CHANDRAKODE

„®g¯ÔŠ®N® vî¯N®Š®o (w®)ºv

ý¯ºq®î®±²r«S®¡®±S®ä N®î®±«œ®Š®v«î¯N®Š®oºv ›
u¯Ûºq® uµ°î®Š®±u®S®ä î®w®âs® ‹S®¡¬ ý®±„®X®ºu®ä›
u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š®±u¯q®Ù X¯Š®±X®‹q®ä‹° u®Šµ‡µ²¡¬ î®±wµ²°
b¯ºq®N®î®±±«xu®q®S®±«oî¯vëS®¡¬ î®±u®î®d«q®Š¬

(N®ï w®‡®±šµ°w®î®±±x, u®¯«î®±³q®, 1−22, 1112)

u®¯«î®±³q®îµº… X®ºy®½N¯î®ãu® N®ï w®‡®±šµ°w®w®± š®±Ùr›Š®±î® vî¯N®Š®oºv ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®w®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±›Nµ²¡®ë©± Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w¯u¯Š®S®¡®² N¯î¯ãu¯Š®S®¡®² uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùîµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý Bu®‹› vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± Kºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ô î®ãOÙ Yq®äî®w®±Ý N®ªÞ›Nµ²¡®±ëu®± š¯u®ãïuµ. œ®wµ²Ýºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå BTœµ²°u® K…à î®±œ¯w¬ bµ¶w¯X¯‡®±«w¯u® vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q®± Ey®©…Ü±î® š¯î®±T䇮±w®±Ý š®ï±°¤š®±î®¼u®± D Œµ°Qw®u® EuµÛ°ý®.

vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q® Kºu®± î®ãî®›Úq® ý¯š®wµ²°Œµå°Qî®w®±Ý ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå N¯o±qµÙ°îµ. Aªåw® œµ°¢Nµ‡®±w®±Ý, ï®S®¡®w®±Ý y®¼™Ô°N®‹š®±î® ¯Ÿr „µ°Šµ „µ°Šµ ý¯š®w® š®ºy®¼hS®¡®ªå‡®±² ›S®±q®Ùuµ. îµ²u®©± ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡®u® YN®Ê„µhÔu® îµ±°ªw® X¯î®±±ºl®Š¯‡®± …š®v‡®± u®¤o „¯S®u® î®±ºhy®u®ªå Kºu®wµ‡®± N®º…u® îµ±°ªŠ®±î® ý¯š®w®î®¼ u®ºl®w¯‡®±N® S®ºS®Š¯cw® S®±Š®± ý®±„®X®ºu®äuµ°î®Š® xš®vÃSµ. ý®±„®X®ºu®ä uµ°î®Š®± 3−8−1123 Š®ºu®± ý®±N®ä® î®±±OÙSµ š®±ºu®Š®±. A® wµw®zw®ªå xªå›Š®±î® xš®vÃSµ‡®±w®±Ý S®ºS®Š¯cwµ° xﱫ›u®wµº…±u®± EŒµå°Qx°‡®±. D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý …Šµu®î®w®± œµS®Ìlµ î®±v۫⇮±ã; Dq® §°î®±q¬ y®ä„¯X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š® S®±l®Ö (þÇ®ã). D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý N®ºl®‹›u® Š®²î¯‹ î®u®«î®¾¯w¯X¯‹; Dq® `†Š®±u® Š®²î¯‹ î®±±Qr¡®N®' †Š®±u¯ºOq® [H.N®. 2, 135 (117)].

12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® D þŒ¯ý¯š®w® š¯N®Ç®±Ô š®±v°U®«î¯Tuµ. y®½î®« î®±±Qu®ªå 35 š¯©±, u®¤oî®±±Qu®ªå 36 š¯©± y®þÏ±Qu®ªå 39 š¯©±, y®þÏ±Qu®ªå 39 š¯©±, Eq®ÙŠ®î®±±Qu®ªå 46 š¯©±−Ÿ°Sµ Kh±Ô 156 š¯©±S®¢îµ. ý¯š®w® š®ºš®Êȳq®−N®w®Ýl® HŠ®l®² „¯ǵS®¡®ªåuµ. y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå š®ºš®Êȳq® y®u®ãS®¢îµ. r°s®«ºN®Š® š®±Ùr, š¯ãu¯æu® ›u¯Üºq® šµ²Ù°q®ä, y®u®âw®ºv (Nµ²ºl®N®±ºu¯X¯Š®ã, E¯š¯ær, Täu®ÜéäzºX®Ðî®±±x), …Œ¯N®zºZ®, S®±ow®ºv y®ºmq®, uµ°îµ°ºu®ä šµ¶u¯ÜºrN®, N®¡®u¹q® w®ºvî®±±x, Š®ïX®ºu®ä (š®ºy®½o«X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq® î®±±x), u¯î®±w®ºv î®±±x, §°u®Š®uµ°î®, î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®, §°u®Š®uµ°î® (2), X®ºu®äO°r« „®hÔŠ®N®−D î®±±x y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± ï®î¯u® y®‹X®‡®±ïuµ. Š®ïX®ºu®ä î®±±x‡®± y®äš¯Ùy®vºu® N®w®Ýl® xŠ®²y®nµ …Š®±q®Ùuµ. D S®±Š®±þÇ®ã y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå X®ºu®äO°r „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® q®Š®±î¯‡®± A® þǮ㊯u® vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± y®‹X®‡®± ›S®±q®Ùuµ; B „¯S®î®w®±Ý ¯q®ä Eu®Ü‹š®Œ¯S®±î®¼u®±: Ju®± y®u®ãS®¡®±-

