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Combining  JAIN aspirations..Globally...... Mission*24L*
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of CHANDRAKODE

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 41
CHAPTER 51
CHAPTER 61
CHAPTER  71

CHANDRAKODE

„Â¯Š®r°‡®± î®±q®±Ù bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå

y¯Y°w® „Â¯Š®q® N®s¯î¯W⇮±u® q¹©xN® A„¯ã›S®¢Sµ X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ YŠ®±y®‹Yq®ïŠ®±î®ºqµ N®±q®²œ®©N¯‹‡®±² BTuµ. D y®äºcw® y®äo‡®± N®sµ, œ®©î®¼ N¯Š®oS®¢S¯T BN®Ç®«N®î®½ î®±œ®q®æu®²Û BTuµ. CǯÔT‡®±² D ®±Ùïw® š¯ºNµ°rN®qµ‡®¾¯S®ª î¯ãz‡®¾¯S®ª Cw®²Ýq®w®N® 𮲋S®¢ºu® 𮋇®¾¯S® y®‹þ°©wµ‡®±T©å. B vOÊw®ªå w¯w®± DS¯S®Œµ° Nµ©î®¼ iy®ÞpS®¡®w®²Ý š®ºy®ä…ºu®S®¡®w®²Ý î®±ºm›u®±Ûºh±.1 D vOÊw®ªå w®l®›u® w®w®Ý î®±±ºu®±î®‹u® š®ºýµ²°u®wµ‰±ºu® y®‹Ç®öq®Sµ²ºl® AvÃN®³q® ¯ŸrS®¡®wµÝ©å S®†Ã«°N®‹›Nµ²ºl®± ›u®Üy®m›u® š®ºy®ä…ºu®ïu®±.2

„Â¯Š®r°‡®± š®ºš®öq® î®±q®±Ù y®äN®³q® N®s¯š¯Ÿq®ãu®©²å Cq®Š® Nµ©î®¼ „¯ǵS®¡®ªå‡®±² S®o㚯Úw®S®¢›Š®±î® cw®z䇮± X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®± N®sµSµ œ®©î®¼ B‡®¾¯î®±S®¢îµ; î®±±Qãî¯T š¯Ÿq®ãN®, X¯‹räN®, š¯î®¾¯dN® î®±q®±Ù u¯ﱫN® î®±±QS®¢îµ. D N®sµ‡®± ES®î®± ïN¯š®S®¡®w®±Ý Awµæ°™›u®Šµ Au®Š® „µ°Š®±S®¡®±

Oäš®Ùy®½î®«u® wµ©u®ªå C¢vŠ®±î®¼u®± N¯o±q®Ùuµ. y®äý¯Ýr°q®î¯u® xv«Ç®Ô y¯äY°w®qµ‰±Š®±î® D N®sµ Oäš®Ùy®½î®«u® N®lµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡® îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ° î®±œ®q®æu® N®ïS®¡® îµ±X®±ÏSµ S®¢›q®±Ù.

A. „Â¯Š®q®u® HŠ®l®± …³œ®q¬ î®±œ¯N¯î®ãS®¡¯u® Š¯î®¾¯‡®±ou®Œ¯åS®ª, î®±œ®„Â¯Š®q®u®Œ¯åS®ª X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ …Š®±î®¼v©å…±u®± îµ²u®©± wµw®zl®„µ°N¯u® ¯q®±.

B. HŠ®lµwµ‡®±u¯T Hu®±Û N¯o±î® Aºý®: D N®sµ „¹u®Ûš¯Ÿq®ã y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå cw¯w®±Š¯S® š®ºy¯vš®ª©å; Aý®æUµ²°Ç®w® Aw®±y®©…Ü w¯hN® Ay®î¯u®u®ºruµ.3

C. î®±²Š®wµ‡®± Aºý®: D N®sµSµ HŠ®l®± y®äu¯w® y®ä„µ°u®S®¢îµ.; Kºu®± bµ¶w®, Cw®²Ýºu®± Abµ¶w®. C®l®Š®©²å K¡®y®ä„µ°u®S®¡®² N¯o±q®Ùîµ.

D. w¯©Êwµ‡®± Aºý®: Oäš®Ùý®N® BŠ®º„®u® îµ°¡µS¯S®Œµ° X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ bµ¶w®− Abµ¶w®S®¡µº… N®î®Œµ²lµvq®±Ù; D HŠ®l®± š®î®¾¯w¯ºq®Š® wµŒµS®¡®ªå N®sµ î®ãq¯ãš®S®¡®w®±Ý K¡®Sµ²¡®±ëq¯Ù, ي®î®w®±Ý y®lµ‡®±±q¯Ù „µ¡µu®±…ºvuµ. bµ¶wµ°q®Š® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå D N®s¯î®š®±Ù Kºu®± œ®ºq®NµÊ …ºu®± xºq®±†iÔq®±: Bе°¡®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®vºv°XµSµ D N®sµSµ uµ²°œ®u® O䇵± Hš®S®…©å N®ïî¯q®é©ãu® ›ºX®w®î¯S®ª©å.

