CHANDRAKODE

X¯¡®±N®ãN®±© î®±q®±Ù y®¼ (yµ½) ©Nµ°›(w¬)

X¯¡® ± N®ã Š® u®± N® ²l® AX®ÏN® w®Ý l® AŠ® š®± N®±©. X¯¡® ± N®ã î® ºý® u® ES® î®± œ¯S® ² xÇ® Þ rÙ ‡® ± w®±Ý N® ± ‹q®± X® Xµ «S® ¡® Tîµ . X® ‹q® äN¯Š® Š®± w® l®›Š® ± î® Yºq® w® î® ± ºs® w® S® ¡®
š¯Š¯ºý® OÊ ºq® „µ °Šµ ‡® ± u¯u® x©  w® w®Ý u®±. Cu® ± î® Šµ Sµ š® ± Yq® î¯TŠ® ± î® ý® „¯Û s® « db¯Ó šµ Sµ Cwµ ²Ý ºu® ± As® «î® w®±Ý yµ½ °pš® ±  u® ǵ԰ w® w®Ý EuµÛ °Ç® î® ©å . „®™N® , š¯î®¾ ¯dN® , „ ¹Sµ ²°¢N® , î® ± q®±Ù š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® ŸwµÝ ŒµS® ¢ºu® D X¯¡® ± N®ã ý® …Û u® xî® «X® w® î® ± q®±Ù y®¼ w®Š¬ î¯ã Pµã Sµ Aî® N¯ý® ïuµ . `X¯¡® ± N®ã' Hº… ý® …Û Š® ²y® NµÊ š® º…ºvà ›u® Nµ©î®¼ y¯ä Y°w® ý¯š® w® y® ä ‡µ ²°S® S® ¡®±:

1. X®©ÊÉã: „¯u¯ï± ý¯š®w®: Oä.ý®. 578
2. X®¢N®ã: î®±œ¯N®²h š®Ùº„® ý¯š®w®: Oä.ý®. 602
3. X®ªN®ã: î®±ºS®¡µ°ý®w® ý¯š®w®: Oä.ý®. 7wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®
4. X®©±N®ã: y®¼ªNµ°þ 2. Jœµ²¡µ‡®± ý¯š®w®: Oä.ý®. 634
5. X®¡®±O: š¹.C.C. 17.37. Aqµ°v.
6. š®¡®±O: š¹.C.C. 11−1. 14. Oä.ý®. 872.

D ý®…Ûu® X®Xµ«‡®± N®£µSµ K¡®y®l®±î® š®î®¾¯w® î®±²©u® ý®…ÛS®¡® b¯q®N®î®w®²Ý †m› wµ²°l®…œ®±u®±:

X®î®¼¡®±, w®î®¼¡®± brackishness, q®ï±¡®±, X®î®¼l®±. qµ©±S®±, X®î®¼l®±, X®î®l®±,

X®î®¼¡®±y®¼ÈÞ Impuresoda, Soda-saltpeter

X®î®¼¡®± î®±o±Ø Fullers earth, earth impregnated with carbonate of soda

b¯¡µÝ©, c¡®±wµ©: FÇ®, £¯Š®î®±³rÙNµ

X®¢‡®± the state of growing putrid or muddy
q®ï±¡®±, î®±Œµ‡®¾¯¡®º, X®¢ to grow putrid, mud, mire Nµš®¥± wet
soil, mud, mire. q®ï±¡®±, î®±Œµ‡®¾¯¡®º. X®¢, š®±¢, X®u®±N®±, d°Š®±N®±]