î®±qµÙ°„® ïOä°mq® ||
y®Š®î®¾¯y¯ÙR¡® ý¯š®Ù q®q®æx¡®‡®±º ›u¯Üºq® X®²l¯î®±p

š®±ß‹q¯X¯Š®y®Š®º ïwµ°‡®±cw®q¯w®ºu®º S®±n¯x°N® š®±º
u®Š®wµº…±w®Ýr‰±º š®î®±š®Ù „®±î®w® y®äš®±Ùq®ãw¯u®º vî¯
N®Š®oºv …ärw¯s®w®±cÑ¡® ‡®±ýµ²° ädq¯ý¯q®hº || 1 ||
ïvq® î¯ãN®Š®ou® q®
N®Ê«u® ›u¯Üºq®u® ïýµ°Ç®vº qµäȶïu¯ã
š®ÞŠ®Šµºv° u®Šµ …pØy®¼
u®± vN®Š®ovuµ°î® ›u¯ÜºrS®Š®º
î®±qµÙ°„® ïOä°mq® ||
®Š¯u¯ÜºrN® X®N®äî®rÙ« u®±‹q® y®äu®溛 N®ºu®y®« ›º
u®±Š® ›ºœ®º y®Š®þ°¡® š®u®±Ìo î®±œ¯º„µ²°Š¯þ y®ºNµ°c y®¼
Ǯʊ®uµ°îµ°„® ý®Ç¯ºN® š®x݄®‡®±ý®§° Š®²y®wµ²°œµ²° vî¯
N®Š®oºv…är xî®±â«u®º xŠ®±y®î®±º „®²yµ°ºu®ä†äºu¯YÏ«q®º || 3 ||
î®±qµÙ°„® ïOä°mq® ||
®„®î¯ãw®w® y®u®â î®±±¡®ë©Š®©b¯Óx°N® wµ°qµ²ä°q®Þ¡®º
Nµ²Š®S®Œ¯Þy®q®î®±š®Ùî®±º y®Šµ‡®±Œµq®Ùº bµ¶w®î®¾¯S®«î®±¡¯º
…Š®î®±q®±ãcÑ¡®î®¾¯S®Œµ°º „µ¡®Tq¯ „®²„¯S®î®±º §°vî¯
N®Š®oºv…ärî¯N¬ vî¯N®Š®N®Š¯N¯Š®º„µ²©±†à°«w®±q®º || 4 ||
®ºq® r©N® ||
‡®±u®æN®ä X®ºu®äš®u®æX®w¯î®±³q¯º„®:
y¯wµ°w® q®±Ç®ãr ïwµ°‡®±X®Nµ²°Š®†äºu® || 5 ||
bµ¶wµ°ºu®äý¯š®w® š®Šµ²°î®Š® Š¯cœ®ºšµ²°
d°‡®¾¯u®š¹„®±ïvî¯N®Š®oºv uµ°î®: ||

Cªåºu® î®±±ºuµ D vî¯N®Š®oºvî®±±x‡®± þǮ㊯u® S®ºl®ïî®±±N®Ùî®±¡® u¯‹ î®±±x°ºu®äŠ®, q®Š®±î¯‡®± N®lµ‡®±ªå D X¯‹q®ä X®N®äî®r«S®¡® þǮ㊯u® ý®±„®X®ºu®äuµ°î®î®±±x‡®± ي®î¯u® î®o«wµ‰±uµ (HzS¯äzÇ®± N®w¯«hN® 2, N¯Aš®º, îµ±¶. ïý®æïu¯ã©‡®±, 1973, y®¼. 78−83.). î®±²© š®ºU®u® uµ°›‡®±S®ou® y®¼š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu® ý®±„®X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š® y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±NµÊ A® þǮ㠚®î®±æÉãN®ð Š®q¯ÝN®Š® î®±œ¯y®äu¯w® u®ºl®w¯‡®±N® S®ºS®Š¯cw®± `xª›u® xþvÃSµ' ‡®±ªå …Š®±î® îµ±°ªw® A‡®±±Û y®u®ãS®¡® š¯Š¯ºý®:

1. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±î®Š® Ÿ‹îµ±‡®±w®Ý‹q®± Cm° cS®q®±Ù Nµ²ºl¯l®±rÙuµ. dw®u®« š®º…ºvÇ®¾¯u® î®±²©ý¯š®ôS®¡®ªå A®± xǯØq®Š®±. bµ¶w®›u¯Üºq®NµÊ A®± wµrÙ‡®± î®±p‡®±ºru¯ÛŠµ. Eq®Ùî®± w®lµ‡®±±qµ‡®±î®Š®±. Ÿº„¯©N®‹Sµ š®ºqµ²°Ç®î®w®±Ýºh± ¯l®±î®î®Š®±. œ®©î®¼ S®±oS®¡® š¹ºu®Š®ã A®ªåuµ. A® y®‹ý®±u®Ü O°r«‡®± y®äN¯ý® Œµ²°N®î®w®±Ý „µ¡®Tuµ. A®± Awµ°N® î®±±xS®¡® î®±±Q㊮±.

2. vî¯N®Š®oºvuµ°î®Š®± bµ¶w®u®« q®q®æ−›u¯Üºq® y¯Š®ºS®q®Š®±, î¯ãN®Š®oý¯š®ôu®ªå q®N®«u®ªå ›u¯Üºq®u®ªå xy®¼oŠ®±. î®±²Š®±ïuµãS®¢Sµ BS®Š®î¯TŠ®±î®î®Š®±.

3. ýµä°Ç®Õ q®q®æb¯ÓxS®¢Sµ A®± ›ºœ®ïu®Ûºqµ. K¡µë‡®± w®l®qµ þ°© S®±oS®¢Sµ š®î®±±u®ä. Cºs® vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x q¯î®Šµ‡®±ºqµ, œ®ºš®u®ºqµ, JŠ¯î®q®u®ºqµ, X®ºu®äw®ºqµ u®®O°r« Š®²y®Š¯Tu®ÛŠµ. Lœµ²°, vî¯N®Š®oºvî®är‡®±± xŠ®œ®ºN¯‹, Hnµ‰±©åu®î®Š®±, Awµ°N® Š¯cŠ®±S®¢ºu® y®½dq®Š¯u®î®Š®±.

4. §° vî¯N®Š®oºvî®är‡®± ¯q®± š®²Š®ãw® OŠ®ou®ºqµ Œµ²°N®î®w®±Ý „µ¡®Tq®±, Ab¯ÓxS®¡® N®o±ØS®¡µº… N®wµÝȶvŒµS®¡®± î®±±YÏNµ²ºl®î®¼. „®î®ãd°ïS®¡® î®±±QN®î®±©S®¡®± ïN®›q®î¯u®±î®¼, y¯y®îµº… î®±±rÙu® N®q®Ù©± š®±q®Ù©² N®Š®Tœµ²°‰±q®±º HŒµå©²å bµ¶w®î®¾¯S®«îµº… BN¯ý®y®s®î®¼ Aq®±ãcæ©î¯T „µ¡®Tq®±.

5. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±± dw®ý¯š®w®îµº… š®Šµ²°î®Š®u®ªå ‹š®±î® Š¯cœ®ºš®. X®ºu®äxºu® …ºu® Aî®±³q®î®w®±Ý X¯q®N®y®¤ N®±mu®± q®p‡®±±î®ºqµ, B î®±±x‡®± î®±±QX®ºu®ävºu® …ºu® ï¡®š®q¬ î®X®w¯î®±³q®î®w®±Ý ïwµ°‡®±cw®Š¯u® þǮ㊮± Aî®±³q®îµºu®± ›æ°N®‹š®±q¯ÙŠµ. „®²ï±‡®±ªå D vî¯N®Š®oºv uµ°î®‹Sµ c‡®±î¯S®ª.

