠ®±î®rSµ¶ Hº…ªå þ‡®± N®iÔ›u®w®± [yµ‹‡®± y®¼Š¯o¬: rŠ®±w¯î®¼N®ÊŠ®š®Š¬ y®¼Š¯o¬, 145− 146]

Bu®Šµ X®‹q®äN¯Š®Š®± D š®ºS®r‡®±w®±Ý š®ºý®‡®±vºu® N®ºmu¯ÛŠµ. î®±œµ°ºu®ä y®©åî® Š¯cw®± bµ¶w® î®±q®î®w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®± ýµ¶î®w¯u®±u®w®±Ý Crœ¯š®N¯Š®Š®± KzÞu¯ÛŠµ‡µ±° œµ²Š®q®±, Aw®ºq®Š® B Š¯cw®± bµ¶w®Š®w®±Ý ES®äq®Š®î¯T þ¤› qµ²ºu®Šµ Nµ²h±Ôu®w®²Ý, dw¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý Nµl®ïu® Hº…±u®w®²Ý Aw®±îµ²°v›©å [š¹.C.C. 1, 33 y®¼. 29.]. N®±º…Nµ²°oº š®ï±y®u® y®©‡®¾¯lµ¶w®ªåu®Û dw¯S®³œ®î®w®±Ý Ay®ÞŠ¬ þî®î®±ºvŠ®î¯T ¯y¯«m›u®Š®± [yµ‹‡®±y®¼Š¯o¬: rŠ®±w¯î®¼N®ÊŠ®š®Š¬ y®¼Š¯o¬, 294−95]. Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® N®¡®S®±î®±Œµ¶ ý¯š®w®u® Bu¯Š®vºu® y®©‡®¾¯lµ¶ bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®äî¯TqµÙºu®± r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. [š¹.C.C. 5 w®º. 320. 9wµ° ý®q®î®¾¯w®]

RŠ®±y®¼ÈÞS®©²‹w® î®u®«î®¾¯wµ°ý®æŠ® þ‡®±î®¼ î®±²©q®» î®u®«î®¾¯w® î®±œ¯ï°Š®w® dw¯©‡®± [î®±‰±ª ›°x N®hš¯æï±, `bµ¶xš®º Aºl¬ q®ï±¡¬' y®¼. 140]. 况y®¼ÈÞŠ®º œ®rÙŠ®u® N®²ª‡®±w®²Š¬, îµ±¶Œ¯y®¼Š® Hº… w®S®Š®S®¡®ªåu®Û dw¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý î®±q®N®©œ®vºu® w¯ý®y®mš®Œ¯‰±q®±. [Mackenzie 0manuscripts, No. 13:7]

Oä.ý®. œ®vwµ¶u®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå ïc‡®±w®S®Š®u® y®ärxvÇ®¾¯T dºd° Hº…ªåºu® N®hy®rw®‡®±N®xSµ bµ¶w® š®î®¾¯cu®î®Š®± œµo±Ø Nµ²l®©± xŠ¯N®‹›u®Š®±. Bq®w®± N®±zq®w¯u®w®±, bµ¶w®Š®w®±Ý š®ºœ®‹š®qµ²l®Tu®w®±. Cu®‹ºu® œµu®‹u® bµ¶w®Š®± dºd°, vºmî®w®î®¾¬ Hº… FŠ®±S®¢ºu® y®Œ¯‡®±w® ¯mu®w®±. AŒµå° E¢u®±Nµ²ºl®î®Š®± Ÿºu®²S®¡¯T î®±q¯ºq®‹› u®Š®±. Cw®±Ý Nµ©î®Š®± S®±y®Ùî¯T bµ¶w®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®± [îµ±Nµºd° ¯w®±š®Êȳy¬ÞÉé, w®º. 11:2] î®±u®Š¯š®± î®±œ¯w®S®Š®u® w®l®±îµ CŠ®±î® …l¯î®nµ îµ±¶©y®¼Š®u®ªå‡®±² Kºu®± y¯äY°w® wµ°ï±w¯s® …š®v‰±q®±Ù. Xµ²°¡®uµ°ý®u® „¯äœ®âoŠ®± îµ±¶Œ¯y®¼Š®î¯›S®¡¯u® bµ¶w®Š®w®±Ý î®±q¯ºq®Š® ¯m …š®vS®¡®ªå þºS® š¯Úz›u®Š®±. [Auµ°: w®º. 13:2]. îµ±¶Œ¯y®¼Š®u®ªå wµ°ï±w¯s® …š®v Cu®±Ûu®NµÊ ý¯š®w® î®±q®±Ù š¯Ÿq®ã u¯QŒµ‡®± Aw¯ãw®ã yµ½°Ç®N® Bu¯Š®S®¡®² š®œ® Ey®©…Ûî¯Tîµ. [H.Hosten: ‘Antiques from Santhome and Mylapore’, P.74: A²°r B¡¯æŠ¬, rŠ®±w®²¥ìºq¯r, y®u®ã 4 ‹ºu® 60]. Cªåu®Û þŒµ î®±q®±Ù Œµ²°œ®u® wµ°ï±w¯s® î®±²r«S®¡®w®±Ý. D …š®v‡®±± w¯ý®î¯u¯S®, Yq¯Ùî®±²‹S®² H¡®ºS¯mS®² š¯Tš®Œ¯Tuµ [A, Ekambaranathan: History of Chittamur, ‘Mukkudai’- January 1975, P.42] rŠ®±wµŒµæ°ªdŒµå‡®± î®±Œµ¶‡®±mN®±ÊŠ®±YÏ Hº… F‹w®ªåŠ®±î® y¯ºl®ã šµ°ºu®w¬ ¯Š®w¬ (Oä.ý®. 644−95) N¯©u® bµ¶w® S®±œ¯ºq®Š® uµ°î¯©‡®±î®¼ ýµ¶î®uµ°î¯©‡®±î¯Tuµ. bµ¶w®î®±q®vºu® ýµ¶î®î®±q®NµÊ N®²w®y¯ºl®ãw®± î®±q¯ºq®Š® ¯mu®ÛŠ® y®‹n¯î¯T D …ºlµ …š®v‡®±± þî®î®±ºvŠ®î¯‰±q®± [A.Ghosh(ed): ‘Jainaarthandarchitecture’, Vo 111p. 208]

Cuµ° î®±r°‡®± Ǯãvºu¯T î®±Œµ¶‡®±ŸN®±Ê‹YÏSµ œ®rÙŠ®ïŠ®±î® Xµ²N®Êºy®iÔ‡®± bµ¶w® þŒ¯S®±œµ‡®±² I¡®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå Ay®½o«î¯T xºq®±œµ²°‰±q®±.

N®w¯ãN®±î®¾¯‹ dŒµå‡®± Yq®Š¯Œ¬−rŠ®±X¯ÏŠ®oq®±Ùî®±Œµ¶ Hº…±u®± y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®ä. Cªåw® wµ¶š®T«N® S®±œµ‡®±ªå HŠ®l®± š¯©± bµ¶w® î®±²r«S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²Šµ‡®±Œ¯Tuµ. Kºu®± š¯ªw®ªå œ®wµÝŠ®l®± r°s®«ºN®Š® î®±²r«S®¡®², Cwµ²Ýºu®Š®ªå Bvw¯s® y¯ý®æ«w¯s® î®±œ¯ï°Š® r°s®«ºN®Š®Š® î®±q®±Ù Aº†N¯ ‡®±¤‡®± î®±²r«S®¡®² Cîµ. S®±œµ‡µ²¡®Sµ S®²l®±S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²Šµ‡®±Œ¯Tu®±Û, Au®Šµ²¡®Sµ y®u¯âî®r ‡®±¤‡®± œ¯S®² y¯ý®æ«w¯s® î®±q®±Ù î®±œ¯ï°Š® r°s®«ºN®Š®Š® ïS®äœ®S®¢îµ. CªåŠ®±î® y®u¯âî®r° ‡®±¤‡®± î®±Ÿîµ± CºvS®² Ÿºu®²S®¡®ªå î®±±ºu®±î®‹vuµ. [Bºu®äu® œ®w®±î®±Nµ²ºl®u®ªå `u®±T«' œµš®‹xºu®©², N®w¯«hN®u® š¹u®rÙS®±l®Öu®ªå `H©åî®±â' œµš®‹ xºu®©² y®u¯âî®r°uµ°ï‡®±± ©£¯ºq®Š® Ÿºu®²S®¡® BŠ¯u®wµ‡®± î®±²r«‡®¾¯T Š¯Š¯dš®±rÙu¯Û¡µ] . Oä.ý®. Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå‡µ±° î®±±q®±Ù N®±Š®rÙ‡®¾¯Š¬ î®±q®±Ù S®±oºq¯ºT N®ºr‡®±Š®± š®±î®o«
B„®Š®o œ¯S®² Cq®Š® Nµ²lµSµS®¡®w®±Ý y®u¯âî®r° dw®ý¯š®w®uµ°ïSµ x°mu®ÛŠ®±. Oä.ý®. œ®vî®±²Š®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå D y®u¯âî®r‡®±¤Sµ š®±q®Ù S¯Šµ‰±ºu® …ºuµ²°…š®±Ù¯m `„®S®î®r°' Hº… Ÿºu®² œµš®Š®±Nµ²h±Ô B bµ¶w® š®î®¾¯c „®OÙ‰±ºu® BŠ¯vÚ®±q®Ùuµ. A©åuµ D S®±œµ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® Cq®Š® ‡®¾¯î® r°s®«ºN®Š® î®±²r«S®² î®±±N¯ÊT©å…±u®± S®î®±xš®„µ°N¯u® Aºý®. Kºu®± N®lµ ïu®溚®w® w®lµvu®ÛŠµ Au®NµÊ š®î®¾¯w¯ºq®Š®î¯T Cwµ²Ýºuµlµ š®ºŠ®£®nµ‡®±² BTuµ Hº…±u®NµÊ Cuµ²ºu®± c橺q® š¯¤.