š®ªNµ (q®á) š®Œ¯Nµ, š®ºš®Êȳq®−ý®Œ¯Nµ, N®†àou® š®Š®¡®±, N®³™ Ey®N®Š®o îµ±°ªw® ý®…ÛS®¡®± Kºu®± î®±²© y®äN®³r (BN®³r) ‰±ºu® xÇ®Þw®Ýî¯u® ý®…ÛS®¡µºu®± N¯o±q®Ùuµ. Cå î®±pØSµ š®º…ºvÛu® ¯q®±S®¡®±. š®ªNµ. š®Œ¯Nµ Hº…±u®w®²Ý `X®¡®±N®ã−š®¡®±O' Hº… ý®…Û î®±²©NµÊ b¯Ór ý®…ÛS®¡µºu®± (cognate words) N®ªÞš®…œ®±u®±. Cu®‹ºu® y®är°q®î¯S®±î®ºqµ D X¯¡®±N®ãý®u® î®±²© y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®± KN®Ê© î®±N®Ê¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. A®± îµ²u®©± î®±pØw® î®±N®Ê¡¯Tu®±Û y®ä„®±ý®OÙ S®¢›, Kºu®± Š¯cN®±©î¯T „µ¡µu®Š®±. X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®u®± N®³™N® N®±h±º…… r°î®¾¯«w® q®¡µ‡®±©± wµŠ®î¯S®±î®¼u®± D ý®u® yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ Hº… œµš®Š®±.

yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ [š¹.C.C. 20, 4.683. ©£µÈâ°ý®æŠ® (u¯Š®î¯l® d/þŠ®œ®iÔq¯): Auµ°. 5. 723: Auµ°. 6.730.: Auµ° 7.735: š¹.C.C. 11. 136. 1091. B©²Š®± (u¯d/î®±±ºl®Š®T q¯)] Hº… AºOq®w¯î®± Š®²y®u®ªå HŠ®l®± î®±±N®Ù BN®³rS®¢îµ: yµ½©(w¬)+ Nµ°›w¬, C î®±²©u¯äïl®N®²Ê, y®½î®«u® œ®¡µ S®w®Ýl®N®²Ê šµ°‹u® ý®…ÛS®¡®±. y®½© (œµ²©)+Nµ°›w¬(Xµ°›w¬= ¯l®± î®î®w®±)= yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ Hºu¯Tuµ. qµ©±S®± „¯ǵ‡®±ªå Xµ°›w® Hº… O䇮¾¯Š®²y®NµÊ ¯mu® Hºu®², Xµ°›w®î¯Š®± Hº…±u®NµÊ ¯mu®î®Š®± Hºu®² As®«. Nµ°›w¬−Xµ°›w® Hº…±u®± q¯©ï°N®Š®oSµ²ºmŠ®±î® (palatalisation) u¯äïl®Š®²y®. Cºs® Cw®²Ý œ®q®ÙŠ®± š®î®¾¯w®−š®u®³ý® Š®²y®S®¢îµ. Nµ©î®¼ Eu¯: Nµ°Š®−Xµ°Š®, Nµ‡®¾¬−Xµ‡®¾¬, Nµu®Š®±−Xµu®Š¬, Sµu®Û©±−Xµu®Œ¬, Nµ¥¿−Xµ¥±î®¼. î®±²©u¯äïl®*N¬−š®æw®î®¼, Au®Š® î®±±ºuµ CD−HI Hº… y®½î®« š®æŠ®S®¡®± (front vowels) …ºu¯S® Au®± q®ï±¡®± qµ©±S®± î®±Œµ‡®¾¯¡® „¯ǵS®¡®ªå X¬−BS®±q®Ùuµ. y®½îµ°«q®Š® š®æŠ®S®¡¯u® (non-front vowels) A E K y®Š®î¯u®S® î®ãq¯ãš®š¯S®±î®¼v©å. N®w®Ýl®, q®±¡®± „®ǵS®¡®ªå, y®½î®«−y®½îµ°«q®Š® š®æŠ®S®¡®ªå ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° …ºu®Š®² š®íw® î®ãq¯ãš® š®º„®uµ * N¬−š®æw® A„¯vÃq®î¯T‡µ±° x©±åq®Ùuµ: Eu¯: (N®w®Ýl®)O‹, Nµ‡®¾¬, Nµ°Š®±, Nµu®Š®±− D ý®…ÛS®¢Sµ q®ï±¡®± qµ©±S®± îµ±Œµ‡®¾¯¡® „¯ǵS®¡®ªå N®äî®±î¯T Y‹, Xµî®¾¬−Xµ°q¬, Xµ°Š®±N®−XµŠ®±S®±, Xµu®±Š®± Hº… Š®²y®S®¢îµ [œ®ºy®. w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, `u¯äïl® „¯ǯ ïb¯Ów®', w¯©Êwµ‡®± î®±±u®äo (1994)]. I¡®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® qµ©±S®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå Nµ°š®‹ Hº… N®N¯Š®îµ° ý®…Ûu® Bv‡®±ªå y®ä‡µ²°S®î¯TŠ®±î® Š®²y®S®¢îµ: y®xNµ°š®‹ (y®xXµ°›‹).

yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ Hº…±u®± `œµ²© ¯l®±î®î®w®±' Hº… As®«u® ¯q¯Tuµ: KN®Ê©Ùw®º Nµ‡µ²æw¬ [C. B. 19, š®±. 690. …¢ëS¯îµ y®¼. 144−45]. CºvS®² œµ²© ¯mNµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ, œµ²©Sµ‡µ²Êºmu¯Ûwµ, œµ²©Sµ‡®±ã−Hº…±î®¼ Šµ¶q¯zcw®Š® Š®²mÇ®± ¯q®±S®¡¯Tîµ. yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ (œµ²© ¯l®±î®î®w®±) Hº… œµš®‹w® ›ô° y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®w®±Ý N®w®Ýl® ý¯š®w®S®¡®± œµš®‹›îµ.

1. S®ºS®Š® Š¯cŠ®ªå y®½©ï°Š®wµº… Nµ²W±Ìp î®±œ¯Š¯cxu®Ûwµ. Dq®w®± S®ºS®Š® u®±ï«x°q®w® (495−535) K…à î®±S®; Cw®²Ý…à î®±S®wµ° î®±±Ç®ÊŠ®. yµ½©ï°Š®w®± šµ°ºu®äN® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªåu®Û y®©Xµ²ÏSµ Hº… œ®¢ë u®rÙ‰±q®Ùw®± [H.N®.9 (1990) 537, Oä.ý®.6 ý®, q®S®Šµ (œ¯š®w® d./„µ°©²Š®± q¯.) y®¼. 472].

2. w¯S®±¡®Š® yµ½©å„µà ¯m›u® …š®v [š¹.C.C. 18, 315, 859−60 Š¯p„µw®²ÝŠ®± (u¯Š®î¯l® d.) y®¼. 420].
3 y®äq¯y®ý¯ª‡®±±î®±y®Þ œµ²©åS¯î®¼ºl®w® S®±o y®ä„¯ [„¯.N®. w®º. 108 1926−27; „¯.N®. 51, 1155].
4. wµ²¡®º… yµ½©ï°Š®wµº…±î®w®± S®ºS®Š® y®³tæ°y®r vmS® Š¯cw® îµ±°Œµ u®ºlµrÙ …ºu® u¯QŒµ‰±uµ.

Cu®±î®‹Tw® X®Xµ«‡®±, î®±ºs®w®u® š¯Š¯ºý®:

1. X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®u®± `X®¡®±N®ã' N®±©. Au®Š® ïïu® y¯äY°w® Š®²y®S®¡®± œ®äš®æ š®æŠ¯v‡®¾¯u® X®¡®±O, š®¡®±O, X®¡®±N®ã, X®©ÊÉã Hº…±u¯Tîµ. CS®¡®w®±Ý š®ªNµ, š®Œ¯O Hº… N®³™N® Ey®N®Š®oS®¡µ²ºvSµ š®ï±°N®‹š®…œ®±u®±.

2. X®¡®±O−š®¡®±O Hº… ý®…ÛS®¡®± wµ©, î®±o±Ø Hº…s®«u® ý®…ÛS®¢Sµ œµ²ºvîµ. C u¯äïl® î®±²©u® ý®…ÛS®¡¯Tu®±Û Cu®Š® b¯ÓrŠ®²y®S®¡®±, b¯Ór „¯ǵS®¡®ªå, š®î®¾¯w® As®« y®ä„µ°u®S®¢ºu® N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Û‹ºu®, Cî®w®±Ý š®ºš®Êȳq®vºu® xÇ®Þw®Ý ¯l®±î®¼u®± š®‹‡®±©å; u¯äïl® Š®²y®îµ° š®ºš®Êȳr°N®Š®oSµ²ºmuµ.

