CHANDRAKODE

ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå `›°S®±‹' Nµ²lµ
î¯ãP¯ãw®

1. wµ°‹©Sµ (x°Š®ªå: u¯d/œ¯îµ°‹q¯) F‹w® Kºu®± S®oã N®±h±º…u® A‡®±±Û q®Œµî®¾¯‹w® ï®S®¡®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùî¯Tîµ. [š¹.C.C. 18, 151. 1148]

D N®±h±º…u® X®‹qµä y¯äŠ®º„®î¯S®±î®¼u®± u®mS®−Šµ°î®N®„µà Hº… u®ºy®rS®¢ºu®. Bq®w® q®Š®±î®‡®±u® ý®î®£®u® Kºu®± Šµ°P¯Yq®äî®w®±Ý Ÿ°Sµ qµ²°‹š®…œ®±u®±.

2. D î®±wµq®w®î®¼ u¯w®S®±o, š¯œ®š®, u®«xǵÕ, Š¯c„®OÙ îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®¼S®¢ºu® œµš®Š®±î¯›‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. D š®ºš¯Š®u®î®Š® š¯u®wµS®¡®w®±Ý w¯w®± Aw®ãq®ä y®‹X®‰±›uµÛ°wµ. [w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®: 1995 : 566−78]. Au®‹ºu® B y®äN®iq® š®ºS®rS®¡® y®¼w®Š®±OÙ Aw®S®q®ã.

3. D N®±h±º…u® Bvy®¼Š®±Ç®w¯u® u®mS®w®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®u®ªå î®±œ¯w®±„¯î®wµºu®± œµ°¢uµ. ArÙî®±„µàSµ š®î®±w¯u® þ°© y®ä„µ‰±ºu® O°r«S®¢›u® Šµ°î®N®„µà‡®±± u®mS®xSµ N®±©î®u®±î¯Tu®Û¡®±.

4. X®q®±s®«N®±©îµº… Kºu®± K¡®y®ºS®l® bµ¶w®î®±q®u®ªå Cuµ. u®mS®w®± D X®q®±s®«N®±©NµÊ šµ°‹u® î®±œ¯y®¼Š®±Ç®w¯Tu®Ûw®±. xǵՉ±ºu® dw®u®« î®w®±Ý y¯ªš®±q®Ù, dw®î®±±xS®¡®w®±Ý S¹Š®ï›q®±Ù ïw®‡®±xvÇ®¾¯u® wµ°‹©Sµ‡®± î®±œ¯y®ä„®± u®mS®¡®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®u® Kºu®± q®Ù y®u®ãŸ°Sµ Yrä›uµ.

w®±mN®Œµ²å¡¬ N®lµu®N®ÊŠ®NµÊ î®±¥±î®N®Êº ïN®äº ›ºœ®î®±º
cmS®±º q®w®Ý‡®± u¯w®ý®OÙ š®±Š®„®²b¯x°N®uµ²¡¬ y®½o±Û Nµ²°
ml®±S®±º N®ºq®±Sµ Oºq®±î®º cx‰±N®±º š¹ºu®‡®±ã« îµ±ºu®u®±º yµ°¡¬
u®mS®ºS¯y®Þ«m y¯š®i š®î®±º y®g¯Ôw®ÙŠ®º ¯w®î®Š¬ ||

u®mS®w®± Bmu® ¯q®± Hºu®Šµ Au®± þŒ¯ªz. œµX®±Ï N®mîµ± BS®u®±. Nµ²hÔ î®¾¯q®± …u®Œ¯S®±î®¼v©å. ý®q®±ä y®£®NµÊ î®±p‡®±u® š¯œ®›. ›ºœ®î®w®±Ý N®²l® œµu®‹š®±q¯Ùwµ. q®w®Ý u¯w® š®î®±³v܉±ºu® N®©Þ£®î®w®±Ý ï±°‹›u®Ûwµ. Xµ©±ïNµ‡®±ªå î®±u®w®xS®² ¯q®é‡®±« î®±²mš®±î® ¯hïuµ. Cºq®œ® u®mS® w®ºq®œ®î®Š®± C©å Hº… œ¯Sµ Aw®w®ãîµx›u®Ûw®±.

5. wµ°‹©Sµ‡®± î®±œ¯ y®ä„®±î¯u® u®mS®w® œµš®Š®± X¯¡®±N®ã Š¯cãu®ªå œ®†à u¯ºS®±m‰±h±Ô X®N®äî®r«S®² î®±±iÔq®±. BS® B¡®±rÙu®Ûî®w®± qµäȶŒµ²°N®ãî®±©å šµ²°Nµ°ý®æŠ®w®±, wµ°¥¿©Sµ‡®± y®ä„®± u®mS®xSµ w¯w¯ Nµ²l®±SµS®¡®xÝq®±Ù š®w¯âx›u®w®±:

…©åœ®wµwµ wµS®u¯«œ®î®
î®±©åº Nµ²lµ‡®±l®y® î®±ºu®¡®º ›°S®±‹‡µ±º
„µŒ¯å Yœ®Ýî®±w®u®hŠ®
î®±©åº u®mS®ºSµ Nµ²hÔw®w¯Ûu®Š®vº ||

X®N®äî®r«‰±q®Ù î®±Š¯ãuµ‡®± D Nµ²l®±SµS®¢ºu¯T wµ°¥¿©Sµ F‹Sµ `u®mS®w® wµ°¥¿©Sµ' Hºu®± œµš®Š¯‰±q®±.

6. Bœ®î®î®±©å qµäȶŒµ²°N®ãî®±©å X®N®äî®r« x°mu® Nµ²l®±SµS®¡®±: Nµ²lµ, Al®y®, î®±ºu®¡®, ›°S®±Š®±−Hº… w¯©±Ê ®±ÙS®¡®±. Nµ²lµ S¯¢ î®±¡µ †›©±S®¢Sµ î®±Šµ‡®¾¯T Ÿm‡®±±î® š¯u®w® ¯q®äå. Au®± î®±Š¯ãuµ‡®±w®±Ý qµ²°Š®±î® ®±Ù œ¹u®±. N®w®Ýl® N¯î®ãS®¡®©²å ý¯š®w®S®¡®©²å Cu®w®²Ý š¯Š®±î® w®²Š¯Š®± y®ä‡µ²°S®S®¢îµ. …©åœ®w®± (å„®) Bœ®î®î®±©åw®² (‡®±±u®Üï°Š®) Bu® qµäȶ¡µ²°N®ãî®±©åw®± u®mS®xSµ Nµ²hÔ HŠ®l®wµ‡®± ®±Ù Al®y®. Cu®± Al®N®Œµ‡®± Y°©. Alµy® (š¹.C.H. 1932. 48. 960), œ®l®y® (H.N®. 14. N®³Ç®ØŠ¯. 84.1303) Hº… Š®²y®S®¡®² Eºh±. Cu®± q¯º…²© î®±Š¯ãuµ‡®± š®ºNµ°q®.