N®w¯ãN®±î®¾¯‹‡®± w¯S®äNµ²°‰±Œ¬ w®S®Š® Oä.ý®. 8 ‹ºu® 16 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµSµ y®ïq®ä bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®äî¯T P¯ãr y®lµvq®±Ù. CªåŠ®±î® DTw® œµš®Š¯ºq® w¯S®Š¯c uµ°î¯©‡®±î®¼ Ÿºuµ bµ¶w® …š®v‡®¾¯Tu®±Ûu®NµÊ ý¯š®w® œ¯S®² ®±Ùþ©Þu® Bu¯Š®S®¢îµ. Cªå w®l®±î®o S®±m‡®± î®±ºl®y®u®ªå y¯ý®æ«dw®, î®±œ¯ï°Š® î®±q®±Ù y®u¯âî®r‡®±Š® š®ºNµ°q®S®¢îµ. î®±±Qãu¯æŠ® u®ªåŠ®±î® Ju®± œµlµ‡®± œ¯î®¼S®¡®± u®Š¯nµ°ºu®ä−y®u¯âî®r dw®ý¯š®w® uµ°î®−uµ°ï‡®±Š®î®¼. Cªå bµ¶w® AX®«N®Š¯Tu®Û N®î®±©î¯œ®w® î®±q®±Ù S®±oï°Š®‹Sµ rŠ®±î¯ºN®²Š®± î®±œ¯Š¯cw®² dw¯©‡®±u®ªå Bvýµ°Ç®w®w®±Ý  rŠ®±î®w®w®ºq¯¡¯æŠ¬ w¯S®w®w®±Ý š¯Úz› Cm° …š®v‡®±w®±Ý Ÿºu®² uµ°î¯©‡®±î®w¯ÝT y®‹î®r«š®Œ¯Tuµ.

y®¼u®Nµ²°gµÔȶ …¢‡®± w¯q¯Ù« î®±Œµ¶w®ªå Cu®Û y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® S®±l®Öu® S®±m‡®±w®±Ý Oä.ý®. 1228 Š®ªå ïÇ®±Ø î®±²r«S®¡®xÝh±Ô ǮØî® uµ°î¯©‡®±î®w¯ÝT …u®Œ¯‰±š®Œ¯S®uµ. DS® Cu®Š® œµš®Š®± `y®vwµn¬ „®²ï± ïoØS®Š¬ uµ°î¯©‡®±'− Hºu®±. Yu®º…Š®w¯Š¬ dŒµå. N®©±S®±î®±Œµ¶ N®²l® ïP¯ãq® bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®ä. Cªåw® „µhÔu® S®±œµ‡®±ªå î®±²Š®± š¯©± dw®î®±²r«S®¢îµ. y¯ºl®ãŠ® B¢Nµ‡®± Aî®vÃSµ šµ°‹u®, Oä.ý®. 7−8 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Bvw¯s® y¯ý®æ«w¯s® î®±œ¯ï°Š® dw®Š®, „¯œ®±…ª‡®±, Aº†N¯ y®u¯âî®r° ‡®±¤‡®±Š® î®±²r«S®¢îµ, Oä,ý®. 11−13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®vºu® DXµSµ J‡®±w¯Š¬ Ÿºu®² S®±m‡®¾¯Tuµ. [A . Ekambaranathan: Jaina Vestiges of Kalagumalai’, pp. 5254]

q®ï±¡®± w¯l®±, N®w®Ýl® w¯l®± î®±q®±Ù Bºu®äS®¡®ªå bµ¶w® y®ä„Â¯î® î®±q®±Ù …š®v x¯«o y®Š®ºy®Šµ î¯ãy®N®î¯T S®iÔSµ²ºl®± „µ¡µu® Aî®vÃTºq® Nµ²ºX® q®l®î¯T Nµ°Š®¡®u®ªå wµŒµ‡®±²‹q®±. Oä.ý®. Hºh±− Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®vºu® Nµ°Š®¡®u®ªå Aœ®«u¯‡®±q®w®u® x¯«o N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµºu®± š®²Y›Š®±î® Hº.AŠ¬. Š¯U®î®î¯‹‡®±Š®Š®± Nµ©î®¼ ¯ŸrS®¡®w®±Ý, î®±±Qãî¯T ý¯š®w®S®¡® Bu¯Š®vºu® Ku®T›u¯ÛŠµ. [M.R. Raghava Varier: Socio-Economic Functions of the Jain Temples in Kerala, ‘Svasti Sri, (1984) pp. 173-85] rŠ®±X¯ÏŠ®oq®±Ù î®±Œµ¶ ý¯š®w¯u¯Š®vºu® Nµ°Š®¡®u®ªå ‡®±£®y®½bµ‡®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®± 8−9 ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® îµ°¡µSµ BŠ®º„®î¯TqµÙºu®± œµ°¡®…œ®±u®±; wµ°ï±w¯s® dw®Š® ‡®±¤ Aº†N¯¡® î®±²r«‡®±w®±Ý AcÑoºv‡®±± ¯m›u®w®±.

A©åuµ N®ªåŒ¬ Hº…ªå î®±œ¯ï°Š®dw®Š® ý¯š®w®uµ°ï ›u¯Ü‰±N¯¡® î®±²r«‰±uµ. y¯Œ¯Íg¬ dŒµå‡®± y®Š®î®ýµæ°‹‡®±ªå X®ºu®äy®ä„® r°s®«ºN®Š® î®±²r«‡®±± DS® J‡®±ãy®Þ (ý¯š®Ù) w¯T y®½bµSµ²¡®±ërÙuµ; X®ºu®äy®ä„®Š® ‡®±¤ b¯æŒ¯î®¾¯ªx‡®±± `„®S®î®r°'
Hº…±u¯T y®½dq®¡¯Tu¯Û¡µ. Nµ²g¯Ô‡®±î®¾¬ dŒµå‡®± x°©º yµŠ®²Š®ªå y®¢ë„®S®î®r S®±m‡®±ªå c¯w®î¯TŠ®±î® ‡®±¤‡®±w®±Ý N¯o…œ®±u®±. N®ªåŒ¬ uµ°î¯©‡®±u®ªå CŠ®±î® ›u¯Û‰±N¯ dw® ý¯š®w®uµ°ï‡®±w®±Ý š®Ú¢°‡®± Ÿºu®±S®¡®± „®S®î®r° (u®±S¯«î®¾¯qµ) Hºu®± y®½dš®±î®Š®±; Nµ²YÏw¬ î®±q®±Ù AŒµåyµÞȶ N®lµS®¢ºu® bµ¶w®Š®± CºvS®² D ‡®±¤‡®±w®±Ý y®½dš®±q¯ÙŠµ. Nµ°Š®¡®u® Nµ©î®¼ Ÿºu®± uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® îµ±°Œµ ‡®±£¯Š¯u®wµ y®ä„¯î®vºu® ‡®±¤‡®±Š® î®±²r«S®¡®w®±Ý œµ²Š®š®±q¯Ù©‡®±−y¯äºS®ou® uµ°î® Nµ²°Ç®Õu®ªå Cl®Œ¯Tuµ; Nµ²YÏw¬, î®±u®ãrŠ®±î¯ºN®²Š®±, rŠ®±î®©å uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡®ªå Cu®w®±Ý wµ²°l®…œ®±u®±. [i.H.Hš¬. š®º. 1, y®¼. 193; Auµ°, š®º. 2−3 y®¼. 163]