Cuµ° ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡® ý¯š®w® š®ºy®¼hu®ªåŠ®±î® ý¯š®w® 484 (351) (y®¼. 303−305) N®²l® vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x š®º…ºu®î¯T Nµ©î®¼ ¯ŸrS®¡®w®±Ý Ku®Tš®±q®Ùuµ. D ý¯š®w® bµ¶w®î®±j®u® Eq®ÙŠ®OÊŠ®±î® Nµ²iÔSµ‡®±ªåuµ. Cu®± N®²l® Kºu®± xš®vÃN®©±å. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± þǵ㰠§°î®±r S®ºr‡®± wµw®zSµ, BNµ‡®± þǵã ¯ºN®„µàS®ºr‡®±î®Š®± xªå›u® xš®vÃSµ‡®±± 16−2−1119 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯Tuµ. BŠ®º„®u®ªå Nµ²ºl®N®±ºu®Š®±, A® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± uµ°™N®S®ou® uµ°îµºu®ä ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î® î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý œµš®‹› A® š®ºq¯w®uµ²¡®Sµ BT œµ²°u® vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x‡®± î®o«wµ ¯muµ:

î®±qµÙ°„® ïOä°mq® ||
y®Š®î¯v¤r†Ãäºxý¯q® N®±¢ý®º §°î®±²© š®ºU¯…Ñ Ç®
hÔŠ®oº y®¼š®ÙN®S®X®Ð uµ°þS®S®o y®äP¯ãq®‡µ²°T°ý®æŠ¯
„®Š®oº î®±w®âs®„®ºcw®º cS®uµ²¡¯u®º P¯ãq®w¯u®º vî¯
N®Š®oºv…äry®º dw¯S®î®±š®±u¯º„µ²°Š¯þ q¯Š¯vÃy®º ||

Eq®Þ© ¯Œµ ||
Aºqµw®ªºqµw®©Ê¥¿‡µ±wµ‡µ±Û cS®q®ô‡®±î®ºu®ãŠ®y®Þ yµº
y®ºq®¡µv¥ÛŠµº…±u®wµ …Œµåw®u®©åuµ š®º‡®±î®±º X®‹
q®äº q®y®îµ±º†î®q®Ù¡®S®ï±ºq®± vî¯N®Š®w®ºvuµ°î® ›
u¯ÜºrS®SµÌ«ºu®lµ²ºu®± Š®š®wµ²°OÙ‡µ²¡¯w®u®wµºq®± …pÝyµº ||

Cu®Š® î®±±ºvw® y®u®ãu®ªå vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x‡®± þǮ㊯u® î®±¡®u¯‹uµ°î®Š® î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®±Ý xŠ®²zš®Œ¯Tuµ (ý¯š®w® Š®X®wµ‡®± ýµ¶ª S®±o ïýµ°Ç®î®w®±Ý wµ²°mu®Šµ D HŠ®l®² ý¯š®w®S®¡®w®±Ý …Šµu® N®ï K…àwµ° Hºu®± qµ²°Š®±q®Ùuµ). D ý¯š®w®u® N®lµ‡®±‡®±ªå …Š®±î® î®±q®±ÙKºu®± î®±qµÙ°„® ïOä°mq® y®u®ãu®ªå Cwµ²Ýîµ±â vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x‡®±w®±ÝÉ y®äý®º›š®Œ¯Tuµ:

N®Š®±oº y¯äpS®oºS®¡µ²¡¬ X®q®±Š®q¯ š®ºy®rÙ ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ²¡¬
y®‹qµ²°Ç®º S®±ošµ°î®ã„®î®ã cw®uµ²¡¬ xî®±«q®éŠ®q®æº î®±±x°
ý®æŠ®Šµ²¡¬ vðŠ®qµ Uµ²°Š®ï°Š® q®y®uµ²¡¬ N®‡®±Ìpâ yµ½o⌬ vî¯
N®Š®oºvî®är yµºy®wµ°º q®¡µu®wµ²° ‡µ²°T°ºu®ä†äºu®ºS®¡µ²¡¬ ||

vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q® î®±q®ÙÇ®±Ô œµYÏw® ¯ŸrS®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î® Cw®²Ý Nµ©î®¼ ý¯š®w®S®¢îµ‡µ±º…±u®± S®î®±w¯œ®«î¯Tuµ. AS®¡®ªå H.N®. 5(1976), 22 (4‡µ± 23) š®±.11 ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® ý¯š®w® î®±±Qãî¯u®±u®±. Cu®± S®u®ãu®ªåuµ. îµ±¶š®²Š®± dŒµå‡®± N®³Ç®ØŠ¯cw®S®Š® (Hl®qµ²Šµ) q¯©²åOw® YN®Êœ®w®šµ²°Sµ A„µà‡®± …š®v (A„µà‡®± dw¯©‡®±) ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® w®î®Š®ºS®u® „¯T©± îµ±°ªw® y®iÔ‡®±ªå CŠ®±î® BŠ®± š¯ªw® D ý¯š®w®u® y®½o« y¯j® Ÿ°Tuµ:

§° Nµ²ºl®N®±w¯Ûw®æ‡®± uµ°›‡®±S®o y®¼š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu® §°vî¯
N®Š®oxÛ ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®Š® bµ°Ç®Ô S®±Š®±S®¡®y®Þ
„®hÔŠ® u¯î®±w®xÛ „®hÔŠ® š®º…xÛ D y®w®šµ²°Sµ‡®±
X®ºS¯¡®æŠ® r°q®Ú«uµŒ¯å …š®vS®¡®±î®±â„µà‡®± …š®
v‡®±±º qµ²¥¿w¯l® „µ¡®î®wµ‡®±±º […] š®v‡®±±º q®q®éî®±±
u¯‡®± î®±±Qãº

D ý¯š®w®vºu® vî¯N®Š®oºv ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š®± Nµ²ºl®N®±ºu® Aw®æ‡®±u®uµ°›‡®±S®±o y®¼š®ÙN® S®X®Ðu®î®Šµºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cq®Š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå‡®±² Cu®NµÊ y®¼™ÔNµ²l®±î® ¯q®±S®¢îµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±u¯T î®±q®±Ù œµ²š®u¯T r¢u®±…Š®±î® Cwµ²Ýºu®± Aºý®îµºu®Šµ vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±± „®hÔŠ® (?) u¯î®±w®ºv „®hÔŠ® þǮ㊵º…±u®±. Cu®± ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡®u® 135(117) Š® î®±q®±Ù Awµ²ã°Œµå°QS®¡® y®äN¯Š® X®ºu®äO°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± wµ°Šµ S®±Š®±S®¡®±. ATºq® Ÿºvw® S®±Š®±S®¡®ªå w¯©±Êwµ‡®±î®Š®± u¯î®± w®ºvî®±±x. Au®‹ºu® Cªå bµ°Ç®Õ ý®…ÛNµÊ `y®½î®«, y¯äY°w®, y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±, Ÿ‹‡®±' Hº…s®«î®w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®„µ°N¯S®…œ®±uµº… š®ºý®‡®± Hu®±Š¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