E. Ju®wµ‡®± Aºý® : bµ¶w® N®s¯š¯Ÿq®ã š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®s¯î®©å‹ ý®q®î®¾¯w®vºu® ý®q®î®¾¯w®NµÊ, „¯ǵ‰±ºu® „¯ǵSµ, N®ï‰±ºu® N®ïSµ î®±Š®±œ®±h±Ô y®lµ‡®±±q®Ù w®î®w®îµ½°Œµå°Qý¯ª‡®¾¯T YŠ®ºd°î® N®¡µ‰±ºu® u¯ºS®±m‰±iÔuµ.

F. BŠ®wµ‡®± Aºý®: bµ¶w®N®ïS®¡®± D N®sµ‡®±w®±Ý AuµÇ®±Ô yµ½°™› cw®z䇮±Sµ²¢› š®ºŠ®¤›u®Šµºu®Šµ, bµ¶wµ°q®Š® N®ïS®¡®± N®²l® Cu®‹ºu® y®ä„¯ïq®Š¯u®Š®±.

y®ä…© 𝣝ãuÂ¯Š®S®¢ºu® y®¼Ç®Ôî¯S®±î® D r°î®¾¯«w®S®¢Sµ q®©y®©± „µ°N¯u® q¹©xN® Au®㇮±w®u® š¯î®±T䣵°q®äNµÊ ©SµÌ œ¯N®±î® îµ²u®©± bµ¶w®−Abµ¶w® N®s¯ y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± y®‹X®‡®±ïŠ®„µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D š®ºy®ä…ºu®u® N®lµ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® Aw®±…ºu® 1−2Š®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ‡®±w®±Ý Ar š®º£µ°z› Nµ²l®Œ¯Tuµ; Cªåw® ïš®³q® ïýµå°Ç®n¯q®âN® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ BN®Š®î¯TŠ®±î® †Ãw®Ý š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u® X¯Š®±u®q®Ù N®s¯y®ä„µ°u®î®w®±Ý, Bš®N®ÙНu® š®ºýµ²°u®N®Š®±, B‡®¾¯ î®±²©N®³rS®¡®ªåŠ®±î® ي®î¯u® ï®î¯u® N®sµ‡®±w®±Ý S®î®±x𮩱 Aî®N¯ý®ïuµ‡µ±º… SµäŸNµ‰±ºu® Ÿ°Sµ q®±º… š®ºS®äœ®î¯u® N®s¯š¯Š® Nµ²iÔuµ.

Bbµ¶w® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå œ®‹u®±…ºvŠ®±î® D N®sµ‡®±± œµX®±Ï cw®y®ä›vÜ y®lµvŠ®±î®¼u®± „¯š® î®±q®±Ù ý®²u®äN®Š® w¯hN®S®¡®ªå. X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®± u®³Sµ²Ì°X®Š® w¯S®±î®¼u®± D w¯hN®S®¡® Š®ºS®š®Ú¡®u®ªå‡µ±°; Bu®Š®², Cu®Š® AºN®u® y®Š®uµ Cw®²Ý îµ²u®Œµ° Aw®î®³q®î®TqµÙº…±u®± AǯÔT ïu®æŒµ²å°N® y®‹p›©å.