Nµ°Š®¡®u® bµ¶w® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® î®±q®±Ù Aªå w®lµ‡®±±rÙu®Û y®½b¯ N®äî®±u® ï®S®¡®² ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu® r¡®±u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. q¯¡®N¯Ê (u®¤o w¯l®± dŒµå) î®±q®±Ù On¯©²Š®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®± Oä.ý®. Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®NµÊ šµ°‹u®±Û, …š®vS®¡® v°y¯Š¯u®wµSµ u¯w® y®lµu®u®Ûw®±Ý œµ°¡®±q®Ùîµ. w¯mw®−…š®v‡®± ý¯š®w®î®¼, u®¤oN®w®Ýl® dŒµå‡®± N¯N®«¡®u® bµ¶w® î®±±Qºl®Š®± x°mu® u¯w®î®w®±Ý r¢š®±q®Ùuµ. w¯S®Š®Nµ²°‰±Œ¬ Hº…ªå Cu®Û bµ¶w® î®±j® î®±ºvŠ®S®¢Sµ 16 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® BŠ®º„®u®ªå Š¯cw®± x°mu® Nµ²l®±Sµ‡®±w®±Ý „®²q®©ï°Š® Eu®‡®±î®¾¯q®«ºl®î®î®±«w® ý¯š®w® ï›uµ; „µ¡®SµÌ y¯‡®±š®, î®±uÂ¯ãœ®Ý v°y® „µ¡®T› X®Š®± (wµ¶îµ°u®ã) Az«š®±î®¼u®©åuµ î®±qµÙ š®ºbµ î®±qµÙ v°y® œ®YÏ y®¼Ç®ÞS®ºu® u®²y® AX®«wµ ¯l®©± uµ°pSµ x°l®Œ¯Tuµ [i.H.Hš¬. 6−1. y®¼. 153, 157−59]. N®ªåNµ²°gµ dŒµå‡®± On¯©²Š®± ý¯š®w®î®¼ …š®v‡®±ªå N®²q®±Ù (N®±pq®= w®³q®ã) Iy¯«iS¯T xv«Ç®Ô y®ä¯ou® „®q®Ùî®w®±Ý ï±°š®Œ¯T Cl®Œ¯Tq®±Ù. yµŠ®±º„¯î®½‹Sµ w®h±î¯ºS®u® N®²q®Ùw¬ Nµ²°î®±w¬ Hº„¯q®xSµ Kºu®± †º…î®w®±Ý ¯mNµ²l®©± rŠ®±X¯ÏŠ®oq®±Ù N®±Š®rÙN®Œ¬ ¯mu®±u®w®±Ý N®±¦±S®±î®±Œµ¶ (rŠ®±wµŒµæ°ª dŒµå) ý¯š®w® r¢š®±q®Ùuµ. Ÿ°S¯T Nµ°Š®¡®u®ªå‡®±² bµ¶w®u®«u® y®ä„¯î®uµ²ºvSµ dw® ý¯š®w® uµ°î®qµS®¡® y®ä„¯î®î®½ N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ, Bu®Šµ œ®vwµ°¡®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®vºu® DXµSµ Aªå bµ¶w®Š® š®ºPµã Ar ¡®Sµ²ºl®±, w¯mw® N®©Þq®Ù y®äuµ°ý®u® Nµ©îµ° N®±h±º…S®¢Sµ ›°ï±q®î¯‰±q®±.

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î®±s®±Šµ‡®±ªå š®±y¯ý®æ« r°s®«ºN®Š® š®âȳrš¯âŠ®N®î¯T uµ°î®xﱫq® š®²Ùy®ïvÛq®±. B y¯äY°w®î¯u® š®²Ùy®î®¼ þt©î¯u¯S® î®±±ºuµ y¯ý®æ«w¯s® r°s®«ºN®Š®Š®± Oä.y®½. Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå d°nµ²°«u¯ÜŠ® ¯mu®Š®±. Bîµ±°Œµ Cuµ° y®¼Š¯q®w® š®²Ùy®î®w®±Ý Oä.ý®. Kºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå …y®Þ„®iÔš®²‹‡®±± y®¼w®…á«Š®oSµ²¢›u®w®±. î®±s®±Šµ‡®± š®²Ùy®î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± œ®‹„®u®äš®²‹‡®± Bî®ý®ãN® x‡®±±«O٠rÙ‡®±ªå‡®±², šµ²°î®±uµ°î®š®²‹‡®± š®²Ùy®î®¼ uµ°î®xﱫq®îµº… y®äš¯Ùy® …ºvuµ. šµ²°î®±uµ°î® š®²‹‡®±± `DS®©² D uµ°î®xﱫq¯P¯ã‡®¾¯ y®äs®qµ° (‡®±ý®›Ù©N® X®ºy®½, Ey¯š®N¯u®㇮±w® : 92−93). …ºS¯©u® Ç®œ¯l®y®¼Š®u®ªå ›OÊŠ®±î® S®±œ®w®ºv BX¯‡®±«Š®, Oä.ý®. Ju®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® q¯î®±äy®q®äu®ªå, y®ºX® š®²Ùy¯w®æ‡®±î®w®±Ý œµ°¢uµ. BX¯‡®±« ï°Š®šµ°w®Š®², dw®šµ°w®Š®² y®ºX®š®²Ùy¯w®æ‡®±NµÊ šµ°‹u®î®Š®±. œ®‹Çµ°ow® …³œ®q®Ês¯Nµ²°ý®u®ªå (12, 132) Ju®± š®²Ùy®S®¡® EŒµå°Qïuµ. D y®ºX®š®²Ùy® Aw®æ‡®±î®¼ î®±±ºuµ šµ°w® Aw®æ‡®±î¯T y®‹î®r«q®î¯‰±q®±.

î®±s®±Šµ‡®± d°o«î¯Tu®Û 515 š®²Ùy®S®¡®w®±Ý, AN®àŠ®w® N¯©u®ªå, qµ²°l®Š® î®±©åw®± d°nµ²°u®Ü‹›u®w®±. Bºu®äu® î®l®Ö¯w® Hº…ªå‡®±² HŠ®l®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®«S®¡® Ÿºvw® bµ¶w® š®²Ùy®îµ½ºu®Š® Aî®ýµ°Ç® Bu¯Š®S®¡®± uµ²Šµrîµ [Kasturibai, M.: Select 0Inscriptions 0from 0Vaddamanu, ‘SriRamachandiraka’ (ed) A.V.N.Murthy, I.K. Sharma, Delhi, 1993] bµ¶w® š®²Ùy®S®¡® ®ÙŠ®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý l¯. Ÿ°Š¯Œ¯Œ¬ bµ¶w® Bu¯Š® š®Ÿq®î¯T î®p›u¯ÛŠµ [„¯Š®r°‡®± š®ºš®ÊȳrSµ bµ¶w®u®«u® Nµ²l®±Sµ, N®w®Ýl® Aw®±î¯u® − ï±d«An¯ØŠ¯‡®± (1971): y®¼. 374−77] D š®²Ùy® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±î®¼ bµ¶w®Š®©²å „¹u®ÜŠ®©²å IN®N¯©u®ªå y¯äŠ®º„®î¯T y®äX®ªq®î¯Tu®ÛŠ®² N®äîµ±°o bµ¶w®y®Š®ºy®Šµ‰±ºu® Au®± u®²Š® š®‹‰±qµw®Ý…œ®±u®± [Buhler,G.: A Legend of the Jaina StupaatMathura, C.B. 27..y®¼. 49−54(1898)].

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N®u®º…Š® N®î®±«„®²ï± …w®î¯›. bµ¶w®‹Sµ …w®î¯› …œ®¡® Ÿºvxºu® Nµ°ºu®äî¯Tq®±Ù. BX¯Š®ã þ®ãw®± Aªå dw®Š® y¯äš¯u®î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®Ûw®±. Oä.ý®. î®±²Š®wµ‡®± ý®.u®ªå‡µ±° …w®î¯›‡®±ªå X®ºu®äS®±y®Ù r°s®«ºN®Š®Š® y¯äY°w® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®±ïq®±Ù. D Xµ¶q®ãS®³œ®u®ªå š®î®±ºq®„®u¯äX¯Š®ãŠ®± BŠ¯u®wµ w®l®›u®ÛŠ®±, A©åuµ A®± D X®ºu®äy®ä„¯w¯s®š¯æﱇ®± œµš®‹ºu® X®ºu®äN®±©−Aw®æ‡®±î®w®²Ý, …w®î¯›S®X®Ðî®w®²Ý îµ²u®©± ¯mu®ÛŠ®±. y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® N®³rS®¡®ªå …w®î¯›‡®±± bµ¶w®‹Sµ î®±±Qã š®Ú¡®î¯Tq®±Ù. bµ¶w® N®ï y®ºy®w®± …w®î¯›‡®±w®±Ý wµwµvu¯Ûwµ.