(îµ±°ªw® YN®Êœ®w®šµ²°Sµ) 22Š® ý¯š®w®u® î®±²Š®wµ‡®± y¯u®u®ªåŠ®±î® „®hÔŠ® u¯î®±w®xۄ®hÔŠ® Hw®±Ýî¯S® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± „®hÔŠ® Hº…±u®± „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® Hº…±u®Š® š®º¤y®Ù Š®²y®î¯Tuµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®± „®hÔŠ® Hº…±u®Š®ªå Iwµ²° uµ²°Ç®ïŠ®±î®ºqµ qµ²°Š®±q®Ùuµ. Au®± ®Ùî®î¯T „µhÔu® HºvŠ®…œ®±u®±. HŠ®l®wµ‡®± š®©u® „®hÔŠ® Hº… …¡®Nµ‡®± x‹°£µ‡®±ªå îµ²u®©wµ‡®± „µhÔu® Hº…±u®± „®hÔŠ® Hºu¯TŠ®…œ®±u®±. Cºq®œ® š¯u®ãqµ‡®±w®±Ý A©åS®¡µ‡®±uµ S®º†Ã°Š®î¯T y®‹„¯©± „µ°N¯u® Aw®ã š¯£¯Èãu¯Š®S®¢îµ; MYq®ãî®w®±Ý S®î®±x› B š®ºS®r‡®± X®Xµ«‡®±w®±Ý Cªå y®äš¯Ùz›rÙ©å).

Cuµ° ý¯š®w®u® y¯j®, KºuµŠ®l®± š®oØ …u®Œ¯î®nµ‡µ²ºvSµ, YN®Ê œ®w®šµ²°Sµ Bv°ý®æŠ®š¯æﱇ®± …š®v‡®± …©„¯Tªw® qµ²Œµ‡®± îµ±°ªuµ [26 (4‡µ±27)] Au®Š®ªå „µhÔu® Hº… ý®…Û …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯T©å. Cuµ° YN®Ê œ®w®šµ²°Sµ‡®± wµ°ï±°ý®æŠ®š¯æï± …š®v‡®±
qµ²Œµ‡®± îµ±°Œµ CŠ®±î® 11−12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® ý¯w®u®ªå BŠ®± Ar Eu®Ûwµ‡®± š¯©±S®¡® ý¯š®w®ïuµ. Cu®Š®ªå u¯î®±w®ºv „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®² X®ºu®äO°r œµ°¢Š®±î® bµ°Ç®Õý®…ÛNµÊ Iw®± As®«îµº…±u®± œµX®±Ï xX®Ï¡®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ; ý¯š®w®u® y¯j® Cºruµ: §°î®±uµÛ°›S®S®o y®¼š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu® §°u®Š®uµ°î®Š® þǮ㠊µ°¡¯X®‡®±«Š®î®Š® þÇ®ãu¯Û«î®±w®xÛ „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®î®Š® š¯u®ﱫS®¡®Ïºu®äO°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®î®Š® þÇ®ãv« î¯N®Š®oxÛ ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®Š®î®Š® þÇ®ãX¯Ï«ºu¯ä‡®±p uµ°î¯y®Š® w¯î®±uµ°‡®±Š®y®Þ §°î®±cч®±O°r« uµ°î®Š¬ (Cq¯ãv) D ý¯š®w®u®ªå œµ°¡µ²CŠ®±î® I¡¯X¯‡®±ã« î®±±x°ºu®äŠ®± š®î®¾¯và Š®o y®lµu®±u®w®²Ý ASµ A® þÇ®ã cºS®î®±r°s®«w¯u® N®ŒµÝŒµuµ°î®w®± x›vÃSµ xªå›u®±u®w®²ÝÉ Cuµ° YN®Êœ®w®šµ²°Sµ‡®± (36(14) ‡µ± 84). ý¯š®w®ï›uµ. Cu®± 17−2−1100 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯u® ý¯š®w®. Cu®äªå y®w®šµ²°Sµ x u¯î®±w®ºv, A® þǮ㠧°u®Š¯X¯‡®±«, A® þÇ®ã î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®, A® þÇ®ã X®ºu®äO°r«…är y®äî®±±QŠ¬;

`` q®q®Ù w®±b¯q®Š¯q®q®‡®±š® ›u¯Üw®Ù Š®q¯ÝN®Š®Š¬ š®æ›Ù ‡®±î®±x‡®±î®±
š¯æu¯㇮±u¯ãw® ¹w® A [w®±] ǯÕo y®Š¯‡®±oŠ®y®Þ §°î®±²¡®š®ºU®u®
uµ°›S®ou® yµ½š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu® §° vî¯N®Š®oºv ›u¯ÜxÙuµ°î®Š®
þ™xÙ …š®î®îµS®xÙ‡®±Š¬ š®N®î®‹Ç® š¯‰±Š®v C 1021 wµ‡®±
y®ä¯t š®ºî®X®ÐŠ® y¯©±Ìo š®±u®Ü y®fÏï± Bv®u®ºu®±
X¯ºu¯ä‡®±o'' (y®¼. 15−16)

D x›vÃSµ‡®±w®±Ý …š®î®îµS®xÙ‡®±Š® þÇ®ãw¯u® u®ºl®w¯‡®±N® w¯Oî®±‡®±ãw®± y®Šµ²°£® ïw®‡®±vºu® ¯m›u¯Ûwµºu®± ý¯š®w®u® N®lµ‡®±ªå …Šµ‡®±Œ¯Tuµ. D y®¼hÔ ý¯š®w®vºu® r¢u®± …Š®±î® œµ²š® ïÇ®‡®±îµºu®Šµ, vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± Cwµ²Ý…à þǵ㇮±Š¯u® …š®î®îµS®ºr‡®±Š® ïX¯Š®.