1. u®mS®xSµ x°mu® Cwµ²Ýºu®± y®u¯s®« î®±ºu®¡®. Cu®± xîµ°ý®w®. î®±wµ N®h±Ôî® š®Ú¡®NµÊ î®±ºu®¡®, î®±wµu®¡® Hºu®± œµš®Š®±S®¢îµ. ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå Cu®Š® y®ä‡µ²°S®ïuµ (îµ±¶.B.‹. 1928. 82.1768) î®±wµu¯o (H.C. 21.178. 8ý®) î®±wµq¯o [H.N®.7(y®.) w¯î®±º 149. 776] Hº… Š®²y®S®¡®² …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯Tîµ. D ‹°r‡®¾¯T EYq® xîµ°ý®w®î®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î®¼u®± Kºu®± ïþÇ®Ô S¹Š®î® qµ²°Š®±î® y®‹.

2. u®mS®xSµ Nµ²l®Œ¯u® î®±qµ²Ùºu®± ®±Ù ›°S®±‹. D ý®…Ûu® š¯î®¾¯w®ãs®« X¯î®±Š® Hº…±u®±. X®î®±Š® †°› šµ°îµ ¯l®±î®î®Š®± ›°S®±‹‡®±î®Š®±. uµ°î®‹S®² Š¯c‹S®² ›°S®±Š®± X¯î®±Š® Ÿm‡®±±î®¼u®±ºh±. Bu®Šµ u®mS®xSµ x°mu® D `›°S®±‹' Nµ²l®Sµ X¯î®±Š®î®©å. Cu®² Š®q®Ý QYq® N®©u®ºl®S®¢Š®±î® Nµ²lµ‡µ±° ›°S®±‹ [w®Š®›ºœ®X¯Š¬, m.Œ¬.: 1976: 114] q®¡®±Ù zmu® N®w®N® y®u®âu® ›°S®±‹S®¡® wµ¥wµuµî®¥¿‡®±uµ …Šµ [y®ºy®„¯Š®q® 3−48î®] Hº…±u®± y®ºy®w® y®ä‡µ²°S®. D ›°S®±‹Sµ š¯T‹, š¯S®‹, ›°S®±‹ Hº… î®±²Š®± Š®²y®S®¡®± y®ä‡µ²°S®î¯Tîµ. [w®Š®›ºœ¯X¯Š¬, m.HŒ¬.: 1971: 889] Bu®±u®‹ºu® ›°S®±‹ Hº…±u®± X¯î®±Š®î®©å, Cuµ²ºu®± „µŒµ‡®±±¡®ë, S¹Š®î®u® š®ºNµ°q®î¯u® Nµ²lµ. zºZ® X®Ðq®ä…±u®² š®œ® D ›°S®±‹‡µ±° BTuµ: zºZ®X®Ðq®äï±u®º y¯äœ®š®²éS®±‹°r ïX®£®n¯: (A†Ã©™q¯s®«Yºq¯î®±p) Nµ²lµ‡®±
„µ²°S®îµº…±uµ²ºu®±ºh±; š®ºš®Êȳq® u®ªå Cu®w®±Ý Z®q®ä„µ²°S®' Hº… œµš®‹w® Kºu®± Au¯㇮±îµ° Cuµ. Au®Š®ªå w¯w¯ …Sµ‡®± Nµ²lµS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý r¢›îµ.

î®±u®w¯î®q¯Š® [Š®w®Ý, Adq® y®¼Š¯o, 12−40; îµ±¶.B.‹. 1921, 963.y®¼. 12, 21. 25; IWG: 1984: 411−32] ›q®X®Ðq®ä („µ¡µ²Ì°lµ, u®¯q® y®q®ä, ýµæ°q® X®Ðq®ä, ›q¯q®y®q®ä) îµ±°U®l®º…Š®, ›°S®±‹−îµ²u®Œ¯u®±î®¼ D …Sµ‡®±î®¼.

Bu¯Š® š¯Ÿq®ã:

1971 w®Š®›ºœ¯X¯Š¬, m.HŒ¬. `z°j®NµS®¡®±, Œµ°Qw®S®¡®±.'
1972 w®Š®›ºœ¯X¯Š¬, m.HŒ¬., `y®ºy®„¯Š®q® v°zNµ'
1995 w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, `œ®ºy®', wµ°‹©Sµ‡®± ý¯š®w®: Nµ©î®¼ iy®ÞpS®¡®±, `A†Ãb¯Ów®'

y®¼. 566−78

š¹.C.C. 18, 151.1148 wµ°‹©Sµ (u¯d/œ¯îµ°‹ q¯.)
H.C.21, 178.8ý®; H.N®.7(y®.) w¯î®±º 149.776
îµ±¶.B.‹. 1921, 8−16, 21, 25, Oä.ý®. 962. 63 N®²l®©²Š®±: 1984

Inscriptions of Western Gangas (ed) Ramesh, K.V.No.138

S®ºS®Š® Kºu®± œµ²š® ý¯š®w®
1.0. z°kNµ

‡®±±î® y®q®äN®q®« d.m. ‡®±r°ý¬ x°mu® š®±¢î®¼ r¢u®± Hº, d. î®±ºc±w¯s®Šµ²ºvSµ 26−05−96 Š®ºu®± S®±q®ÙªSµ œµ²°uµ. D S®±q®Ù©± S¯äî®± î®±ºl®ãvºu®, Nµ.Hº. uµ²mÖ î®¾¯S®«u®ªå, î®±ºl®ãNµÊ w¯©±Ê O.ï±°. Aºq®Š®u®ªåuµ. FŠ¯Xµ CŠ®±î® œµ²©S®¡® œ®rÙŠ® ANµ°«ý®æŠ® š¯æﱇ®± î®±q®±Ù S®±q®Ù©î®±âw® HŠ®l®± S®±mS®¢îµ. ANµ°«ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±î®¼ Bî®±²Œ¯S®äî¯T dnµ²°«u¯ÜŠ®î¯S®±rÙuµ. œ®¡µ‡®± Sµ²°lµ‡®±w®±Ý N®lµïu¯S® Aªåu®Û HŠ®l®± N®©±åX®y®ÞmS®¡®ªå ý¯š®w®ïŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý S®±Š®±rš®Œ¯‰±q®±. œ¯Sµ‡µ±° îµ±°Œ¯áî®p‡®± š®²‹w®ªåu®Û Kºu®± N®©±å X®y®Þm‡®±ªå‡®±² ý¯š®w®ïŠ®±î®¼u®± N®ºl®±…ºvq®±; îµ±°Œ¯Ðî®pSµ X¯Yu®ºqµ œ¯›u®Û N®ªåw® ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý D Ÿºuµ‡µ±° Lv u¯Qª›uµ. Sµ²°lµ‡®±ªå šµ°‹œµ²°Tu®Û HŠ®l®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®± œµ²š®î®¼; AS®¡®ªå Kºu®± ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± D š®ºiy®Þp.

1.1. ý¯š®w® y¯j®

(î®±ºl®ã dŒµå) î®±ºl®ã q¯©²åOSµ šµ°‹u® S®±q®Ù©± S¯äî®±u® œµ²Š®S®lµ CŠ®±î® ANµ°«ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±u® Sµ²°lµ‡µ²¡®Sµ šµ°‹u®Û N®©±åX®y®Þm ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® Ay®äN®iq®−œµ²š® ý¯š®w®u® y¯j®; Hº.d. î®±ºc±w¯s®Š® š®œ¯‡®± vºu® D ý¯š®w® y¯j®î®w®±Ý Lu®Œ¯‰±q®±.