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N¯N®±š®Úî®î®±«w® y®ªâm ý¯š®w®îµ° DS® N®w®Ýl® „¯ǵ‡®± Ey®©…Ü ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå îµ²hÔ îµ²u®©wµ‡®±u®± Hw®ÝŒ¯Tuµ. N®w®Ýl®u® îµ²q®Ù îµ²u®©wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå N¯N®±š®Úî®î®±«wµ° bµ¶w®X®î®±²y®wµ²…àxºu® Š®¤š®©ÞhÔî®wµº…±u®², bµ¶w® ý®±äq®O°r«Sµ u¯w® x°mu®²Û, N®w®Ýl®u® Bv bµ¶w®u¯w® ý¯š®w®u® N®q®³«îµº…±u®² Jrœ¯›N® î®±œ®q®æu®Ûtuµ. N¯N®±š®Úî®î®±«w® âS® î®±³Sµ°ý®î®î®±«w®² š®œ®, X®î®±²y® ý®±äq®O°r«‡®± î®±S® u¯î®±O°r«‡®±w®±Ý Oä.ý®. 463 Š®ªå „µ²°cN®w®w¯ÝT›u®w®± [›.Nµ.J.: 1985 : y®¼. 51]: „µ²°cN®Š®± y¹Šµ²°Ÿq®ãu®î®Šµ², u®¯«vÃN¯‹S®¡µ², œµS®ÌlµS®¡µ² BTŠ®„µ°N®±. ý®±äq®O°r«‡®± âS®w®², u¯î®±O°r«‡®± î®±S®w®² Bu® c‡®±O°r«‡®±² î®±³Sµ°ý®î®î®±«w® î®±S®w¯u® Š®ïî®î®±«w® B§q®w¯Tu®Ûw®± [›.Nµ.J.: 1985 : y®¼. 93] Š®ïî®î®±«w®± y®ärî®Ç®« N¯r«N® œ®±pØîµ±‡®± bµ¶w® AǯԟÝN® y®î®«î®w®±Ý Š¯™ó°‡®± œ®…àî¯T BX®‹š®©±, dwµ°ºu®ä î®±Ÿî®¾¯ N¯‡®±«u®ªå qµ²l®S®©± Š¯b¯bµÓ ¯mu®w®±.

ý®±äq®O°r«Sµ N¯N®±š®Úî®î®±«w®± Nµ²hÔ u¯w®î®w®±Ý ý¯ºrî®î®±«, î®±³Sµ°ý®î®î®±«, Š®ïî®î®±«Š®± y®¼Š®Š®±dÑ°ï›u®Š®±. C® N¯©u®ªå bµ¶w®‡®±rS®¡®uµ° Kºu®± S¯äî®±, `Pµ°h' Hº…±u®± Oä.ý®. 400 Š® îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ° œ®©›‡®± œ®rÙŠ®îµ° CvÛqµº…±u®± S®î®±w¯œ®«. D Pµ°h (Pµ°l®) vºu® Kºu®± „¯S®î®w®±Ý y®lµu®± N¯N®±š®Úî®î®±«w®± œ®©›‡®± dw®©‡®±NµÊ, Au®Š® îµ±°ªæX¯Š®N® î®±q®±Ù q®w®Ý y¯äoŠ®£®N® u®ºl®w¯‡®±N® …š®vS®¡®± D N®u®º…Š¯cŠ® B¢æNµ‡®± Aî®vÇ®±ªå, Oä.ý®. 4−5 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®ªå x¯«oî¯u®±î®¼. N®w¯«hN®u® …š®vS®¡® Crœ¯š®u®ªå D …š®vS®¡®± y¯äY°w®î¯Tu®±Û ïýµ°Ç® S®î®±xNµSµ Aœ®«î¯Tîµ. D …š®vS®¡®±, CS®¡®ªåu®Û bµ¶w® BX¯‡®±«Š®±, vS®º…Š® ýµæ°q®y®h î®±q®±Ù ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± ý¯PµS®¡®± N®u®º…Š®± Eu¯Š® yµ½°Ç®nµ y®lµu®±î®¼. œ®©›‡®± dw¯©‡®±î®¼ Cºu®± N®w¯«hN®u®ªå E¢u®± …ºvŠ®±î® Aq®ãºq® y¯äY°w®q®î®± …š®v.

…š®vS®¢Sµ …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯TŠ®±î® „µ°Šµ „µ°Šµ š®î®¾¯w¯s®«N® ý®…ÛŠ®²y®S®¡®± H©å š®ºš®Êȳq® ý®…ÛS®¡µ° BTîµ. Bu®Š®² `Nµ²‰±Œ¬ ®v' Hº…±uµ²ºu®± Ay®î¯u®î¯Tuµ: u®±S®Ì¯Š® Nµ²‰±©æš®v [H.N®3(1974) œµ Nµ²°. 63 (îµ±¶. B.‹. 1932−58) 9 ý®. œµ…à©S®±yµÞ (îµ±¶š®²Š®± d/œµNµ²° q¯) y®¼. 468]. Cu®Š®©²å Nµ²‰±Œ¬ Hº…±u®± (= uµ°î®Š®î®±wµ) u¯äïl® î®±²©u®±Û. ®v Hº…±u®± š®ºš®Êȳq®u® ®r‡®± q®u®áî® Š®²y®; Cu®Š® î®±±ºvw® „µ¡®î®pSµ‡µ±° …š®v. dw¯©‡®± Hº… ý®…Ûu® …¡®Nµ …œ®¡®î¯T N¯o±q®Ùuµ [H.N®.6, N®l®²Š®± 36. 1205 …N®Ê©SµŠµ.: H.N®. 2 573 13ý®. N¯ºq®Š¯cy®¼Š®.: H.N®. 7 (1979) w¯î®±º. 26 (4 w¯î®±º. 20) 1168 N®º…u®œ®¢ë (î®±ºl®ã d./w¯î®±º q¯.)]. Aœ®«q¬ uµ°î¯‡®±q®w® [îµ±¶. B.‹. 1938, y®¼. 80. œµ²š®Nµ²°gµ („µºd/)] Aœ®«q¬ y®Š®îµ±°™Õ Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± [H.N®. 5, AŠ®N®©S®²l®± 97.1095. šµ²°î®±î¯Š® (œ¯š®w® dŒµå)], XµvA [H.N®.4 (1975) 347 (‹ 1925− 106) N®±©S¯o (îµ±¶d/X¯î®±Š¯cw®S®Š®q¯Ù)], Xµ°v‡®± [C.B. 11, y®¼. 68, š®±. Oä.ý®. 560.: N®.C. 1.3.š®±. 750.: š¹.C.C. 11−1, 5 Cq¯ãv], dw®Sµ°œ® [H.N®. 7þ. 136. 1068] dw®x¡®‡®± [Auµ°:], dw®„®î®w® [H.N®. 8−2 (1902) šµ²Š®… 233, 1138. vä (þd/šµ²Š®…q¯)], dw®î®±ºvŠ® [Auµ°:] r°qµÚ°«ý®î¯š®º [H.N®. 7 þ. 136. 1068] ®v [H.N®. 7(1979) w¯î®±º 32 î®±q®±Ù 72] …š®v [H.N®. 2(1973) 140 (415) 9 ý®.y®¼. 86]− î®±±ºq¯u® š®ºî¯v As®î¯ š®î®¾¯w¯s®«N® y®Š¯ã‡®± ý®…ÛS®¡®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®N¯Š®Š®± …¡®›u¯ÛŠµ. š®ºš®Êȳq® „¯ǵ‡®± Xµ¶q®ã ý®…Û y¯¢‡®±ªå Xµ°r‡®± Hºu®², y¯äN®³q®u®ªå Xµ°CA Hºu®² î®ãq¯ãš®Sµ²ºmuµ. y¯äN®³q® Š®²y®î®¼ N®w®Ýl®NµÊ …ºu®± Xµ°v‡®± Hºu¯Tuµ. N®w®Ýl® N¯î®ãS®¡®ªå Cw®²Ý Nµ©î®¼ ý®…ÛS®¡®w®±Ý N®ïS®¡®± y®ä‡µ²°T›u¯ÛŠµ. Xµ¶q¯ã¡®‡®± [y®ºy®, Bvy®¼. 15−13î®; Š®w®Ý, Ady®¼. 4−67î®] î®±q®±Ù Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®±−C N®ïS®¡®ºqµ ý¯š®w® N®ïS®¢S®² CÇ®Ôî¯u® ý®…Û [H.N®. 7(1979) w¯î®±º, 92, 93, 94.:
1 H. 14. 273. 1054.: N®w®Ýl® Cw¬éOäy®èw¬é By¬ Bºu®äy®äuµ°ý¬ (1961, 72 1008. š¯©±: 8−10)]. Oä.ý®. 1−2 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® N®±ºu®N®±ºu® BX¯‡®±«Š® `„µ²°u® y¯œ®±l®' … y¯äN®³q® N®³r‡®±ªå B‡®±q®w®, Xµ¶q®ãS®³œ®, y®är¯, u®ý®«w®, †º…, dw®î®±±u¯ä, b¯Ów®, uµ°î®, r°s®«, Aœ®«q¬ î®±q®±Ù y®äb¯ã− Hº… D œ®wµ²Ýºu®Š® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±š®Œ¯Tuµ.