S®±©àS®« dªåSµ šµ°‹u® œ®±o› œ®l®S®ª uµ°î®š¯Úw®îµ½ºu®Š®ªå uµ²Šµq® ý¯š®w®îµ½ºu®Šµ ïýµå°Ç®nµ‡®±w®±Ý š®œ® z.†. uµ°š¯‰±‡®±î®Š®± w®l®›Š®±q¯ÙŠµ. B ý¯š®w®u®ªå‡®±² u¯î®±w®ºv, §°u®Š®uµ°î®, î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®, X®ºu®äO°r«, w®‡®±w®ºv, î®u®«î®¾¯w® (z‹‡®±§°), vî¯N®Š®w®ºv qµäȶïu®ã ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®, dw®X®ºu®ä î®±œ¯î®±ºq®ä î¯v, š®î®«oºv, „¯¡®X®ºu®ä …äry®r, î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®, N®Œ¯ãoO°r«, Aœ®«w®ºv („µhÔu® uµ°î®) î®±q®±Ù „¯¡®X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºruµ°î®−D S®±Š®±y®Š®ºy®Šµ š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T EŒµå°Qî¯Tuµ (bµ¶xš®º Cw¬ š¹q¬ Cºm‡®¾¯, CºTåǬ y®¼š®ÙN®, y®¼. 247). Cu®Š®ªå …Š®±î® y®äš®±Ùq®NµÊ š®º…ºu®y®hÔ š¯©± Ÿ°Tuµ: ``qµäȶïu®ãŠ®y®Þ z‹A‡®± §° vî¯N®Š®w®ºv ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š®±'' (ý¯š®w®u®ªå š¯©± 25−26) w®S®Š® 57 wµ‡®± š®±v°U®« ý¯š®w®vºu® (1077) r¢u®±…Š®±î® ï®S®¡®w®±Ý y®‹þ°ªš®…œ®±u®±. ï°Š®ý¯ºq®Š®w® Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® qµ¶©œ® uµ°î®w®± („®±c…¡® ý¯ºq®Š®w®) y®hÔw®š¯æï± wµ²N®Ê‡®±ã šµiÔ‡®±Š®± ¯m›u® r°s®«u® …š®vSµ u®rÙ †h±ÔNµ²hÔ ïX¯Š®î®w®±Ý ý¯š®w®u® BŠ®º„®u®ªå r¢›uµ. Aw®ºq®Š® §°î®±q¬ y®hÔo š¯æï± wµ²N®Ê‡®±ã šµiÔ‡®±Š®± œµ°Sµ B N¯©u®ªå ``y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®q®Ýº, ý¯ºq®¢uµ°ý®N¯ºq¯Š¯ºq®Š® cºS®î®± r°s®«º, N®ª‡®±±hÌ y¯s®«º, yµ½º…±X®Ï« N®±¡µ²°u®áî® vî¯N®Š®º'' BT „µ¡®Tu®Šµº…±u®w®±Ý œ®©î¯Š®± y®u®ãS®¡®ªå Nµ²ºl¯l®Œ¯Tuµ. CÇ®±Ô y®äP¯ãq®w¯u® y®hÔoš¯æï± wµ²N®Ê‡®±ãw® S®±Š®±S®¡®± E„®‡®±›u¯Üºq®Š®q¯ÝN®Š®Š®² ïP¯ãq®Š®² Bu® vî¯N®Š®oºv: ``Aœ®«q®ÞŠ®îµ±°ý®æŠ® y®Š®î®±„®g¯ÔŠ®N®î®±±Q N®î®±¡®ïxS®«q® š®u®š®u¯v ®±Ùš®æŠ®²y® xŠ®²y®o y®äï°oŠ®±º ›u¯Üw®ÙŠ®q¯ÝN®Š®Š®y®Þ §°î®±vÛ î¯N®Š®oxÛ ›u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®Š® S®±l®Ö'' (î®±±ºuµ y®hÔoš¯æﱇ®± î®o«wµ‰±uµ).

š®²¡µ°…›Ù‡®± Hu®±‹Sµ CŠ®±î® ¯w®š®Ùº„®u® y®þÏî®±, y®½î®«, Eq®ÙŠ® î®±q®±Ù u®¤o î®±±QS®¡®ªå D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý Nµq®ÙŒ¯Tuµ. îµ±°Œµ Eu¯œ®‹›u® „¯S® y®þÏî®± î®±±Qu®ªåŠ®±î® …Š®î®pSµ‰±ºu® y®äš®±Ùq®NµÊ q®N®ÊÇ®±Ô qµSµu®±Nµ²¡®ëŒ¯Tuµ. Eq®ÙŠ®î®±±Qvºu® Kºu®± y®u®ãî®w®±Ý B‹› Nµ²¡®ë…œ®±u®±:

S®±pS®¡¬ ›u¯Üw®ÙŠ®q¯ÝN®Š®Š®î®±¡® X®‹q®ä⫝̸¯‡µ²°T …³w¯Û
S®äpS®¡¬ §°ý®xÙw¯s®N®äî®±N®î®±¡®‡®±±S¯Š¯u®N®„¯«Š®r° „®²
Ç®o…±u®Üb¯Ó«xS®¡¬ uµ°›N®S®o r¡®Nµ bµÑȶ«w®›u¯Üw®Ù X®²l¯
î®±pS®¡¬ §°y®hÔoš¯æï±Sµ S®±Š®±S®¡µw®Œ¬ wµ²N®Êw®w¯ÙŠ®± N®³q¯q®Ú«Š¬ ||

Cuµ° ¯w®š®Ùº„®u® y®½î®« î®±±Qu®ªåŠ®±î® …Š®î®pSµ‡®± BŠ®º„®u®ªå î®±qµÙ vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± y®äš¯Ùy®ïuµ. D EŒµå°Qq®² …œ®±î®±±Qã î¯u®u®±Û. INµºu®Šµ Cu®Š®ªå vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±± Š®Y›Š®±î® q®q¯æs®«š®²q®äu® N®w®Ýl® rÙ‡®± ïX¯Š®î®w®±Ý r¢›uµ. Aºu®Šµ D ý¯š®w® Š®X®wµ‡®± 1077 îµ°¡µSµ vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x N®w®Ýl®î®³rÙ‡®± S®äºs®î®w®±Ý …Šµu®± y®½Šµ¶›u®±Û, Au®± cw®y®ä›v܇®±w®±Ý y®lµvq®±Ù Hº… š®ºhr š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Nµ©î®¼ N®lµ (N®ïX®‹Xµ) D ý¯š®w®Š®X®wµ N¯©î®w®±Ý 1062 Hºu®² w®î®±²vš®Œ¯Tuµ:

cl®Š®±º „¯¡®N®Š®±º …±u®y®äN®äî®±±º q®q¯æs®«î®±º N®©ÙU®º
Olµ š®î®±ãN®ðî®±N®ð î®±wµ‰±Û š®y®Ùy®Š®î®±š¯Úw¯zÙ‡®±º xý®Ï‡®±º |
y®lµ‡®±Œ¬ ¯mu®Šµ²yµÞ [‡®¾¯ vî¯N®Š®Š¬] q®q¯æs®«š®²q®äNµ¶ N®
w®Ýl®vº rÙ‡®±wµªåS®º wµS®¦¿æw®º ›u¯Üºq® Š®q¯ÝN®Š®Š¬ ||

cl®Š®± „¯©N®Š®± ïu¯æºš®Š®± D bµ¶w® q®q¯æs®«î®w®±Ý N®ªq®± î®±q®±Ù y¯y®î®w®±Ý x°TNµ²ºlµ š®î®±ãN®ðî®w®±Ý š®ºy¯vš®ª Hº… š®u¯áî®wµ‰±ºu® vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x š®ºš®Êȳq® „¯ǵ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® q®q¯æs®«š®²q®äNµÊ N®w®Ýl® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå rÙ‡®±w®±Ý …Šµu®Šµº…±u¯T Cºq®± š®Þ™Ô°N®‹›Š®±î®¼u®± EŒµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® î®±±ºvw® y®u®ã Ÿ°Tuµ:

