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1.1. †hÔN®±©î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± y®äš¯Ùzš®±î® w¯©±Ê ý¯š®w®S®¡®± BTw® N®w¯«hN®u® œ¯S®² DTw® Bºu®ä y®äuµ°ý®u® î¯ãzÙ‡®±ªåîµ. CS®¡®ªå î®±²Š®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®± N®w®Ýl®u®ªåîµ, Kºu®± ý¯š®w® qµ©±Tw®ªåuµ. D ý¯š®w®S®¡®± Š®Yq®î¯u® N¯©u® Aî®và Oä.ý®. 11−12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå D dŒ¯å ‡®±u®î®ŠµS®² N®w®Ýl® cw®„¯ǵ‡®¾¯T …¡®Nµ‡®±ªåu®±Ûu®², D „¯S®î®¼ v愯ǯ y®äuµ°ý®î¯T Cu®±Ûu®² (billingualarea) Cu®‹ºu® š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

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[Jhz. ®ºS®Œ¬ 20. 2 ý®. (š®±. 1090) YN®Ê©±å (Bºu®ä: ®ºS®©±å d/cw®S¯ºî¬ q¯) y®¼. 45−48]

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[Auµ°, y®¼. 48]

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[Jhz. ®ºS®Œ¬. 19. Aqµ°v (š®±. 1090) „µ¶Š¯xy®ªå (Bºu®ä:
®ºS®©±åÉd/cw®S¯ºî¬ q¯) y®¼. 44−45]

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[JHz ®ºS®Œ¬ 18. 1108. „µ¶Š¯xy®ªå (Bºu®ä: ®ºS®©±å d/cw®S¯ºî¬ q¯) y®¼. 40−44] †iÔN®±¡®r¡®N®w®îµš®Š®¡®
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6. D ý®…Üu® xÇ®ÞrÙ xX®w® N®±‹q®± ï®nµ‡®±w®±Ý Ar š®ºS®äœ®Š®²y®u®ªå Ÿ°Sµ Nµ²l®…œ®±u®±. D N®±©u® œµš®‹w® w¯©±Ê (†hÔ−†iÔ−ïÇ®Ô) Š®²y®S®¡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåîµ. Cîµ©å Š®²y®S®¡®± š®ºš®Êȳq®u® `ïÇ®Ô' ý®…Üvºu® xÇ®Þw®Ýî¯Tîµ. š®ºš®Êȳru® ï™Ô ý®…Û y¯äN®³q®u®ªå ïiÕ Hºu¯T, Au®± N®w®Ýl®NµÊ …ºu®± ïiÔ Hºu¯Tuµ.

6.1 D ý®…ÛNµÊ w¯w¯ As®«S®¢îµ. y®¼N®Êgµ‡®¾¯T ¯mNµ²l®±î® Nµ©š®îµ° `†iÔ' Nµ©š® (y®Š¯:î®±²ïiÔ) y®¼N®Êgµ Nµ©š® Hº…±u®± `ïiÔ−†iÔ−†hÔ' ý®…Ûu® î®±±P¯ãs®«. Bu®Šµ y®äš®±Ùq® y®‹þ°ªš®±rÙŠ®±î® †hÔ (†iÔ) N®±© ý®„¯Ûs®«u® ŸwµÝŒµSµ š®º…ºvÛu® As®« Cu®©å.

6.1.1 ïiÔ−†iÔ Hº… š®…ÜNµÊ Kºu®± …Sµ‡®± š®±ºN® Hº… As®«î®½ Cuµ; Auµ° y®äN®³q® ïîµ°X®wµSµ š®º…ºvÛu® As®«. N®w®Ýl®u® œ®q¯ÙŠ®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ª š®±ºN®, qµ‹Sµ Hº…s®«u®ªå ïiÔ−†iÔ ý®…Ü y®ä‡µ²°S®î¯Tuµ: š¹.C.C. 11−1. 15. 873; Auµ°, 77. 992; H.N®. 1.50. 13ý®.; H.N®. 10. î®±±¡®„¯. 1496; H.N®.9. œµ²š®Šµ²°. 4. 1581−Cq¯ãv ý¯š®w®S®¡®w®±Ý wµ²°l®…œ®±u®±.

6.2 ïiÔ−†iÔ−†hÔ N®±©îµºu®Šµ š®±ºN¯vÃN¯‹S®¡® ý®, qµ‹Sµ ®²ª‡®± Kºu®± î®±wµq®w® Hºu®s®«.

6.2 Bºu®äu® îµ±°Œµ Eu¯œ®‹›u®, Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå EŒµå°Qî¯TŠ®±î® D †hÔ N®±©î®¼ bµ¶w® î®±wµ q®w®î¯Tu®±Û, …š®vS®¡®w®±Ý N®iÔ›, u®w® u®rÙS®¡®w®±Ý x°mu®±Û š®œ® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå w®î®±²mš®Œ¯Tuµ. N®Œ¯ão X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® Avðw®u®ªå D ý®u®î®Š®± AvÃN¯‹S®¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. N®w®Ýl® C® î®±wµ ¯q¯Tq®±Ù.