1. §° š®æ›Ù š®î®±š®Ù š®±Š¯š®±Š® î®±
2. š®ÙN® î®±N®±g¯ºý®±c¡® b¯
3. ¡®º u¹q®y®u® y®äš®±Ùq® d
4. wµ°w®ÜÉä ý¯š®w®î®±š®±Ù YŠ®º „®
5 u®ä¡® „®î®ãcw¯w¯º ||
6. ïP¯ãq®» y¯oÖÉãýµ²°u®áî®
7. ïvq®‡®±ýµ²°î®±²rÙ«Š¯‡®±ã«
8. w¯î®¾¯ y®š®ã. . . . .y®ä
9. ®N®±©î®u®ãu¯w® š®ºy®
10. w®Ý ‡µ²°S¯. . ïu¯ãu®Š® ï
11. u¯ãu®Š®. . . .N® š®î®æ«
12. y¯q®ä» y®ä›u®Üš®Ùš®ã §° O°
13. rÙ« ïu¯ãy®rŸq® X®‹q®ä
14. Œµ²°N® ïu¯ãu®Š¯Qã» ||.
15. . . .î®±Š®±¡® †Ã°î®¾¯b¯q¯ ï
16. u¯ãu®Š¯Qã w®³y¯¡®N® š®
17. î®æ« Œµ²°N®š®ã S®ºS®y®hÔ y®ä›u®Ü
18. ‡µ²°» || §° š®æ›Ù š®î®±š®Ù„®±î®w®
19. cw® ïw®²q® cw®y®r X®Š®
20. o š®Š®›°Š®±œ®º î®±u®±N®Š®
21. xb¯w®æ‡®± vw®N®Š®º A†Ã ¯

(Cªåºu® î®±±ºvw®u®± ý¯š®w® š®Ùº…u® Hl®…v‡®±ªåŠ®±î® …Šµœ®)

22. . . . . .
23. . . . . .
24. š®Q ¡®
25. š®æS®Ì«º y®lµ
26. . . . .
27. x š®. . .
(î®±±ºvw® š®æ©Þ „¯S® q®±äiq®)

Cu®± š¯u®ãºq®î¯T bµ¶w®ý¯š®w®, x›vN®©±å. ý¯š®w®u® BŠ®º„®u®ªåŠ®±î®¼u®± š®ºš®Êȳq® ýµ²å°N®, dš®š®±Ùr y®u®ã. BŠ®º„®u® 22 š¯©±S®¡®ªå š®Š¯š®‹ y®är š¯ªSµ œ®q®±Ù A£®Š®S®¢îµ. N®lµ‡®± BŠ®± š¯©±S®¡®± q®±º… q®±äiq®î¯Tu®±Û, š®Š¯š®‹ y®är š¯ªSµ w¯©±Ê A£®Š®S®¢Š®±î® YN®Ê y®ºOÙS®¡¯Tîµ. ý¯š®w®u® qµ°v w®î®±²u¯T©å. 10−11 wµ‡®± y¯u®S®¡®ªå ïu¯ãu®Š® Hº… œµš®Š®± HŠ®l®± š®© Bî®q®«w®Sµ²ºmuµ.

ý¯š®w®u® š¯Š¯ºý®: BŠ®º„®u® BŠ®± š¯©±S®¡®ªå dw®Š® î®±ºS®¡¯X®Š®nµ‡®± ýµ²å°N®ïuµ. I¡®wµ‡®± y¯u®vºu® 12 wµ‡®± y¯u®u®îµŠ®Sµ ïP¯ãq®w®², y¯ºl®ã ý® š®ºb¯q®w®², y®ä›u®Ü ‡®±ýµ²°î®±²r«‡®±² Au® K…à î®ãOÙ‡®± ïX¯Š®ïuµ, Bq®w® œµš®Š®± œµ°¢Š®±î® „¯S®î®Ç®²Ô w®Ç®Ôî¯Tuµ. y®ºOÙ 13 ‹ºu® î®±±ºu®NµÊ Œµ²°N® ïu¯ãu®Š® Hº… œµš®‹w® y®¼Š®±Ç®w® y®‹X®‡®±ïuµ. î®±Š®±¡® †Ã°î®±w® î®±S®w¯u® ïu¯ãu®Š® Hº… œµš®‹w® w®³y¯©N®w®± S®ºS® y®hÔu®ªåu®±Û y®ä›u®Üw¯Tu¯Ûwµ. ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± dw®éŠ® Amu¯î®Šµ‡®±ªå u®±º†‡®±ºqµ‡®±², q®w®Ý ý®NµÊ š®²‡®±«w®ºqµ‡®±² Cu¯Ûwµ. A†Ã¯w® (îµ±°Š®±î¯u®) Bq®w®± š®î®¾¯vɱºu® î®±±mzu®w®±; Bq®w® wµw®zSµ xªå›u® x›v ý¯š®w®ïu®±.

2.1. ŸwµÝŒµ

S®±q®Ù©± î®±q®±Ù š®±q®±Ù î®±±q®Ù©± CŠ®±î® FŠ®± Nµ°‹ w®S®Š® y®äuµý®î®Ç®²Ô bµ¶w® y®ä„¯î®u® y®äuµ°ý®. š®S®Š®î®±oŒµ‡®±Š®², S®ºS®Š®², Š¯Ç®óN®²hå„®Š® š¯î®±ºq®−¯ºl®ªN®Š¯Tu®±Û D „¯S®u®ªå Bl®¢q¯Š®²l® Š¯Tu®ÛŠµºu®± ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu® r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Oä.ý®. Hºh‹ºu® œ®wµ²Ýºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµSµ S®ºS®î¯m‡®±ªå Aºq®S®«q®î¯Tu®Û î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®±w®±Ý S®ºS®Š®± š®q®q®î¯T w¯w®²ÝŠ®± î®Ç®« B¢u®Š®±.

î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®±ªå ›S®±î® S®ºS®Š® îµ²hÔîµ²u®©wµ‡®± ý¯š®w® Oä.ý®. 713 Š® N®¥¿Sµ²°l®± ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ šµ°‹u®±Û: H.N®. 7 (y®.) î®±º. 35. (111 î®±º113) Oä.ý®. 713. œ®¡µëSµŠµ: y®¼. 219−23. D dŒµå‡®±ªå uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® S®ºS®Š® N®hÔ N®lµ‡®± ý¯š®w® Oä.ý®. 1024 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯Tuµ: Auµ°, î®±º. 54 (14 î®±º 126) 10−11ý®(1024) œ®¡µ°…²u®w®²Š®±. y®¼. 236.