1. `yµ½©Nµ°›w¬' Hº… ý®…Ûu® î®±²© As®«î®½ š®œ® KN®Ê©±q®w®NµÊ šµ°‹u®ÛTuµ. yµ½©Nµ°›w¬ Hºu®Šµ wµ©uµ²lµ‡®±, wµ© š®º…ºu®u® Nµ©š® ¯l®±î¯q® Hºu®s®«.

4. X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®u®± KN®Ê©± î®±²©u® î®±wµq®w®u®, N®³™N® N®±h±º….
5. X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®± î®±²©q®: †b¯y®¼Š® dŒµå‡®± „¯u¯ï±, þŠ®œ®iÔ š®±q®Ù© Šµ¶q¯zS®¡®±. š®æš¯î®±s®ã« î®±q®±Ù Š¯cO°‡®± î®±œ®q¯æ N¯º£µ‰±ºu® D KN®Ê© N®±h±º… yµ½©ï°Š®Š®± uµ²l®Ö š¯î®¾¯äcãî®w¯Ý¡®±î®Ç®±Ô …ªÇ®ÕŠ¯u®Š®±, Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ®² îµ²u®ªS® KN®ÊªS®Šµº…±u®NµÊ A® Š¯c Œ¯ºZ®w®u®ªå wµ°T©± CŠ®±î®¼u®± š¯¤. S®ºS®Š®² Šµ¶q®‹vÛŠ®…œ®±u®±.

6. X¯¡®±N®ã Hº… ý®…ÛNµÊ uµ¶î® î®±²©u® Fœ¯q®âN® xÇ®ÞrÙTºq® î®±w®±Ç®ã î®±²©u® xÇ®ÞrÙ‡®±ªåŠ®±î®, ®Ùî®qµSµ œ®rÙŠ®î¯S®±î® š®î®±ºcš®qµ‡®±w®±Ý y¯äcÓŠ¯u® X®‹q®äN¯Š®Š®± y®‹„¯„µ°N®±.

7. „µ¡µ²æ© [*¬−+ yµ½© (w¬)= µ²æ©, „µ¡µ²æ©, „µ¡®æ©] Hº…ªå Eq®ÙŠ¯u®«î¯T CŠ®±î® ý®…ÛŠ®²y®î®½ `yµ½©' Hº…±uµ°. „µ¡µ²æ© î®±±w®²ÝŠ®Š® y®äuµ°ý®u®î®Š®± X¯¡®±N®ã N®±©cŠ®±.

8. y®¼ªSµ¥¿−y®¼‹N®Š® Hº… š®Ú¡®î¯Y ý®…ÛS®¢S®² yµ½©Sµ¥¿ (œµ²©u® NµŠµ) Hº…±u®± î®±²© y¯äY°w® Š®²y®ïŠ®…œ®±u®±. y®¼‹N®Š®w®S®‹ Hº…±u®± Cu®Š® š®ºš®Êȳq® Š®²y®. yµ½©SµŠµ (©£µ°ý®æŠ®): Cu®Š®ºqµ‡µ±° yµ½©Nµ°›w¬−y®¼©Sµ¥¿−Hº… „µ¡®î®pSµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±w®S¯o…œ®±u®±.

9. X¯¡®±N®ã‹Sµ (yµ½) y®¼ªSµŠµ‡µ±° î®±²© š®Ú¡®ïŠ®„µ°N®±. y®¼ªSµŠµ‡®± ý®ºQ…š®v‡®±± „¯u¯ï± X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® î®±wµuµ°î®Š®±, y®hÔdw¯©‡®±. D N¯Š®oN¯ÊT‡µ±° „¯ (…) u¯ï± X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®±, N®Œ¯ãp X¯¡®±N®ãŠ®± Kºuµ° š®î®±wµ y®¼ªSµŠµ‡®± ý®ºQ dw¯©NµÊ, u¯w® u®rÙS®¡®w®±Ý y®¼w®„®«Š®oSµ²¢š®±q®Ù „®OÙ‰±ºu® w®lµu®±Nµ²ºl®Š®±.