N®w¯«hN®u®ªå š®±î®¾¯Š®± Hºh± š¯ïŠ®N®²Ê œµX®±Ï …š®vS®¢u®±Û. AS®¡®ªå Nµ©î®¼ ¯q®ä CºvS®² E¢u®± …ºvîµ. î®±q®uµæ°Ç®u® u®¡®±ë‹‡®±ªå w¯ý®î¯u® š¯ïŠ¯Š®± y¯äY°w® …š®vS®¡®ªå š®±î®¾¯Š®± Kºu®± š¯ïŠ® …š®vS®¡® ï®S®¡®± ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu®Œµ° uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùîµ. AS®¡®ªå, Nµ°î®© vS®Ûý®«w®N¯ÊT, œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®N®²Ê Ÿºuµ Cu®Û Nµ©î®¼ …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®u® Bu¯Š® š®Ÿq® œµš®‹š®±qµÙ°wµ: yµ„µ²à«¡®© dw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 10, ¯©²Š®± 73. Oä.ý®. 370? y®¼. 172−73] N¯î®±dw¯©‡®± [Oä.ý®. 5 ý®.: ›.Nµ.J. (1985)] EŠ®w®²Š® Aœ®«q¬ î®±ºvŠ® [H.N®. 10. ¯©²Š®± 72. š®±. Oä.ý®. 425. wµ²oî®±ºS®¡®] y®Š®©²Š® Xµ°v‡®± [›.Nµ.J. (1985). 8. Oä.ý®. 458−59. uµî®T‹ q¯î®±äy®h. y®¼. 29−33. š¯©±: 9−13,; N®.C. 1, 3 š®±. 750. Al®²Š®±] îµ±°S®±m dw®î®±ºvŠ® î®±q®±Ù îµ±°o …š®v [š®±. Oä.ý®. 650] N®±l®©²Š® y®½ï°«‡®± dw¯©‡®± [îµ±¶.B.‹. 1909, y®¼. 14.š®±. 7−8 wµ‡®± ý®.] Aœ®«q¬ y®Š®îµ±°™Õ Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± [š®±. 750.w®ºv] Aœ®«u¯‡®±q®w® î¯u®«î®¾¯w® dw¯©‡®± [›.Nµ.J. (1985): Oä.ý®. 6ý®.; y®¼. 108] œµ²š®Nµ²°gµ …š®v−Aœ®«q¬ uµ°î¯‡®±q®w® îµ±¶.B.‹. 1938, Oä.ý®. 6ý®. (š®±. 520) y®¼. 80] §°y®¼Š® Œµ²°N® r©N® dw¯©‡®± [H.N®.7, (1979) w¯î®±º, 149 776] q®©î®w® w®S®Š® §°ïc‡®± dw¯©‡®± [îµ±¶.B.‹. 1927, 808.y®¼. 112] Œµ²°N¯y®¼Š® …š®v [N®.J. 1942−43, 31. 9 ý®.] yµnµØS®l®ºS®u® š®q®ãî¯N®ã dw¯©‡®±
H.N®. 1, ï°Š®Š¯cyµ°gµ, 96. 888.] Nµ²y®Þ¡® …š®v [HBŠ¬JC 1954−55. 159.890. y®¼. 41] š¹u®rÙ [bµ.†.†.BŠ¬.H.Hš¬. 10 875 . y®¼. 194−98]. y®¼ªSµ‹‡®± š®ºQdw¯©‡®± [š¹ 11.18. 315. 859−60: N®1.11.5. 859]. Nµ²o²ØŠ® (Nµ²¡®©²Š®) …š®v[Nµ1. 6. 860.y®¼. 25−38] N®î®±âu®î¯l®N®Œ¯àï dw¯©‡®± [1H. 18. 800.y®¼. 309−13] N®l®…u®dw® î®±ºvŠ® [H.C. 41, 812.y®¼. 340−45] yµî®¾¯«w®m N®©±å …š®v [H.N®. 4, y¯ºl®î®y®¼Š®. 16 š®±. 900. N¯ãq®w®œ®¢ë] î®±ºnµ‡®± šµ°w¯y®r §° ïc‡®±dw¯©‡®± [H.N®.9 wµî®±º. 60. 797] î®±±¡®±Ìºu®u® dw®î®±ºvŠ® [1 H. 13 903.y®¼. 192−94. Š¯Ç®óN®²h N®³Ç®Ø 11] …ºu®¢Nµ …š®v [îµ±¶. B.‹. 1911. 902. y®¼.38: H.N®.7 þN¯‹y®¼Š® 219. 918. ý¯ºrw¯s® …š®v] …ºN¯y®¼Š® uµ²°Š®dw¯©‡®± [š¹.11.11. 905.y®¼. 20] N®²ªSµŠµ N®w®N® r°q®Ú«u® …š®v [H.N®.7, î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 100. (111 î®±î® 30) 916−17] š®²m‡®± …š®v [H.1. 111. 25. 938] wµŠµ°S®Œ¬ …š®v [š¹. 11. 11. 38. 950] N¯u®©²Š®± …š®v [H.1, 36. 962.y®¼. 97−110] Aš®±ºmdw¯©‡®± [š¹.11.11. 38. 950] N¯u®©²Š®± …š®v [H.1, 36. 962.y®¼. 97−110] Aš®±ºmdw¯©‡®± [š¹.11.11. 925.y®¼. 20] ‡µ±l®Š¯ï …î®±«uµ°î® î®±ºvŠ® [H.BŠ¬.J. 1963−64. 356, 979] N®±º› …š®v [H.N®. 7, þ. 114.950] yµS®« u®²Š®± …š®v [H.N®. 1.ï°Š®Š¯cyµ°gµ 98. 978] S®ºS® N®ºu®y®«dw¯©‡®± [H.BŠ¬. J.C. 1950−51. 15. 965 „¯må („µ¡®S¯ïd/)] „µ¡®î®rÙ („µ¡®ëiÔ) …š®v [H.BŠ¬.J.C. 1953−54. 204.990. y®¼. 38] Cq¯ãv Cw®²Ý œ®©î®¼ dw¯©‡®±S®¡®±. u¯w®Yºq¯î®±p ArÙî®±„µà N®iÔ›u® 1500 dw¯©‡®±S®¡µ©å œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Eq®ÙŠ¯u®«u®ªå xﱫq®î¯Tîµ. Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® î®±±î®±âm N®³Ç®Øw® î®±œ¯î®±ºl®Œµ°ý®æŠ® S®ºS®…²q®±S® yµî®¾¯«m‡®± î®±²î®Š®± î®±l®v‡®±Š®ªå v°î¯¡¯º…¡®± š®²m‡®±©²å (Oä.ý®.938), y®u®âŠ®›‡®±± w®Šµ°S®ªåw®©²å (Oä.ý®. 950), N®©å…àŠ®›‡®±± N¯u®©²‹w®©²å (Oä.ý®. 962) Kºuµ²ºu®± …š®v ¯m› u®rÙS®¡®xÝq®ÙŠµº…±u®± X®‹q¯äœ®« u¯QŒµ‡µ±x›uµ.