î®±ºl®ã, î®±¡®î®¢ë, î®±u®²ÛŠ®± q¯©²åN®±S®¡® y®uµ°ý®S®¡®± šµ°‹ BTu®Û Nµ¡®Œµw¯l®±−O¡®Œµ š®œ®š®ä y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® š¯î®±ºq®Š¯T, S®ºS®Š® ï±q®äŠ¯T š®S®Š®î®±oŒµ‡®±Š®± Cw®²ÝŠµ¶î®q®±Ù î®Ç®« B¢u®Š®±. DTw® (AŠµ) ry®½ÞŠ®± r°s®«u®ªå Sµ²î®±âhî®±²r«‡®±w®²Ý, BŠµ°¡®± …š®vS®¡®w®²Ý ¯m›u®î®Š®± î®±pŒµ‡®±Šµ°. î®±ºl®ã q¯©²åN®± î®±q®±Ù î®±u®±ÛŠ®± q¯©²åN®± K¡®Sµ²ºl®± BTu®Û N®±ºu®²Š®±w¯l®w®±Ý (N®±ºu®w¯l®±, N®±ºu®²w¯«l®±, N®±ºu®±w¯Ýl®±) S®ºS®Š®± B¢u®Š®±: Auµ°, î®±º 67(111 î®±º78) 997. „µ°©²Š®± y®¼. 244(S®ºS® yµî®¾¯â«w®mS®¡¬+ N®±ºu®²Š¬ w¯l®w¯¡®±q®Ùﱊµ). Ÿ°Sµ î®±ºl®ã dŒµå œ¯S®² S®±q®Ù©±S¯äî®± y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý S®ºS®Š®± B¡®±rÙu®Û D ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±ªå DS® œµ²š®u¯T ›OÊŠ®±î® ý¯š®w®u® KN®Ênµ‡®±w®±Ý y®Š¯î®±þ«š®„µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

3.1. y®‹þ°©wµ

S®±q®Ùªw® ANµ°«ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±u®ªå y®qµÙ‡®¾¯TŠ®±î® y®äš®±Ùq® œµ²š® ý¯š®w®u® Nµ°ºu®ä î®ãOÙ (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®Š®. ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u® Kºu®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå š¯ï‡®±„µà‡®± y®r‡®¾¯u® Œµ²°N®−ïu¯ãu®Š®w®w®±Ý œµš®‹›uµ [H.N®. 2(y®.) 172 (139) 10 ý®.y®¼. 116−17]. Bu®Šµ B Œµ²°N® ïu¯ãu®Š®xS®² S®±q®Ùªw® œµ²š® ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù Œµ²°N®ïu¯ãu®Š®xS®², w¯î®± š¯u®³ý®ãîµ° œµ²Š®q®±, ‡®¾¯î® š®º…ºu® C©å. ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡® ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù Œµ²°N®ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± uµ²°Š®w® î®±S®, S®±q®Ù©± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù Œµ²°N®ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± î®±Š®±¡®†Ã°î®±w® î®±S®.

y®äš®±Ùq® S®±q®Ù©±ý¯š®w®u®ªå œµš®‹›Š®±î® (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± S®ºS®y®hÔ y®ä›u®Üw®², î®±Š®±¢†Ãî®±w® î®±S®w®², dw®y®r X®Š®o š®Š®›°Š®±œ® î®±u®±N®Š®w®² BTu¯Ûwµ. S®ºS®Š®± îµ²u®ªxºu® N®lµ‡®±q®w®N® bµ¶w®Š¯Tu®±Ûu®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®S®¡®± š¯‹îµ; D (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®Š®w®² dw®„®N®Ùw¯Tu®±Ûu®± Au®NµÊ Aw®±S®±oî¯Tuµ. Dq®w®± S®ºS® y®hÔNµÊ …ºu®u®±Û ‡®¾¯î¯S®, Dq®w® q®ºuµ î®±Š®±¢†Ã°î®± ‡®¾¯Š®±, S®±q®ÙªSµ î®±±mzu®±Û …ºu®± œµ°Sµ−Hº…±u®± y®‹þ°©w¯œ®« Aºý®S®¡®±.

î®±Š®±¡® Hº… œµš®Š®± S®ºS®Š¯cŠ®ªå y®ä›u®Üî¯u®u®±Û. [HBŠ¬Hš¬JC 1934−3− 23. 962; H.C. 36, y®¼. 97−110]. S®ºS®î®ºý®u®ªå y®ä›u®Üw¯u® Cî®±âm …²q®±S® yµî®¾¯«m‡®± Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® î®±Š®±¡®w®± Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® N®³Ç®Ø 3 (935−67) X®N®äî®r«‡®± A¢‡®±w¯Tu®Ûw®±. î®±q®±Ù š¯î®¾¯ähxºu® î®±u®w¯î®q¯Š®îµº… Ay®½î®« Nµ²lµ‡®± î®±Š¯ãuµSµ y¯q®äw¯Tu®Ûw®±. [îµ±¶.B.‹. 1921.y®¼. 8−16. 962−63; IWG: 1984: w®º. 138.y®¼. 411−32] N®ª‡®±±S® †Ã°î®± Hº… †Š®±u¯ºOq®w¯u® D î®±Š®±¡®w®± dw®î®Š®X®Š®n¯º„µ²° Š®±œ® î®±u®±y¯‡®±î®¾¯w® ¯w®š®w¯Tu®Ûwµºu®± N®²l®²åŠ®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ [IWG: 1984: w®º. 138, y®¼. 419, š¯©± 96]. Š®w®ÝN®ï‡®±² Adq® y®¼Š¯ou®ªå D î®±Š®±¡® (¡®) w®w®±Ý dw®u®«y®ä„¯î®wµ ¯mu® Ÿ‹‡®±Š® š¯ªw®ªåh±Ô š®â‹›u¯Ûwµ [12−9].

î®±Š®±¡®w®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± CŠ®±î® ý¯š®w®S®¡® Yq®äo S®±q®Ùªw® œµ²š® ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù î®±Š®±¡®xSµ š®‹‡®¾¯T œµ²ºvNµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ. Au®‹ºu®, Oä.ý®. 962−63 Š®ªåu®Û S®ºS®Š®uµ²Šµ‡®¾¯u® î®±Š®±¡®w® î®±S®wµ° D (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®Š®wµºu®± r¢‡®±©± Aî®N¯ý®ïuµ. Bu®Šµ Cºs® r°î®¾¯«w®î®w®±Ý N®u®ªš®±î®, y®äþÝš®±î® Aw¯ãw®ã Bu¯Š®S®¡®± Ey®©…Üïîµ.

S®ºS®Š® î®±wµq®w®u®ªå Cî®±âm …²q®S®w®± …œ®± y®ä›u®Üw¯u® î®±œ¯î®±ºl®Œµ°ý®æŠ® [š¹.C.C. 11−1, 36, 942. Šµ²°o; Auµ°, 37,946, N®±q®Ù«Nµ²°i; H.C. 4, š®±. 940.y®¼. 350 œµ„¯à¡®; H.C. 15, 23. 1071−720 S¯î®Š®î¯l®; H.N®. 8 w®S®Š® 35, 1077, œµ²º…±c; H.N®. 9 y®. „µ°, 388, 954 …›Ùœ®¢ë. y®¼. 351−52 Cq¯ãv], Dq®xSµ BŠ®± cw® î®±N®Ê¡®±; î®±Š®±¡®, N®±ºu®o šµ²°ï±uµ°ï (y®r. Š¯b¯vq®ã), Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®, Š¯cî®±©å, x°r¯S®« Sµ²°ïºu® î®±q®±Ù ®î®. …²q®±S®w® N®lµ‡®± î®±S®w¯u® ®î®xSµ (œµº. N®ºX®©uµ°ï) C…àŠ®± î®±N®Ê¡®±; Sµ²°ïw®ÛŠ®uµ°î® (Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®) î®±q®±Ù AŠ®± î®±±¢uµ°î®. ®î®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® Sµ²°ïºu®Š® uµ°î® (Š®N®Êš® S®ºS®) xSµ î®±N®Ê¢Š®ª©å, O‹‡®± î®±S®w®u® AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®xT (œµº. S¯î®…àŠ®›) î®±²î®Š®± î®±N®Ê¢u®ÛŠ®±−X®hÔ©uµ°ï î®±q®±Ù Š¯c ïu¯ãu®Š®;