N®w®±Ùu®y®Þ«œ®Š®º dw®º q®w®S¯y®Ùw¯¡®Ûw®î¯‡®±ã«ï
N¯äw®Ùwµ²¡®Ìª ï°Š®ý¯w®ÙŠ®w®î®±âoº S®±p q®wµÛ v
S®ÛxÙî®rÙ«q®O°rÙ«S®¡¬ S®±Š®±S®¡¬ vî¯N®Š®oxÛ ›
u¯Üw®Ùuµ°î®Šµw®ŒµÊ y®hÔoš¯æï±wµ²N®Êwµ š®w®±Ýq®º ||

¯w®š®Ùº„®u® u®¤oî®±±Qu® Nµq®Ùwµ‰±ºu® Kºu®± y®u®ãî®w®±Ý ¯q®ä y®äš®±Ùq®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu®Û‹ºu®, Eu¯œ®‹š®…œ®±u®±:

X¯Š®±X®‹q®ä‹°uµ²Šµ‡®±Š¯Šµxyµ½¢æw® X®ºu®äO°r« „®
g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®S®äþǮ㊮U®œ¯‹S®¡¯œ®«q®q®q®æ®±Ù ï
š¯ÙŠ®N®Š®ºS®b¯‹S®¡®ýµ°Ç®ïýµ°Ç®S®±n¯î®¢°î®±wµ²°
œ¯‹S®¡µº†w®º wµS®¦ÛŠ®ŒµÙ vî¯N®Š®oºv š®²‹S®¡¬ ||

î®X®w® || E„®‡®± ›u¯Üw®Ù X®²l¯î®±pS®¡®±º qµäȶïu®ãuµ°î®Š®±îµ±x›u® §°vî¯N®Š®oxÛ ›u¯Üw®Ù Š®q¯ÝN®Š® uµ°î®Š® þǮ㊬ ||

š®N®¡® X®w®ÛÉäî®±±xw¯s®Š®±î®«Š¯
š®N®¡®uµ²¡®±ÞŠ®î®±‡µ²°S®ãŠµº…±u®º
N®N®±„®u®xÙS®¡® u®w®Ùuµ²¡®N®Š®º
y®äN®h¯Sµ …Šµu®º zq¯î®±œ®º ||

D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý Š®Y›u®î®w®± š®î®±ãN®ð¯›‡µ±x›u® y®hÔoš¯æﱇ®± î®±S®w¯u® î®±ªåw¯s® N®ï. w®S®Š® 57−58 HŠ®l®² ý¯š®w®S®¡®± î®±ªåw¯s®w® Eq®ÊÈ³Ç®Ô Š®X®wµS®¡¯Tîµ, Jrœ¯›N® î®±œ®q®æî®w®±Ý y®lµvîµ. D î®±ªåw¯s® ý¯š®w® N®ï‡®± îµ±°Œµ š®±N®±î®¾¯Š®X®‹qµ N¯î®ã …Šµu® ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡®± y®ä„¯î®w®±Ý N®²l® S®±Š®±rš®…œ®±u¯Tuµ. w®S®Š® 58 wµ‡®± ý¯š®w® (H.N®. 8,y®¼. 387) Nµ²l®±î® ï®S®¡®ªå y®äš®±Ùq®NµÊ š®º…ºu®y®l®±î® š¯©± Nµ°î®© HŠ®l®± y®ºOÙ‰±uµ. š®²¡µ° …š®v‡®± Hu®±‹Sµ xºrŠ®±î® N®ªåw® îµ±°©±S®lµ NµrÙŠ®±î® š¯©±S®¡®ªå vî¯N®Š®oºvSµ š®º…ºvÛu® EŒµå°Qî®w®±Ý N¯o…œ®±u®±. D ý¯š®w® Hºh²î®Šµ Am Hq®ÙŠ® œ¯S®² î®±²Š®±î®±±N¯Ê©± Am AS®©ïuµ. y®äš®±Ùq®NµÊ Aî®ý®ãî¯u® y®ºOÙ Ÿ°Tuµ: ``§°y®hÔoš¯æﱇ®± S®±Š®±S®¡¬ §°î®±vÛî¯N®Š®oxÛ ›u¯Üw®Ù Š®q¯ÝN®Š®uµ°î®Š®± §° †Š®±u® š®…à«cÓº †°Š® ý¯ºq®Š®uµ°î®º.''

w®S®Š® 57 î®±q®±Ù 58 wµ‡®± HŠ®l®² ý¯š®w®S®¡®w®±Ý šµ°‹›u®Šµ BS®±î®Ç®±Ô y®ä¯oOʺq® uµ²l®Ö ý¯š®w® þN¯‹y®¼Š®u® 136 wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®. D ý¯š®w®u® N®lµ‡®± „¯S® š¯N®Ç®±Ô q®±äiq®î¯Tuµ. D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý y¯ä‡®±: ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡µ±° …ŠµvŠ®„µ°Nµºu®± FŸš®…œ®±u®±. Aºq®Š®„¯œ®ã y®ä¯w®S®¡®± D Fœµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±œ¯î®±ºu®Œµ°ý®æŠ®w¯Tu®Û ©£®Èâow®w®±Ý ي®î¯T î®p«š®Œ¯Tuµ. Aw®ºq®Š®u®ªå î®u®«î®¾¯w® î®±±x‡®± š®±Ùr‰±uµ. q®Š®±î¯‡®± …Š®±î® Kºu®± q®Ùy®u®ãu®ªå vî¯N®Š®uµ°î®Šµ šµ²Ù°q®ä N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ:

š®ºq®q®îµ²ºv xºu® q®y®uµ²¡¬ ý®±äq®uµ²¡¬ S®±ouµ²¡¬ ïýµ°Ç®‹
xݺrµ©å‹º z‹‡®±‹ºr®S®Ì¡®u®S®äS®o㊵²°
Š®ºrµºu®± O°r«y®¼u®± N®²q®±« [vî¯N®Š®] uµ°î®›
u¯Üºq® î®±±x°ºu®äŠ®º w®q®w®Šµ°ºu®äŠ®w®†Ü y®‹°q®„®²q®¡®º ||

D ý¯š®w® Š®X®wµ‡®± N¯© Oä.ý®. 1068. `š®±N®±î®¾¯Š®X®‹qµ' ‡µ±º… X®ºy®½ N¯î®ãî®w®²Ý þN¯‹y®¼Š® ý¯š®w®î®w®²Ý Š®Y›Š®±î® ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡®±² vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x‡®±² š®î®±N¯ª°w® Œµ°QN®Šµº…±u®w®±Ý ïýµ°Ç®î¯T S®î®±xš®…œ®±u®±. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± S®±Š®±î¯u® X®ºu®äO°r« î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý N®²l® ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï š®â‹›u¯Ûwµ (1−22) Au®Š®ªå‡®±²

ïvq® î¯ãN®Š®ou® q®
N®«u® ›u¯Üºq®u® ïýµ°Ç®vº qµäȶïu¯ã
š®Þu®Šµºv° u®Šµ …pØy®¼
u®± vî¯N®Š®oºvuµ°î® šµ¶u¯ÜºrS®¡®º || (1−28)

Hº… N®ºu®y®u®ã š®±y®ä›u®Üî¯Tuµ. ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡®± D y®u®ãî®w®±Ý ý¯š®w® N®ï N®²l® Eu¯œ®‹›u®±Ûu®w®±Ý y®‹þ°ª› ï›uµÛ°îµ (ý®ä „µ. 117).