…š®vS®¡® CŠ®±ïNµ‰±ºu¯T Awµ°N® FŠ®±S®¡®± bµ¶w®r°q®Ú« š®Ú¡®S®¡¯T y®ä›vÜ y®mvî®. Cºs® œ®©î®¼ r°q®Ú« £µ°q®äS®¡® EŒµå°QS®¡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåîµ. ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù bµ¶w® r°q®Ú«S®¡® Jrœ¯›N® î®±q®±Ù š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® ŸwµÝŒµ, y®ä„¯î®, š¯u®wµ N®±‹q®± zHX¬.m. î®±œ¯y®ä…ºu®î®w®±Ý ›u®Üy®mš®…œ®±u®±. xu®ý®«w¯s®«î¯T Nµ©î®¼ bµ¶w® r°q®Ú«S®¡®w®±Ý œµš®‹š®…œ®±u®±: î®±±ºvw® ïýµ°Ç® š®ºýµ²°u®wµSµ š®œ¯‡®±î¯S®Œµºu®± BN¯Š® Aw®±N®äî®±pNµ‡®±ªå A¡®î®m›uµ; CºS®¡µ°ý®æŠ® r°q®Ú« (š¹.C.C. 15, 598. 12.ý®. q®î®±âu®mÖ). N®º…u® œ®¢ë r°q®Ú« [H.N®. 7(H) w¯î®±º 26. (4 w¯î®±º 20) 1168], N®l® (¡®) š®q®î¯v r°q®Ú«[H.N®. 4 î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 100 (3 î®±î® 30) 916−17. N®²ªSµŠµ, y®¼. 313], N®©±åNµ¥¿ r°q®Ú« [š¹.C.C. 9−1, 150. 1081. Nµ²w®Nµ²ºl®å] Nµ²y®o î®±œ¯r°q®Ú« [H.N®. 2. 220 (475) 10ý®.] Nµ²°S®¢r°q®Ú« [š¹.C.C. 9−1, 117. 1055. Nµ²°S®¢. y®¼. 92], Sµ²ºî®±huµ°î®Š® r°q®Ú« H.N®. 2−374. [H.N®. 7 (1979) (268) [118y®¼. 241], ry®½ÞŠ®± r°q®Ú« H.N®. 7(1979) î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 54. (111 î®±î® 31) 117, ry®½ÞŠ®±.y®¼. 282−84], u¯w®î®¼©y¯l®± r°q®Ú« [H.BŠ¬.Hš¬.J.C. 1905−06.y®¼. 120−27] î®±q®±Ù [H.C. 10. 150. 915.: J.H.z. N®l®y®, 1. 168.915.; š¹.C.C.10, 28. 948], yµ½š®î®½Š® r°q®Ú« [H.N®. 2.6.4(59) 10 ý®. y®¼. 23.: H.N®. 7(1902) þN¯‹y®¼Š® 219, 918], …ºu®¢Nµ r°q®Ú« [Auµ°: þN¯‹y®¼Š® 219. 912. …ºu®¢Nµ. y®¼. 298] …ºmSµ w®ïŒµ r°q®Ú« [H.N®. 7(1979) w¯ î®±º. 26.(4 w¯ î®±º 20) 1168. N®º…u®œ®¢ë y®¼. 17], „µ¡µ²Ì¡® r°q®Ú« [H.N®.2. 476 (345) 1159.y®¼. 290], „µ²°u®w® r°q®Ú« [Auµ°: 336 (234) 12 ý®.y®¼. 186], l®¢ r°q®Ú« [H.N®.7, î®±±S®u®: Auµ°: 78. 1045.y®¼. 71−72], î®±±¡®±Ìºu® r°q®Ú« [H.N®. 13, 192. 902.: š¹.C.C. 11−1. 49. 994], îµ±¶u®±îµ½¡®©vî®ã r°q®Ú« [H.N®.12, q®±ºN®²Š®±. 38. 1160], îµ±¶¡¯y®r°q®Ú« [bµ.†.†.BŠ¬. Hš¬. iii, š®º. 10.w®º. 2, Oä.ý®. 876.y®¼. 194.], îµ±¶¡¯y® r°q®Ú« ý¯š®w®S®¡® Bu¯Š® [w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®.,
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N®w¯«hN®u®ªå …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔš®±î® y®Š®ºy®ŠµSµ d°î® q®±º†u®î®Š®±
‡®¾¯y®x°‡®±Š®±. ©„®ã Bu¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý y®‹þ°ª›u®Šµ, DS® QYq®î¯T r¢u®± …ºvŠ®±î® y¯äY°w® …š®vS®¡®ªå Au®«N®²Ê œµYïw® y®ä¯ou® …š®vS®¡®± ‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®ºU®NµÊ šµ°‹îµ. …š®vS®¡®ªå‡®±² ïïu® S®o−S®X®Ð î®±q®±Ù š®ºU® ý¯PµSµ šµ°‹u® ¯ŸrS®¡®± uµ²Šµrîµ. N®ºl®²Š®± S®ou® …š®v [š¹.C.C. 15, 539 11 ý®. œ®±©²åŠ®± y®¼. 364] N¯o²S®«ou® …š®v [H.N®. 12 (1979) w¯î®±º 68(‹ 1940−33) 1132 u®l®S® y®¼ 52] N®³Ç®ØŠ¯cw®S®Š® 21 (4 ‡µ± 22) š®±. 11 ý®. YN®Êœ®w®šµ²°Sµ y®¼. 14] …Œ¯q¯ÊŠ® S®ou®dw¯©‡®± [H.N®.9 (1990) „µ° 322 13 ý®. y®¼ 303] u®äï¡® š®ºU® y®©åî®dw¯©‡®± [HzdHHš¬ 111 Hº.†. 58] …š®vS®¢Sµ y®äqµã°N® œµš®Š®±S®¡®² CŠ®±rÙu®Û. B‡®¾¯ …š®v‡®± î®±²©w¯‡®±N®Š® œµš®Š®² …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯S®±î®¼u®± š¯î®¾¯w®ã î¯mNµ: N®±ºs®±w¯s® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± [HBŠ¬Hš¬JC, 1935−36 †. 336 š®± 1395] Aw®ºq®w¯s® …š®v (AOÊŠ¯ºy®¼Š® î®±q®±Ù î®±²ªÊ) y¯ý®æ«w¯s® …š®v [HBŠ¬Hš¬JC 1905−06 y®¼ 120−27: š¹.C.C. 18, 109 1112: HBŠ¬Hš¬JC 1920 w®º. 326] w®º. 326] î®±ªåw¯s® …š®v [š¹.C.C. 15, 544 1160 …›Ùœ®¢ë y®¼ 374] Bu®Šµ Awµ°N® …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý AS®¢Š®±î® F‹w® œµš®‹wµ²ºvSµ N®²m› œµ°¡®Œ¯S®±rÙq®±Ù: AS®Š®Pµ°l® …š®v [š¹. 20 915 1248] Aoºy®½Š®± …š®v, ApŒµî¯l® …š®v, X¯N®w®œ®¢ë …š®v [H.N®. 4, w¯î®±º 32 1184] NµŒµåºSµŠµ …š®v [H.N®. 9(1990) „µ° 323 13 ý®] N®²ªSµŠµ …š®v [H.N®. 7 î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 100 916 17 y®¼ 313]

Cw®²Ý Nµ©î®¼ …š®vS®¢Sµ AS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u® î®ãOÙS®¡® œµš®Š®w®±Ý, Aºs®î®Š® †Š®±u®w®±Ý Aw®æ‰±› N®Šµ‡®¾¯Œ¯S®±rÙq®±Ù: Au®hŠ¯vq®ãdw¯©‡®± [H.N®.8 (1984) 133 107−80 y®¼ 186], H¥¿Sµ dw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 8−2, šµ²Š®… 140 1198 y®¼ 60], N®hN¯„®Š®odw¯©‡®± [H.C. 9 6 945 y®¼ 47] N®w®N®dw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 11 476 (345) 1159 y®¼ 289], Nµ°ršµiÔ …š®v [H.N®. 8−2, šµ²Š®… 140 1198], S®ºS® N®ºu®y®« …䜮âdw¯©‡®± [N®.C. 1, 29 12−13 ý® „¯mÚ] S®ºS®dw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 7−1 (1902 1067 î®±q®±Ù 1132 y®¼ŒµS¯äî®± y®¼ 63−69), S®ºS® yµî®¾¯«m Xµ¶q¯ã¡®‡®± (C.B. 7, 38 y®¼ 101−02, ), T‹Sµ²°gµî®±©ådw¯©‡®± [H.B. 11 y®½96 u®u®Û©], U®g¯ºrNµ‡®± …š®v [š¹.C.C. 15, 121 1174 y®¼ 161−63 H.N®. 111 146 1337 y®¼226] X¯¡®±N®ã N®±¡®r¡®N® …š®v [HzdHHš¬ 111 w®Œµ²Ìºl® 43 w®º. 45 1125 Nµ²©w®±y¯N®] c‡®±vðŠ®dw¯©‡®± [HBŠ¬JC 1965 964 „µhSµ°‹ y®¼ 10] uµ²°Š®dw¯©‡®± [HBŠ¬JC 1942 C−15 1060 X®†à: š¹.C.C. 11, 905 y®¼ 20] xŠ®±î®u®ãdw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 6, YN®Êî®±S®¡®²Š®± 75 N®l®î®±p y®¼ 185] y®hÔoš¯æï±cw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 7 (1902) w®S®Š® 58 1062 œ®±ºX® y®¼ 386] „µ²y®Þuµ°î® u®n¯Ý‡®±N® …š®v [H.N®. 6 (1990) „µ° 390 1254 …›Ùœ®¢ë]