š®Š®š®r‡®±±º ›‹‡®±±º vw®
N®Š®w®±º y®¼iÔu®±Û«îµº†w®º X®hÔŒµ‡®±±º
®î®u®± N®ºX®Œµ‡®±±º š®
q®±ÞŠ®±Çµ²°q®Ùî®±wµxy® Š¯c ïu¯ãu®Š®º ||
[H.N®. 8 (1902) w®S®Š® 35. š¯©± 48−49]

Ay®¼q®äN®w¯u® Š®N®Êš®S®ºS® (Sµ²°ïºu®Š®) w®± q®w®Ý q®î®±âw¯u® AŠ®±î®±±¢ uµ°î®w® D î®±²î®Š®± î®±N®Ê¡®w®±Ý š¯O „µ¡µ›u®w®±. X®hÔ©uµ°ï‡®±± N®ºYy®¼Š® µ°ý®æŠ® N¯l®±îµiÔ‡®± y®r݇®¾¯u®¡®±, N®ºX®©uµ°ï‡®±² yµ½º…±X®Ïy®¼Š®î®Š¯ vðý® š¯ºq®Š®Š® †°Š®uµ°î® (qµ¶¡µ²°N®ã î®±©åï°Š® š¯ºq®Š®uµ°î®)xSµ 儵‡®¾¯u®¡®±. q®w®Ý q®î®±â AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®xSµ Ÿ°Sµ î®±N®Ê¡®± î®±q®±Ù î®±±Qãî¯T K…àî®±S®-

y®¼gµÔ q®w®S®ºu®± Š¯cãu®
y®hÔº Nµ¶ š¯u®±Û«uµºu®± Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®º
xiÔ› q®w®ÝŠ®î®±wµ‡µ²
¡µÝhÔwµ q®ºv‹›u®º î®±œµ²°q®æî®vºu®º || (Auµ°. š¯©±: 49)

Š®N®Êš®S®ºS® Sµ²°ïºu®Š®uµ°î®w®± q®w®Ý q®Š®±î¯‡®± S®ºS®y®hÔu® Eq®ÙŠ¯và N¯‹‡®¾¯T Š¯c ïu¯ãu®Š®xSµ y®hÔ N®iÔu®w®±. D Š®N®Êš®S®ºS® š®q®ãî¯N®ã Sµ²°ïºu®Š® uµ°î®w®± î®±ºl®ã î®±u®²ÛŠ®± î®±¡®î®¢ë q¯©²åN®±S®¡®w®±Ý K¡®Sµ²ºl® S®ºS®Š¯cãî®w®±ÑÉÝ Oä.ý®.1024 Š®î®ŠµSµ B¢u®w®±] H.N®. 7(y®.) î®±º 54 (14 î®±º 126 1024. œ®¡µ° …²u®w®²Š®±. y®¼. 236] Aw®ºq®Š® S®ºS®Š® u¯QŒµS®¡®± D dŒµå‡®±ªå CŠ®ª©å. DS® ›OÊŠ®±î® œµ²š® ý¯š®w®vºu® î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®±©²å î®±q®±Ù Kg¯ÔŠµ S®ºS®Š® B¢æNµ‡®± X®Xµ«S®² d°î® …ºu®ºqµ BTuµ.

3.2 š®ºuµ°œ®S®¡®±−y®‹œ¯Š®

S®±q®Ù©± œµ²š® ý¯š®w®u®ªå …Š®±î® ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± î®±Š®±¡® †Ã°î®±b¯q® wµºu®± œµ°¢uµ, Au®‹ºu® D î®±Š®±¡®w®± …²q®S®w®± Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®wµ° œµ²Š®q®±, …²q®S®w® âS®w¯S®©± œµ°Sµ š¯u®ã Hº… y®äýµÝ î®±²l®±î®¼u®± š®œ®c; Aºu®Šµ î®±Š®±¡®w®± œµ°Sµ AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w¯S®©± š¯u®ã Hº… š®ºý®‡®± Eºg¯S®±q®Ùuµ, D Aw®±î®¾¯w® y®‹œ¯Š®N¯ÊT œµ²º…±c ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý Bý®ä‰±š®„µ°N®±.

…²q®S®w® î®±S®w¯u® î®±Š®±¡®xSµ Nµ©î®¼ y®äý®›ÙS®¢u®±Û: N®ª‡®±±S® †Ã°î®± [IWG: 1984: w®º. 102, 139, 159], x°r¯S®«, S®ºS® X®N¯ä‡®±±u®, S®ºS® ¯q¯«ºl®, y®¼o±šµ‡®±S®ºS®. D †Š®±u®±S®¡®©åuµ î®±Š®±¡®xSµ AŠ®îµ²¥¸uµ°î® Hº… œµš®‹q®±Ù. …²q®S®w® î®±S®w¯u® ®î®w® C…àŠ®± î®±N®Ê¡¯u® Sµ²°ïºu®Š® uµ°î® î®±q®±Ù AŠ®±îµ²¢uµ°î®−CS®² Nµ©î®¼ †Š®±u®±S®¢u®±Û. Sµ²°ïºu®Š®uµ°î®w® Cq®Š® y®äý®›Ù š®Ÿq® œµš®Š®±S®¡®±: š®q®ãî¯N®ã, Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®, yµî®¾¯«w®m, S®ºS®w¯Š¯‡®±o, S®ºS®X®²l¯î®±p, ï°Š® ¯q®«oÖuµ°î®. Aw®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w® y®äý®›ÙS®¡®±: Nµ²î®±Š®ºS®†Ã°î®±, x°rcÓ, x°r¯S®«, x°rî®±œ¯Š¯c. AŠ®±îµ²¥¸ î®±q®±Ù AŠ®±î®±±¢ Hº… HŠ®l®± œµš®Š®±S®¡®² Kºuµ° î®±±©u® î®±q®±Ù Kºuµ° As®«u® Š®²y®S®¡®±: C AX®ÏS®w®Ýl® (u¯äïl®) î®±²©u® œµš®Š®±S®¡®±; Cu®Š® As®« š®œ® š®q®ãî¯N®ã Hºuµ°. S®ºS®Š¯cŠ® †Š®±u®±S®¡®ªå …Š®±î® š®q®ãî¯N®ã Hº…±u®NµÊ š®ºî¯v‡®¾¯u® N®w®Ýl® ý®…ÛŠ®²y® AŠ®±îµ²¥¸ (î®±±¢). î®±Š®±¡®xSµ (…²q®S®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®) AŠ®±ï±¦¸uµ°î® Hº… œµš®Š®² Cu®Ûœ¯Sµ‡µ±°, AŠ®±îµ²¢uµ°î®xS®² (®w® î®±S®) î®±Š®±¡® Hº… Cwµ²Ýºu®± œµš®Š®² CvÛqµº…±u®± S®±q®Ùªw®ªå uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® D œµ²š® ý¯š®w®vºu® š¯†°q®± BS®±q®Ùuµ.

AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®¡®± X®hÔ©uµ°ï‡®±±º q®w®Ý S®ºl®w®± š®q®Ùîµ±°Œµ N®ºY‡®±w®±Ý qµ²Šµu®±, yµ½º…±X®Ïu®ªå …ºu®± wµ©›u®¡®±. Au®NµÊ N¯Š®o Cq®±Ù. X®hÔŒµ‡®± q®ºT‡®¾¯u® N®ºX®©uµ°ï‡®±± (†°Š®©uµ°ï) w¯©±Ê S®ºl®± î®±N®Ê¡®w®±Ý œ®lµu®± î®±Š®oœµ²ºvu®¡®±. q®w®Ý q®ºT‡®± YN®Ê y®¼hÔ „¯©N®Š®w®±Ý š¯O „µ¡µš®±î® œµ²nµ‡®±w®±Ý, B î®±N®Ê¡® š®æºq® uµ²l®Ö⡯u® X®hÔŒµ‡®±± ›Nµ²ºl®¡®±. BNµ š¯O „µ¡µ›u® w¯©±Ê î®±N®Ê¡®±: qµ¶© („®±c…¡® š¯ºq®Š®), Sµ²TÌS® (Sµ²°ïºu®Š®uµ°î® w®xÝý¯ºq®Š®), Kl®±ÖS® (ïN®äî®± ý¯ºq®Š®) î®±q®±Ù …î®±â (…䜮â). D w¯©æŠ®² y®ä›u®Ü š¯ºq®Š® AŠ®š®Šµx›u®Š®±.

X®hÔ©uµ°ï‡®± q®ºuµ AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®², q¯‰± S¯î®…àŠ®›‡®±², q®ºT N®ºX®© (ï°Š®©) uµ°ï‡®±² î®±q®±Ù Kl®œ®±iÔu® K…àwµ° q®î®±â Š¯c ïu¯ãu®Š® (Š¯b¯vq®ã)w®²− K…àŠ¯u® îµ±°Œµ²…àŠ®± š¯Œ¯T xu®w®Š¯u®Š®±. Au®‹ºu® Aµ©åŠ® wµw®zS¯T, y®Šµ²°£®ïw®‡®¾¯s®«î¯T yµ½º…±X®Ïu®ªå X®hÔŒµ‡®± y®ä›u®Ü y®ºX®î®š®v‡®±w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®¡µºu®± ý¯š®w® š¯‹uµ: u®⫺ y¯äSµ°î®YwµÙ°q¬ Hº… î¯N¯ãs®«î®±º „Â¯ï› AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®ºS®º S¯î®…àŠ®›S®º ï°Š®©uµ°ïS®º Š¯b¯vq®ãuµ°î®ºS®º y®Šµ²°£®ïw®‡®±î®±î®¾¯âl® Œµºu®± Eïæ°« r¡®N®îµ±w®›u® y®ºX®î®š®v‡®±º (¯m›u®¡¬). [H.N®. 8, w®S®Š®. 35, 1077, œµ²º…±c, y®¼. 362, š¯©±: 62−63]. Cu®©åuµ B y®ºX®…š®v‡®± y®är…u®Üî¯T Bw®ºu®²Š®©± X®hÔ©uµ°ï‡®±±º §°î®±q¬ rä„®±î®w®î®±©å ý¯ºq®Š®uµ°î®w®±º †°Š®…àŠ®›‡®±SµÌ« y®Šµ²°£®ïw®‡®±î®¾¯T …š®v‡®±º §°î®±u¬ u®äï¡®š®ºU®u® + AŠ®±ºS®¡¯w®æ‡®±u® î¯vU®Š®hÔwµx›u® §°î®±u®dq®šµ°w® y®pÖq®uµ°î®Š® w¯îµ²°X¯ÏŠ®ovº Nµ©N®Ê«ªå OÊ›u®Š¬ [Auµ°, r°s®X®. 192, 1103, u¯w®ý¯Œµ, y®¼. 687, š¯©±: 34−36].

AŠ®±îµ²¢uµ°î®w®± š®œ® š®w®ãš®w®ºSµ‡®±±Û î®±±mzu®Ûw®±Ý ý¯š®w® u¯Qª›uµ [H.N®.9(y®.) š®y®¼ 30 (5 î®±±º„¯ 55) Aqµ°v. „¯¡®±ë. y®¼. 158]. AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®± î®±Š®p›u® qµ°v ý¯š®w®u®ªå©å. Bu®Šµ š®N®Œµ°ý®y®¼Š® 21, 29,32,33, î®±q®±Ù55 wµ‡®± š®ºPµã‡®± œ¯S®² „µ°©²Š®± 524 wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡® Aºq®Š®−„¯œ®ã y®ä¯oS®¢ºu® x°rî®±œ¯Š¯c AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®± Oä.ý®. 1024 ‹ºu® 1035 Š® µSµ B¢u®wµºu®², Oä.ý®. 1035 Š®ªå bµ¶w®u®« y®äp°q® y®ºmq®î®±Š®oî®w®±Ý y®lµu®wµºu®² r¢‡®±…œ®±u®±Tuµ.

AoØw¯u® (x°r¯S®«−yµî®¾¯«w®m−Sµ²°ïºu®Š®uµ°î®) Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®w®± Oä.ý®. 999 ‹ºu® 1024 Š®î®ŠµS®², q®Š®±î¯‡®± q®î®±âw¯u® (x°rî®±œ¯Š¯c) AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®± Oä.ý®. 1024 ‹ºu® 1055 Š® µS®² S®ºS®Š®š®Š¯T ¯ºl®ªN®Š¯T B¢u®Š®±. AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w® î®±S®w¯u® ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± š®œ®, q®w®Ý uµ²l®Öy®Þ Š®N®Êš®S®ºS® yµî®¾¯«w®m‡®±± B¡®±rÙu®Û, î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®± S®±q®Ù©w®²Ý K¡®Sµ²ºl® S®ºS®Š® y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý 1024 ‹ºu® (E¯cw¯T) B¡®±rÙu®Ûw®±.

4.1. HŠ®l®± db¯Óšµ

ïu¯ãu®Š®w® ïX¯Š®î¯T uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® ¯Ÿr, Kh±Ô ý¯š®w®S®¡® îµ²q®Ù N®l®îµ±, Cu®±î®ŠµSµ Bq®w®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± î®±±Qã ý¯š®w®îµºu®Šµ œµ²º…±c y®½îµ½°«N®Ù ý¯š®w®îµ½ºuµ° BTq®±Ù. Au®Š®ªå ïu¯ãu®Š®w® Ÿ‹‡®±Š®−Ÿºvw® I¡®± q®Œµî®¾¯Š®±S®¡® ي®î¯u® ï®nµ‰±uµ. Bq®w® q¯‰±−q®ºuµ‡®±Š® š®î®±S®ä y®‹X®‡®±î®½ Aªåuµ. Bu®Š®² ïu¯ãu®Š®w® d°î®w® š¯u®wµS®¡®± š®‹‡®¾¯T r¢‡®±u®±. Bq® œ®±iÔu®±Û. Bq®w®w®±Ý uµ²l®Öy®Þ u®q®±Ù y®lµu®u®±Û, Bq® š®q®Ùu®Û‹ºu® uµ²l®Ö AN®Ê¡¯u® X®hÔŒµ‡®±± y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±N¯ÊT y®ºX® …š®v N®iÔ›u®±Û Sµ²rÙq®±Ù. Bu®Šµ ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± Hªå î®±q®±Ù œµ°Sµ š®q®Ùwµº… Bq®w® …u®±Ow® N®lµ‡®± vw®S®¡® Yq®äo Ab¯Óq®î¯Tq®±Ù. N®q®ÙŒµ‡®±ªåu®Û ïu¯ãu®Š®w® „¯¢w® Eq®ÙŠ¯u®«î®w®±Ý S®±q®Ùªw® D œµ²š® ý¯š®w® K⌵° „µ¡®OSµ q®ºu®ºq¯Tuµ.