Cwµ²Ýºu®± y®äî®±±Qî¯u® ý¯š®w® H.N®. 6 (1977), 3(4 N®³yµ°. 3), 24−12−1118. Cu®± î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®± N®³Ç®ØŠ¯cyµ°gµ q¯©²åOSµ šµ°‹u® œµ²š®œµ²¡®©± S¯äî®±u® y¯ý®æ«w¯s® …š®vSµ u®¤oOÊŠ®±î® N®ªåw® îµ±°Œµ NµrÙŠ®±î® 46 y®ºOÙS®¡® ý¯š®w®. S®ºS®î¯m
96 š¯ïŠ®î®w®±Ý yµ½‡®±é¡®uµ°î®w®± B¡®±rÙu®±Ûu®w®±Ý Cu®Š®ªå w®î®±²v›uµ. uµ²°Š®š®î®±±u®äu® y®hÔo ýµiÔ‡®¾¯u® wµ²o (¡®) †šµiÔ‡®± (X®î®¼ºl¯ºv vær°‡®± w¯î®±uµ°‡®±) œµºl®r‡®¾¯u® uµ°ï±N®„µà (uµ°î®¾¯º†Nµ) ‡®±± N®q®Ù‹U®hÔu®ªå räN®²hdw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý N®iÔ›u®¡µº… š®ºS®r D ý¯š®w®u® î®±±Qã ïX¯Š®; AŠ®œ®w® œ®¢ë‡®±w®²Ý „®²ï±N¯p‡®±w®²Ý HŠ®l®± S¯oS®¡®w®²Ý HŠ®l®± NµŠµS®¡®w®²Ý HŠ®l®± qµ²°hS®¡®w®²Ý î®±wµ‡®±w®²Ý BNµ …š®vSµ 24−12−1118 Š®ºu®± (ý®N®. 1040 ï¡®º† y®¼Ç®ã ý®±. 10 S®±Š®±î¯Š® Eq®ÙŠ¯‡®±o š®ºN¯äºr) y®½b¯N¯‡®±«NµÊ u¯w®ïq®Ù¡®±. §° î®±²©š®ºU®u® uµ°›S®S®ou® yµ½š®ÙN®S®X®Ðu® §° ý®±„®X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š®± D u¯w®î®w®±Ý u¯Š¯y®½î®«N® y®lµu®Š®±; wµ²¡®º†šµiÔ‡®±± A® S®±l®Ö (þÇ®ã). ý®±„®äX®ºu®äŠ®S®±Š®± y®¼q®Ùu®îµ±‡®±ã î®±©u¯‹ uµ°î®Š®±. D î®±©u¯‹ uµ°î®Š®± vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± þǮ㊮± Hºu®± r¢›uµ. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q®± Kºu®± (Aý®±u®Ü) N®ºu® y®u®ãî®w®±Ý D ý¯š®w® Ku®T›uµ (š¯©± 39−40):

ïvq® î¯ãN®Š®ou® q®
N®Ê«u® ›u¯Üw®Ùu® ïýµ°Ç®vº qµ¶ïu¯ã
š®Þu®vºvŠµ …pÝy®¼
u®± vî¯N®Š®oºvuµ°î® ›u¯ÛxÙS®Š®º ||

D N®ºu® y®u®ãu® î®±²Š®wµ‡®± y¯u®u®ªå 12 ¯qµäS®¡® …u®©± 10 ¯qµäS®¢u®±Û, CwµÝŠ®l®± ¯qµäS®¡® Nµ²Š®qµ‰±uµ. ®Ùî®î¯T vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®±Ý š®±Ùrš®±î® D y®u®ã ïP¯ãq®î¯u®u®±. Cu®w®±Ý îµ²u®©± …Šµu®î®w®± ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï. Bq®w® š®±N®±î®¾¯Š®X®‹qµ N¯î®ãu®ªå D N®ºu® y®u®ãu® ý®±u®Ü y¯j® uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. A©åuµ Cuµ° N®ºu® y®u®ã ý®äî®o„µ¡µ²Ì¡® 135(117) wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®u®©²å ›S®±q®Ùuµ. Aºu®Šµ ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡®± y®u®ãî®w®±Ý HŠ®l®² ý¯š®w®N¯Š®Š®± Eu®Ü‹›u¯ÜŠµº…±u®± S®î®±w¯œ®«î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. N®ïS®¡®± q®î®±â N¯î®ãu®ªå q®î®±Tºq® Ÿºu®o N®ïS®¡® N¯î®ãS®¢ºu® y®u®ãS®¡®w®±Ý Eu¯œ®‹š®±rÙu®Ûºqµ ý¯š®w®N®ïS®¡®² N®ïN®³rS®¢ºu® Ÿ°Sµ y®u®ãS®¡®w®±Ý Eu¯œ®‹š®±î® î¯mNµ‰±uµ.

vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± S®±Š®±y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®±ÝÉ Ÿ°Sµ S®±Š®±rš®…œ®±u®±:

vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x‡®± BX¯Š®ã y®Š®ºy®Šµ §°î®±ºq®î¯u®u®±Û. Au®Š®ºqµ A® ý®Ç®ãŠ®y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±² ïy®¼©î¯Tuµ, „®î®ãî¯Tuµ. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ, S®ºl®ïî®±±N®Ù î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®, š®N®©X®ºu®ä, y®hÔoš¯æï±wµ²N®Ê, ¯U®oºv−C®±S®¡µ° A©åuµ §°î®±r S®ºr (X¯ºu¯ä‡®±ouµ°î®), c‡®±O°r«uµ°î®, š®î®«oºv „®g¯ÔŠ®N®, î®±±xX®ºu®äuµ°î® îµ²u®©u®î®Š®± N®²l® vî¯N®Š®oºv ‡®±r‡®± þǮ㊯TvÛŠ®„µ°Nµºu®± FŸš®©± Aî®N¯ý®S®¢îµ. Cu®‹ºu® œ®wµ²Ýºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®±u®ÛN®²Ê D vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± Ÿºvw®, š®î®±N¯ª°w® î®±q®±Ù Aw®ºq®Š®u® S®±Š®±y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± Kºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ô Yq®äî®w®±Ý N®ªÞ›Nµ²¡®±ëu®± š¯u®ãî¯Tuµ. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± î¯ãP¯ãw® N®³r‰±ºu®©² Nµ©î®¼ y®½Š®N¯ºý®S®¡®w®±Ý y®lµ‡®±…œ®±u®±. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±± œ®w®šµ²°Sµî®¾¯j® î®±q®±Ù „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®Š®ºy®ŠµS®² œµ²º…±c S®±Š®± z°¢SµS®² š®º…ºu® œµ²ºvu®ÛŠµºu®± Ey®©…Ü ý¯š®w®u¯Š®S®¡®± š¯†°q®±y®mš®±q®Ùîµ.