Nµ©îµ½îµ±â …š®vS®¢Sµ AS®¡® ®±Ùþ©Þ BN¯Š®î®w®±Ý Aº†›u® w¯î®±N®Š®o BTŠ®±q®Ùuµ. A†Ãw®î® ý¯ºrw¯s® …š®v, A†w®î® ý¯ºrw¯s® uµ°î®Š® „®î®ãdw¯©‡®± [H.N®.8 (1984) B©²Š®± 17−1191.šµ²°ºy®¼Š®. y®¼. 445] AŠµS®©±å …š®v [H.N®.2, 531. 1120.dw®w¯s®y®¼Š®] BwµšµbµÑ‡®± …š®v, (7.ý®) Eq®±ÙºS® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± [H.N®.5. BŠ®›°NµŠµ 1, …ºu®²Š®±] y®ºX®N®²h …š®v [H.N®. 8−2, w®S®Š® 36. 1077.œ®±ºX®] HNµ²Ê°I dw¯©‡®± [H.N®. 6 N®l®²Š®± 36.1205. …N®Ê©SµŠµ] r°q®Ú«u® …š®v [H.N®. 7(1979) î®±u®²ÛŠ®± 100. 916−17. N®²ªSµŠµ] N®©å…š®v [H.N®. 8−2 (1902) w®S®Š® 45.š®±. 1000. œ®±ºX®] X®q®±î®±±«Q …š®v [Sµ°Š®±šµ²yµÞ î®±q®±Ù N¯N®«¡®] X¹ïæ°š® r°s®«ºN®Š® …š®v [H.N®. 2, 422 (313) 1648.y®¼. 261] b¯æ¢x° uµ°ï …š®v [š¹.C.C. 15, 637. 12 ý®. b¯î®½Š®±] dwµ²°w®Ýq®„®î®w® [H.C. 16. 9.1053 î®±±¡®±Ìºu®] räN®²h dw®Sµ°œ® [H.N®.7 (1979) w¯î®±º. 64. 1165. ‡®±Œ¯åu®œ®¢ë y®¼. 45−49] räN®²h …š®v [H.N®.9 (1990) 321. 1265. œ®¡µ°†°l®±] rä„®±î®w®r©N®…š®v [C.B.19. 190. 1054. yµ½w®Ýî¯l®. y®¼. 268−75] y®ºX®N®²h …š®v [H.N®. 8−2, w®S®Š® 35. 1077.œµ²º…±c] y®u¯â¤ uµ°î¯©‡®± [H.C. 19, 35. 1117] Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®± …š®v [HBŠ¬NµBŠ¬J 1939−40, 88−89. †¡®T] š®î®«qµ²°„®u®ä X®q®±î®±±«Q Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®± Š®²y® rä„®±î®w® r©N® dw® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± [N¯N®«¡®; 1589] Nµ©î®¼ …š®vS®¢Sµ Kºu®Oʺq®©² œµX®±Ï œµš®Š®±S®¡®±ºh±, œ®ºz‡®± N®±ºs®±w¯s® dw¯©‡®±NµÊ Nµ²Œ¯åy®¼Š®u® rä„®±î® r©N® …š®vSµ r°q®Ú«u® …š®v, X®ºu®äw¯s® …š®v, X®ºu®äw¯s® …š®v Hºu®² œµš®Š®±ºh± [œµ°‹¢Sµ−œµ°Œµ« ý¯š®w®. 1118] N®o«y¯Š®ãN®ï (š®±.1140) q®w®Ý wµ°ï±w¯s® y®¼Š¯ou®ªå [(š®º) w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®. w®q®±Ù N®±©N®p«, BŠ¬.ï. (1982): 1014] rä„®±î®w® r©N® Hº… œµš®‹w® Nµ²Œ¯åy®¼Š® …š®v‡®±w®±Ý š®±Ùr›u¯Ûwµ.

Nµ©î®¼ r°q®Ú«u® …š®vS®¡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå O°r«q®î¯Tîµ [H.N®. 12, q®±ºN®²Š®±. 38. 1160.î®±ºu®Š®TŠµ„µhÔ.: H.N®.7 (y®) þ.4. 1122.: Auµ°, þ 6. 1060. H.N®.5 (1976) Nµ.AŠ¬. w®S®Š® 22, 24, 25, 26] Cuµ° ‹°r‡®¾¯T y®hÔu® …š®vS®¡® EŒµå°QS®¡®² ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå ›S®±q®Ùîµ [H.N®.7(y®) þ. 4.1122: Auµ°. þ. 4. 1122: Auµ°. þ. 6. 1060 H.N®.8 (1984) 133 (5 ASµ²99) 1079−80] …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®±Û Bu®îµ±°Œµ, AS®¢Sµ y®½b¯vN¯Š®ãS®¡®± ‡®¾¯î® Alµqµlµ‡®±² C©åuµ xŠ¯q®ºN®î¯T, xŠ®ºq®Š®î¯T w®lµ‡®±Œµºu®± …‡®±› œ®©î®¼ œµ²©S®uµÛ qµ²°h î®±wµ S¯o xîµ°ý®w® îµ²u®Œ¯u®±î®w®±Ý AN®Š®î¯T› (r‹Sµ Š®Ÿq®î®¾¯m) u¯w®u®rÙ Nµ²l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±, Cm° S®äî®±î®wµÝ° u¯w®î¯T †h±ÔNµ²l®±rÙu®±Ûu®² Eºh± [HzdHHš¬ 3, w®Œµ²Ì°ºl® 43. w®º. 45. 1125. Nµ²©w®±y¯N®: H.N®.8 (1984) 5. (5 ASµ² 102) 10 ý®.y®¼. 104−05]

Ÿ°Sµ œµ²š®u¯T ¯m›u® …š®ŸS®¡®w®±Ý q®î®±â î®±wµq®w®u® (N®±©) S®±Š®±S®¢Sµ², B‡®¾¯ „¯S®u® î®±±Qã u®« S®±Š®±S®¢Sµ², î®±ºl®Œ¯ X¯Š®ã‹Sµ², š¯Úw®u® BX¯‡®±«‹Sµ² KzÞš®±î®¼u®± N®äî®±: Ÿ°Sµ S®±Š®±S®¢Sµ Az«š®±î¯S®, A® N¯©± qµ²¡µu®±, …š®v‡®± Klµq®w® N®iÔ›u®î®‹Sµ „µ°l®îµºu®±, î®±q¯X¯‡®±«Š® îµ±°ªæX¯Š®nµ‡®±Œµå° Au®± w®lµ‡®±„µ°Nµºu®±, y®½n¯«vÃN¯Š®î®w®±Ý †h±Ô u®Šµ‡µ±Šµu®± Nµ²l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. D …Sµ‡®± w®²Š¯Š®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®± Cîµ. Kºu®± u®³Ç¯Ôºq® Nµ²l®…œ®±u®±: X¯ºl¯m w¯î®±uµ°‡®± wµ²¡®º† šµiÔ‡®±± q®u®æ©å„µ uµ°ï±N®„µà‡®±±º räN®²h dw¯©‡®±î®±º ¯m› §° î®±²©š®ºU®u® uµ°›S®S®ou® y®¼š®ÙN® S®X®Ðu® §°Nµ²oÖN®±w®Û‡®±u® §° N®±N®±Êg¯š®w® î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®Š® þǮ㊮y®Þ q®î®±â S®±Š®±S®¡®± §° š®±„®X®w®ÖÉä ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®SµÌ« Nµ²hÔ…š®v [H.N®. 8−2, N®³yµ°. 3 (4 N®³yµ° 3) 1118.œµ²š®œµ²¡®©± (î®±ºl®ã d/N®³yµ° q¯) y®¼. 4-5]. q®î®±â î®±±q®Ù‡®±ãº ¯m›u® …š®v‡®±º y®mš®ª› w¯hN® ý¯Œµ‡®±º ¯m›u® âN®Ê¡®² Cu¯ÛŠµ [š¹.C.C. 11−1, 78. 1045.î®±±S®u®. y®¼.72.]