DS® Eu®áïš®±î® y®äýµÝ‡µ±ºu®Šµ q®ºuµ‡®¾¯u® AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®± îµ²u®©± š®w®ãš®w®vºu® î®±±mzu®wµ², C©åîµ° î®±S®w¯u® ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± îµ²u®©± î®±±mzu®wµ² Hº…±u®±. q®ºuµ‡µ±° îµ²u®©± š¯‡®±±î®¼u®± Œµ²°N® Š®²mÃ. Au®Š®ªå Arý®‡®±îµ°x©å, N®äî®±Œµ²°y®î®½ C©å. q®ºuµ AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®±, î®±S® Cw®²Ý …u®±OŠ®±î¯S®, xu®w®w¯Tu®ÛŠµ Bu®‹ºu® î®±S®xSµ u®±»Qî¯u®Š®² š®Œµå°Qw® î®äq® ›æ°N®‹š®±î®¼u®± š®œ®cå. Bu®Šµ Auµ° q®ºuµ Cw®²Ý …u®±OŠ®±î¯S® …œ®±N¯© „¯¡®„µ°N¯u® î®±S® î®±Š®p›u®Šµ B wµ²°î®¼ q®ºuµSµ u®±„®«Š®; y®¼q®ä ýµ²°N®º xŠ®ºq®Š®º Hº… š®²OÙ‰±uµ. Ÿ°S¯T î®±S® ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± š®±î®¾¯Š®± Oä.ý®. 1034−35 Š®ªå S®±q®Ù©ªå š®w®ãš®u® ïu¯w®vºu® î®±±mzŠ®„µ°Nµºu®², B wµ²°ïw® BvÃN®ãvºu® q®lµ‡®±Œ¯S®uµ q®ºuµ x°r î®±œ¯Š¯c AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®w®± Oä.ý®. 1035 Š®ªå š®w®ãš®w®vºu® î®±±mzu®wµºu®² r°î®¾¯«xš®…œ®±u®±.

S®±q®Ùªw®Œµå° ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± î®±±mzu®ÛNµÊ y®ä…© N¯Š®oS®¢u®ÛŠ®² Au®Š® š®æŠ®²y® r¢‡®±u¯Tuµ. BS®Œµ° œµ°¢Š®±î®ºqµ S®±q®Ù©² šµ°‹Nµ²ºl®± î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®± D î®±u®²ÛŠ®±−î®±¡®î®¢ë y®‹š®Š® S®ºS®î¯m qµ²º…q®Ù¥± š¯›Š® y®äuµ°ý®î¯Tq®±Ù. ry®½ÞŠ®± r°s®«î®ºq®² ïP¯ãq®î¯Tq®±Ù. Š¯Ç®óN®²h î®±±î®±±âm N®³Ç®Øw®± Xµ²°¡®Š® îµ±°Œµ ïc‰±‡®¾¯T, …²q®S®w®± Xµ²°¡®Š® Š¯b¯vq®ãw® Bwµ‡®± îµ±°Œµ°‹ Au®Š® Aº„¯‹‡®±wµÝ° Š®oŠ®ºS®î¯T› (†š®±Sµ‡®± N®¡®w¯T) Š¯b¯vq®ãw®w®±Ý Nµ²ºu®u®²Û, …²q®S®w® …©Sµ¶ …ºh š®S®Š®î®±oŒµŠ®w®± Xµ²°¡®Š¯b¯vq®ãw® Bwµ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²ºl®± N¯¢‡µ±º… ýµä°Ç®Õ œµo±Øw¯‰±‡®±w®±Ý y®lµu®u®²Û−Cå w®lµu® Bq®±N®²Š®± š®œ® D S®±q®ÙªSµ œ®rÙŠ®u® FŠ®±.

S®±q®Ù©ªå dw¯©‡®±S®¢u®±Û. S®±q®Ùªw® Kºu®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå HŠ®l®± N®lµ `…š®vœ®¢ë' ‡®± y®äš¯Ùy®î®½ …ºvuµ [H.N®.7(y®.) î®±º60 (111î®±º100) 1316.. S®±q®Ù©±. y®¼. 239−40, š¯©±» 9,18]. S®±q®Ù©ªåu®±Û œ¯¡¯u® …š®v‡®± ïX¯Š® F‹w® Ÿ‹‡®±Š®± œµ°¡®±î® ¯Ÿr‰±ºu® š¯†°q¯S®±q®Ùuµ. uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® xš®v ý¯š®w®îµ° Aªåu®Û …š®vSµ y®äq®ã£® š¯¤. ANµ°«ý®æŠ® S®±m‡®± y®N®Êu®ªå CŠ®±î® N®±ºgµ‡µ²¡®Sµ šµ°‹ œµ²°TŠ®±î® r°s®«ºN®Š® ïS®äœ®u® ïX¯Š®î¯T F‹w®î®Š®± r¢›u¯ÛŠµ. D uµ°î¯©‡®±u® wµŠµ œµ²Šµ‡®± q®î®±â œµ²©S®uµÛS®¡®w®±Ý ¯‹Nµ²ºl®± Cªåu®Û bµ¶w® N®±h±º…S®¡®î®Š®± S®±¡µ œµ²°u®u®w®²Ý S®±q®Ù©± S¯äî®±u® u®ÜŠ®± ï›u¯ÛŠµ. D H©å Aºý®S®¡®±, š¯£¯Èãu¯Š®S®¡®± S®±q®Ù©ªåº xv«Ç®Ôî¯T DTŠ®±î® î®±q®±Ù xÇ®vN®©±å ›OÊŠ®±î® ANµ°«ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®±u® œ®rÙŠ® dw¯©‡®±ïu®±Û œ¯¡¯TŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý u®³l®y®mš®±q®Ùîµ. y¯ä‡®±» ANµ°«ý®æŠ® S®±m‡®±² î®±q¯ºq®Š®Sµ²ºl® …š®v‡®¾¯TvÛŠ®…œ®±u®±.

5.1 î®±œ®q®æu® Aºý®S®¡®±
DS® œµ ²š® u¯T uµ ²Šµ rŠ® ± î® S®± q®Ù ªw® y® ¼ hÔ þŒ¯ý¯š® w®  Jrœ¯›N® î® ± œ® q®æ u®Û Tuµ. D ý ¯š® w®u® KN®Ê nµ ‰± ºu® Nµ ¡® N® ºl® r°  ¯«w® S® ¢Sµ q® ©± y®…œ® ± u®± :

1) …²q®±S®w® âS®w®², ®î®w® î®±S®w®², œµ²º…±c ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùw®² [H.N®.8 (1902) w®S®Š® 35. 1077] Bu® š®q®ãî¯N®ã Sµ²°ïºu®Š®uµ°î® Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®w®², î®±ºl®ã 54 wµ‡®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù [H.N®. 7(y®.) î®±º 54 (14 î®±º126). 1024. œ®¡µ° …²u®w®²Š®±. y®¼. 236, š¯©±: 1−7] š®q®ãî¯N®ã Sµ²°ïºu®Š® Š®N®Êš®S®ºS® yµî®¾¯«w®m‡®±² A†Ãw®ÝŠ®±.