vî¯N® Š® oºv‡® ± w®±Ý N®±‹q® ± Ey® ©…Ü î¯TŠ® ± î® Kh±Ô ý¯š® w® S¡®±:

1. HN®. 2,135 (117), 1123
2. HN®. 2,485(351) 1119
3. HN®. 6,3 (4 N®³yµ° 3), 1118
4. HN®. 5,22(4 wµ‡®± 23), š®±. 11 ý®.
5. HN®. 5, 26 (4 ‡µ± 27), š®±. 11−12 ý®.
6. HN®. 5, 23(4 wµ‡®± 24), 1100
7. HN®. 7 (1902), þN¯‹y®¼Š® 136, 1068
8. HN®. 8, w®S®Š® 57, 58, š®±. 1077

N¯î®ãS®¡®ªå ›S®±î® EŒµå°QS®¡®±:
1. ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï, š®±N®±î®¾¯Š®X®‹qµ, 1−28, 1060
2. w®‡®±w®šµ°w® N®ï, u®¯«î®±³q®, 1−22, 1122

D HŒ¯å Bu¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý S®î®±x› vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± d°ïq®u® N¯©î®¾¯w®î®w®±Ý š®²Ú©î¯T š®±. 1020 ‹ºu® 1085Š® µSµ d°ï›u®ÛŠµºu®± r¢‡®±…œ®±u®±; Aºq®² œ®w®²Ýºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Bv‰±ºu® Aºq®ãu®î®ŠµSµ C® d°ïq® N¯©îµºu®± xš®éºuµ°œ®î¯T S®äŸš®…œ®±u®±. bµ¶w® S®±Š®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå, Au®Š®ªå‡®±² N®w¯«hN®u®OÊ BTœµ²°u®î®Š®ªå, vî¯N®Š®oºvSµ ïþÇ®Ô Bu® Ÿ‹‡®± š¯Úw®ïuµ. B N¯Š®ovºu¯T A® y®Š®î¯u® EŒµå°QS®¡®± ïy®¼©î¯T Ey®©…Ü î¯Tîµ. A® Ÿºvw®, š®î®±N¯ª°w® œ¯S®² Aw®ºq®Š® N¯©u® bµ¶w®S®±Š®±S®¡® ¯Ÿr š®î®±³u®Üî¯Tuµ. AX®ÏN®w®Ým S®Š®² Ÿºu®² Cºu®² AX®ÏN®w®Ýl®u® y®äuµ°ý®î¯TŠ®±î® y® (œ®) w®šµ²°Sµ‡®±î®Š®² BTu®Û vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®±w®Š®± r䄯ǯ ïý¯Š®u®Š®±; y¯äN®³q®, š®ºš®Êȳq®, N®w®Ýl® „¯ǵS®¡®ªå y®äS®©áŠ®±. š®î®±š®Ù bµ¶w®î¯W⇮±u®ªå œ®³u®‡®± š¯Úw®u®ªåŠ®±î® E¯š¯æï±(r)‡®± q®q¯æs®«š®²q®äî®w®±Ý N®w®Ýl®NµÊ N®w®Ým›Nµ²hÔ Bu®ãŠ®±. A®± q®î®±â d°ïq® N¯©u®ªå y®ä›vÜ y®lµvu®Û®±, þǮ㚮ºy®q®±Ù œµ²ºvu®Û®±.

CÇ®±Ô y®ä›u®ÜŠ¯u® vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±±x N®w®Ýl®u®ªå îµ²q®Ùîµ²u®© „¯‹Sµ …ŠµvŠ®±î® q®q¯æs®« š®²q®ärÙ Cu®±î®ŠµS®² y®äN®hî¯T©å. D N®w®Ýl® rÙSµ u¯ﱫN® î®±œ®q®æîµ° A©åuµ X¯‹räN® œ¯S®² „¯™N® î®±œ®q®æ Eºh±.

Bu¯Š®S®¡®±
1. HN®. 2,1973
(A) 135(117), 1123
(B) 484(351), 1109
2. HN®. 7, 1902, 136, 1068 þN¯‹y®¼Š®
3. HN®. 8, w®S®Š® 57/58, š®±. 1077, ý¯š®w® …Šµu® N®ï î®±ªåw¯s®
4. HN®. 6, 1977, 3 (4 N®³yµ° 3), 1118
5. HN®. V, 1976, 22(4 wµ‡®± 23), 23(4 ‡µ± 24), 26 (4 ‡µ± 23)
6. N®n¯«hN® N®ïX®‹qµ, 1961, y®¼. 96, 97−98
7. N®w®Ýl® š¯Ÿq®ã X®‹qµä−š®ºy®¼h î®±²Š®± (îµ±¶.ï.ï. N®.A.š®º.) 1976, y®¼
745−748
8. uµ²©w® î®±q®±Ù q®.š®±. ý¯î®±Š¯‡®± (š®º.): ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï‡®±
9. vî¯N®Š®oºv‡®± `q®q¯ðs®«. š®²q¯äw®±S®q® N®n¯«hN® ©U®±î®³rÙ' (š®º)
w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®. (1995)
10. w®‡®±šµ°w® N®ï‡®± u®¯«î®±³q® N¯î®ã
11. ï±d« An¯ØŠ¯‡®±: bµ¶w®u®«
12. H. ý¯ºr Š¯cý¯›ô (š®º): „¯©X®ºu®ä uµ°î® Yq® q®q®ðŠ®q®Ý y®äv°zNµ,
1955
13. œ®ºy®w¯: vî¯N®Š®oºv î®±q®±Ù î®l¯ÖŠ¯u®wµ,
14. z.†. uµ°š¯‰±: bµ¶xš®î®¾¬ Cw¬ š¹q¬ Cºm‡®¾¯
15. w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®, `š¯ºq®Š®Š®±: Kºu®± Au®㇮±w®' (1997)