…š®vS®¡®± bµ¶w® BŠ¯u®w¯ Nµ°ºu®äî¯TŠ®±î®ºqµ î®±±Qã š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® Nµ°ºu®ä œ¹u®±. wµ²°ºzS®¡®±, Eu¯ãy®wµ, Aw®ºq® X®q®±u®«þ, y®ºX®N®Œ¯ão, xq¯ã†Ãǵ°N®−Ÿ°Sµ xqµ²ã°q®éî® CŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Kºu®± …š®v‡®± œµš®Šµ° wµ²°ºz‡®± …š®v [š¹.C.C. 15, 67. 1185. ©N®±Êºm] Hºvl®Œ¯Tuµ. bµ¶w®‹™S®¡®±, N®ºr‡®±Š®± A® u®«ïœ¯Š®, N¯©±w®mSµ š®ºX¯Š® N¯©u®ªå, X¯q®±î®¾¯«š® (î®Ç¯«N¯©) u®ªå …š®vS®¡®ªå C¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ërÙu®ÛŠ®±. u®« y®äî®X®w®, AS®î®±S®äºs® î¯X®w® w®lµ‡®±±rÙq®±Ù. î®±Š®nµ²°w®±âQŠ¯u® ‡®±rS®¡®±, B‰±«Nµ‡®±Š®± š®Œµå°Qw®î®äq® ›æ°N®‹š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. Awµ°N® …š®vS®¡® B®ou®ªå D ‹°r š®î®¾¯và Š®o y®lµu® î®±±xS®¡®, N®ºr‡®±Š® š¯ïw® š¯âŠ®N®î¯T xªå›u® x›vS®¡®w®±Ý N¯o…œ®±u®±; y®¼ªSµŠµ‡®± …š®v îµ²u®Œ¯u®±î®w®±Ý œµš®‹š®…œ®±u®±. N¯N®«¡®u®ªå Kºu®± …š®v‡®± œµš®Šµ° `xš®v …š®v' Hºvuµ.

F‹w® S®mS®¡®w®±Ý, uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¢Sµ Nµ²l®Œ¯u® u¯w®u®«S®¡® îµ±°ŠµS®¡® S®±Š®±rš®±î®¼u®± CºvS®² y®äX®ªq®ïŠ®±î® y®u®Ür, Au®Š®ºqµ ›°î®¾¯Šµ°Pµ‡®±w®±Ý u¯Qª›Š®±î® Nµ©î®¼ ï®S®¡®ªå …š®v‡®±w®±Ý îµ±°Šµ‡®¾¯T œµš®‹›Š®±î®¼u®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ [š¹.C.C. 20, 74.1112. y®¼. 91.: š¹.C.C. 15, 59. 1184.: H.N®. 8−2 (1902) šµ²Š®…. 140. 1198.y®¼. 60.] Nµ²l®±Sµ‡®± œµ²© îµ±°Šµ ›°î®¾¯N®äî®±î®w®±Ý S®±Š®±rš®±î¯S® bµ¶w®…š®vS®¡®wµÝ° A©åuµ, bµ¶w® Œ¯ºZ®w®î¯u® î®±±Nµ²Êlµ N®©±åS®¡®w®²Ý [d°Hš¬J (1957) y®¼. 135 A.i., Nµ²y®Þ¡® ý¯š®w® š®ºPµã, 28], bµ¶w® ‡®±¤‡®±² dw®ý®š®w®uµ°ï‡®±² y®u¯âî®r‡®± N®©åw®²Ý [H.C. 16, 56. 1053.î®±±¡®±Ìºu®] w®î®±²v›Š®±î®¼u®± ïþÇ®Ôî¯Tuµ.

Cuµ° ‹°r‡®¾¯T D Au®㇮±w®î®w®±Ý î®±±ºu®±î®‹›u¯S® N®ºl®±…Š®±î® Cwµ²Ýºu®± þÇ®Ôéãïuµ; Nµ©î®¼ S¯äî®±S®¢Sµ …š®v‡µ±° ïýµ°Ç®oî¯T šµ°‹uµ. y¯ý®æ«w¯s®y®¼Š® [H.N®.7, w¯î®±º 64,1145, ‡®±Œ¯åu®œ®¢ë î®±ºl®ã d/] ý®äî®ow®œ®¢ë [H.N®.6 (1977) N®³yµ°. 21.1140. (î®±ºl®ãd/)] ý®äî®oy®Þw®vnµØ [H.N®.9, „µºS®¡®²Š®± 82. 1426. „µ°S®²Š®±] š®î®nµÌ¥¿ [š¹.C.C. 11.78.1045. î®±±S®u®] š®î®ow®Nµ¥¿ [H.N®.8−1(y®) 57. 1115−16. XvT …›Ù‡®± ry®½ÞŠ®± H.N®. 8 (1979) î®±u®²ÛŠ®±. 51.14−15ý®.] …›Ù¯u®¢ S¯äî®± [H.N®.4 (1975) œ®± 32 (4œ®±139) 1669, q®‹°N®©±å] …›ÙS®uµÛ [H.N®. 6 (1977) 16 (3 §°y® 147) 9−10ý®. N¯ãq®w®œ®¢ë. y®¼. 113.] …›Ùœ®¢ë [H.N®.623.1664. y®¼. 351] š®î®ow® †¢©± [H.N®. 8−2, šµ²Š®…. 233. 1139.vä] ¯pN®ãîµ½¦Œ¬−…›Ù [H.N®.6 (1977) 106 (5 N®³yµ° 36) 1165. …›Ù (î®±ºl®ãd/)] dw®œ®¢ë−dw®Ýœ®¢ë [H.N®.3 (1974) y®¼. 447−48 (îµ±¶d/)]− Cuµ° ‹°r …›Ùy®¼Š®, uµ²l®Ö…›Ù, YN®Ê …›Ù, …›ÙEŒ¯å¡® š®î®o²Š®± îµ²u®Œ¯u® š®Ú¡®w¯î®±S®¡®w®±Ý S®î®±xš®…œ®±u®±.

…š®vS®¡® Au®㇮±w® N®£µ‡®±ªå y®äš¯Ùzš®„µ°N¯u® ¹ªN®î¯u® Cwµ²Ýºu®± Aºý®ïuµ. uµ°î¯©‡®± î®±q®±Ù u¯w® u®«S®¡®w®±Ý Ay®Š®œ®oN¯Š®‹ºu® š®ºŠ®¤š®©± Kºu®± u®«†Ã°r CŠ®Œµºu®± Ÿºvw®î®Š®± BŒµ²°Y›u®ÛŠ®±. ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° y®ïq®äî¯u® y®u¯s®«î®w®±Ý N®v‡®±„¯Š®u®±, y®Š®„¯Šµ ¯l®„¯Š®u®±−Hº… x°r š®ºŸr‰±uµ. ý¯š®w®S®¡® N®hÔ N®lµ‡®±ªå …Š®±î® „¯S®îµºu®Šµ ý¯y¯ý®‡®±. u®«u® E©åºU®wµ ¯mu®î®Š®± ‡®¾¯î® …Sµ‡®± y¯y®NµÊ K¡®S¯S®±î®Š®± Hº…±u®w®±Ý ý¯š®w¯ºq®ãu®ªå š®²Yš®±q¯ÙŠµ. Au®Š®ºqµ …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý w¯ý®y®v›u®î®Š®±, bµ¶w®î®±±x (‹™) S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²ºu® y¯y®NµÊ S®±‹‡®¾¯S®±î®Šµº… ¯q®±S®¡®± Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåîµ. Nµ©î®¼ Eu¯œ®Š®nµS®¡®±:

1. ›Ù°î®uµ‡®±± ‹™î®uµ [N®.C. 6,1.š®±. 798.îµ±°u®²Š®± (u¯d/ŸŠµ°NµŠ®²Š®± q¯) y®¼. 2.š¯©±:]

2. Cu®w®¥¸uµ²º y®ä¯Sµ‡®±±î®º N®±Š®±£µ°q®ä
„¯oŠ¯T‡®±±î®º N®¦æy®¼ÈÞ î®º š¯›Š® N®ïŒµ‡®±±î®º
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[š¹.C.C. 9−1, 77.992. Nµ²°S®¢ y®¼. 49]

3. Cu®Š®¤› wµS®¦²Ûy®Sµ AÇ®Ô š®™Ô r°q®Ú«ï±w®Û
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[š¹.C.C. 9−1, 71. 972. „¯S®¢ (…¡¯å‹ d/œ®Š®S®w®œ®¢ë q¯) y®¼. 44]

4. Cu®¥ †q®±Ù î®hÔî®w®¦¿z Nµ²l®Öî®
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[H.N®. 4(y®) X¯w®. 404 (‹. 1931−43). Oä.ý®. 993. šµ²°î®±š®î®±±u®ä îµ±¶d/ X¯w®q¯.) y®¼. 265]

5. Cu®w®¦¿u®º î®±ºS®y®gµÔ‡µ²¡®‡®±²Ýî®æ«Š®± ‹þ‡®±Š®w®¢u®
î®±œ¯y¯q®N®w®N®±Êº | uµ°ý® N¯©›Úr‰±º u¯w®î®±ºq®¥¿›uµ²m°
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[š¹.C.C. 11−1, 94. 1059. œ®º…¡® (u¯d./î®±±ºl®Š®T q¯.)y®¼. 90]

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