2) D š®q®ãî¯N®ãSµ²°ïºu®Š® Š®N®Êš®ºS® yµî®¾¯«w®m‡®± u®q®±Ùy®¼q®äwµ° ïu¯ãu®Š®. ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± š®q®ãî¯N®ãSµ²°ïºu®Š® Š®N®Êš®S®ºS®w® q®î®±âw¯u® AŠ®î®±±¢uµ°î®w® î®±S®. ïu¯ãu®Š®xSµ Œµ²°N®ïu¯ãu®Š® (S®±q®Ùªw® œµ²š® ý¯š®w® y®ä‡µ²°S®), Š¯c ïu¯ãu®Š® (œµ²º…±c ý¯š®w® y®ä‡µ²°S®) î®±q®±Ù Š¯b¯vq®ã (œµ²º…±c ý¯š®w® y®ä‡µ²°S®) Hº… î®±²Š®± œµš®Š®±S®¢îµ.

3) ïu¯ãu®Š®w®w®±Ý `vw®N®Š®º y®¼iÔu®±Û«îµº†w®º' œ®±iÔu®wµºu®± œµ²º…±c ý¯š®w®u®ªå î®p«›uµ, `xb¯w®æ‡®± vw®N®Š®' wµºu®± S®±q®Ùªw® œµ²š® ý¯š®w® …pØ›uµ.
4) S®ºS®‹Sµ ïu¯ãu®Š® Hº…±u®± z䇮±î¯u® œµš®Š®±. Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®xSµ Cu®Û œ®©î®¼ †Š®±u®±S®¡®ªå `S®ºS® ïu¯ãu®Š®' Hº…±u®² Kºu®± [H.N®. 2 (y®.) 64 (59) š®±. 975.y®¼. 22. š¯©±: 103].
5) î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®±ªå S®ºS®Š®± œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Aºq®ãu®î®ŠµSµ B¢u®Šµº… r¢î®¢Nµ‰±q®±Ù. DS® uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® S®±q®Ù©± ý¯š®w®vºu¯T î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®±ªå S®ºS®Š® B¢Nµ‡®± œ®wµ²Ýºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® î®±u®ã„¯S®u®î®ŠµS®² î®±±ºu®±î®‹vqµÙºu®± P¯r䇮¾¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

6) S®±q®Ù©± Kºu®± bµ¶w® Nµ°ºu®äî¯Tq®±Ù. Cªå KºuµŠ®l®± …š®vS®¡®± Cu®±Ûu®NµÊ š¯£¯Èãu¯Š®S®¢îµ. Ÿºuµ Cw®²Ý œµX®±Ï …š®vS®¢vÛŠ®…œ®±u®±.
7) S®±q®Ù©± S¯ä Ÿºuµ S®ºS®Š® Aºrî®±U®hÔu® B¢Nµ‡®± wµŒµï°l®±S®¡®ªå Kºu¯TvÛŠ®…œ®±u®±.
8) S®±q®Ùªw® DTw® ANµ°«ý®æŠ® uµ°î¯©‡®± î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® œ®rÙŠ®ïŠ®±î® S®±q®Ù©î®±âw® S®±mS®¡®± CŠ®±î® š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå Ÿºuµ dw¯©‡®±S®¢u®±Û.
9) S®ºS®Š® Š¯cN®±î®¾¯Š®w¯u® (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®HŠ® (−Š¯b¯vq®ã)w®± S®±q®Ùªw®ªåu®Û …š®v‡µ²ºu®Š®ªå š®±. 1034−35 Š®ªå š®Œµå°Qw® î®äq® ›æ°N®‹› î®±±mzu®w®±.
10) ïu¯ãu®Š®w®± Cªå‡µ±° š®w®ãš®w® ïvɱºu® î®±±mzŠ®„µ°N¯u®Šµ Cªåw® …š®vS®¡®ªå bµ¶w¯X®Š®ãŠ®² Cu®ÛŠ®±; A® ï®S®¡®± Sµ²rÙ©å.
11) S®±q®Ùªw®ªå As®î¯ Au®Š® œ®rÙŠ®u®ªå Cu®Û …š®vœ®¢ë …SµÌ Cªåw® ý¯š®w® [Auµ°, î®±º. 60.1316] EŒµå°R›u®ÛŠ®² B …š®vS¯äî®± ‡®¾¯î®¼uµº…±u®± š®‹‡®¾¯T r¢‡®±±rÙ©å.

12) …²q®±S®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® î®±Š®±¡®xSµ AŠ®±îµ²¥¸uµ°î® Hº… Cwµ²Ýºu®± œµš®Š®± Cu®Û ‹°r‡®±ªå‡µ±°, …²q®S®w® âS®w¯u® AŠ®±î®±±¢uµ°î®xS®² î®±Š®±¡® Hº… Cwµ²Ýºu®± œµš®Š®² CvÛqµº…±u¯T r¢u®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.

13) S®±q®Ùªw® D œµ²š® ý¯š®w®u® BŠ®º„®u®ªå CŠ®±î®¼u®± Ay®Š®²y®u® š®ºš®Êȳq® ýµ²å°N®. …œ®±î®±iÔw® bµ¶w®ý¯š®w®S®¡® y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå š¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T `§°î®±q®ÞŠ®î®±S®º†Ã°Š® š¯éu¯æu¯îµ²°U® Œ¯ºZ®w®º. . . .' Hº… ýµ²å°N® ±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® cqµSµ As®î¯ Cu®Š® …u®ªSµ „µ°Šµ dw®š®±Ùr ýµ²å°N®S®¡®± bµ¶w® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåîµ. S®±q®Ùªw® ý¯š®w¯Š®º„®u® ýµ²å°N® Aºq®œ® ¡® Š®X®wµ. Cu®±î®ŠµSµ D ýµ²å°N® Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå ¯q®ä y®ä‡µ²°S®î¯S®uµ: š¹.C.C. 9−1. 117. 1055 Nµ²°S®¢ (…¡¯ë‹ d./œ®l®S®ª q¯.) y®¼. 92; Auµ°, 11−1. 111.1071, šµ²Š®h²Š®± (u¯Š®î¯l® d/S®u®S® q¯)y®¼. 108; H.N®.8 N®©±àT« dŒµå‡®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®± (š®º. œ®w®±î®¾¯¤ Sµ²°T: 1996) œ®±o› œ®l®S®ª ý¯š®w®. 38,1099.y®¼. 229; Auµ°, šµ°l®º, 17. 1137.y®¼. 499; Auµ°, šµ°l®º. 18.12 ý®. (š®±. 1124) y®¼. 502. î®±q®±Ù w®S®Š® 42. œµ²º…±c.
14) S®±q®Ùªw® œµ²š® ý¯š®w® S®ºS® î®±wµq®w®NµÊ ¯q®ä A©åuµ yµ½º…±X®Ï y®¼Š®î®Š¯vðý®Š¯u® š¯ºq®Š®Š® î®±wµq®w®N®²Ê „µ¡®N®± Xµ©±åî® î®±œ®q®æu® ý¯š®w®î¯Tuµ.

15) (Œµ²°N®) ïu¯ãu®Š®(Š¯b¯vq®ã) w® Š¯b¯î®¢‡®± Šµ°P¯Yq®äî®w®±Ý DS® xu®«‹š®±î®¼u®NµÊ Bu¯Š®S®¡®± Ey®©…Üïï.