î®±œ¯‡®¾¯w® „¹u®Üw¯u® Aý®æUµ²°Ç®w® î®±²Š®± Š®²y®N®S®¡® X®²Š®± y¯Š®±›OÊîµ. N®±Ç¯w® НcŠ® N¯©NµÊ Aºu®Šµ, Oä.ý®. 2−3wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®NµÊ šµ°‹u® ªz‡®±ªå, î®±›‡®±ªå …еu® q¯¡µS®‹S®¡®ªå, š®ºš®öq® y¯äN®³q®„¯ǵS®¡® w¯hN® q®±oN®±S®¢îµ. CS®¡®ªå „¯š®−ý®²u®äN®Š® w¯hN®S®¡®w®±Ý wµw®zš®±î® Kºu®± w¯hN®ïuµ. ``Cu®Š®ªå î®±S®u®î®r (îµ°ýµã), Nµ²°î®±±u®S®ºu® (ïuµ²Ç®N®), šµ²°î®±u®q®Ù (w¯‡®±N®?), u¯w®ºc‡®± (Нc y®¼q®ä?), Sµ²°…Š®º (?) î®±±ºq¯u® ®± …Š®±q¯Ùе. î®±³X®ÐN®iN®u®ºqµ Cu®Š®ªå‡®±² Kºu®± d°nµ²«°u¯ãw®, îµ°ý¯ãS®³œ®S®¡®± …Š®±q¯Ùе. y¯q®äS®¡®± `y®ä®o' (S¯m) S®¡®ªå y®äîµ°þš®±q¯Ùе.Bu®Šµ Cu®² ï±N®Ê w¯hN®X®N®äS®¡®ªå Kºu¯u® `X¯Š®±u®q®Ù' w¯hN®î®¼ `u®‹u®ä X¯Š®±u®q®Ù' Hºuµ° ïP¯ãr y®lµvuµ. D Ay®½o« w¯hN®u® w¯©±Ê AºN®S®¡®± ¯q®ä Ey®©…Ûî¯Tu®±Û N®sµ‡®± Lh îµ°S®î¯Tuµ, U®hw¯î®¢S®¢ºu® x†l®î¯Tuµ. „¯š®w®ªå š¯î®¾¯dN® q¯Ùºq®NµÊ Bu®ãqµ, ý®²u®äN®w®ªå НcO°‡®± q¯Ùºq®N®²Ê š®î®¾¯w®. š¯Úw®. „¯š®w® (u®‹u®ä) X¯Š®±u®q®Ù î®±q®±Ù ý®²u®äN®w® î®±³X®ÐN®iN® w¯hN®S®¡® q¹©xN® ïî®±ýµ°« w®lµvuµ.7 „¯š®w® w¯hN® y®½r«‡®¾¯T uµ²Šµru®Ûе, Au®Š® Eq®ÙНu®«u® „µ¡®î®pSµ î®±±Tq¯‡®± œµ°Sµ CŠ®±rÙqµÙº…±u®± r¢‡®±±rÙq®±Ù. X¯Š®±u®q®Ù− ®ºq®šµ°wµ‡®±Š® S®º†Ã°Š®î¯u® y®äo‡®± y®©åïš®±î® ï®, DS® ›OÊŠ®±î® w¯hN® „¯S®u®ªåuµ. X®Š®±u®q®Ùw® u¯w®S®±o Ecæ©î¯T y®äN¯þq®î¯Tuµ. „¯š®w® N¯© N®²l® y®äý¯Ýr°q® ‹°r‡®±ªå QYq®Sµ²ºm©åî¯u®Š®² š®±î®¾¯Š®± 300 Hºu®± „¯Œ¯Tuµ.8

N®ªÞq®î¯u® š¯î®¾¯dN® N®sµ‡®±±¡®ë Š®²y®N® (y®äN®Š®o) îµ° ý®²u®äN®w® î®±³X®ÐN®iN®; Cu®± œ®q®±Ù AºN®S®¡® w¯hN®. 9 š¯æŠ®š®ãu®Šµ, Cu®Š®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ù−®ºq®šµ°wµ‡®±Š® y®äo‡®±u®ºqµ B‡®±«N®−y¯©N®‹Sµ. š®º…ºu®y®hÔ Š¯cO°‡®± q¯Ùºq®î®½ BvÃN¯Š®N® ®±ÙïSµ „¯u®N®î¯u® œ¯Sµ w®ïНT „µ¡®î®pSµ y®lµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. 10 î®±³X®ÐN®iN®u® X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®± vÃ°Š®ý¯ºq®w®ºqµ‡®±² ®ºqµšµ°wµ‡®±± y®äo‡®±yµä°‹q®¡¯T œµX®±Ï O䇮¾¯þ°©¡®ºqµ‡®±² Yräq®î¯T u¯Ûе. ý®²u®äN®w® w¯hN® š®ºïu¯w® î®±²šµ‡®±ªå ý®N¯Š®w® y¯q®äAy®½î®« š®³™Ô‡®¾¯Tuµ. X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®± YN®Êî®±S® е²°œ®šµ°w®w®± q®w®Sµ BhNµÊ î®±pØw®
S¯m−î®±³X®ÐN®iN® −„µ°l®îµºu®² Yw®Ýu® …ºm‡µ±° „µ°Nµºu®² œ®h Ÿmu® š®ºu®„®« (BŠ®wµ° AºN®) îµ° D w¯hN®u® œµš®‹Sµ MYq®ã q®ºu® U®hwµ. œ®³u®‡®± l®î®S®±h±Ôs® w¯hO°‡®± U®hw¯î®¢ î®±q®±Ù Ax‹°¤q® rŠ®±î®¼S®¢îµ.

ý®²u®äN®w® D w¯hN® „¯š®w® w¯hN®vºu® š®²Ðr«Sµ²ºl®± œ®±iÔuµÛºu®± …ªåu®Š®± „¯ï›u¯Ûе.11 „¯š®ý®²u®äN®Š® w¯hN® w®lµ‡®±î® w®S®Š® Ecщ±x. D w¯hN®S®¡® w¯‡®±O îµ°ýµã ®ºq®šµ°wµ: `` îµ°ý®ã‡®¾¯u®Š®² A®± š®ºy®wµÝ, U®w®î®ºqµ, S®±oS¹Š®î® y®£®y¯rx: Au®Ûº‹u® q®w®Ý rÙSµ ±u®Üî¯T ……à S®±oq®w¯u® …l®î®w®w®±Ý îµ±YÏ Aî®w®w®±Ý œ®±l®±ONµ²ºl®± œµ²°S®±î®¡®±. y®äo‡®± X®‹qµä‡®±ªå Cu®± Ay®Š®²y®. ›ô° îµ²°œ®u®ªå ›OÊ w®Š®¢ †°¡¯S®±î® y®¼Š®±Ç®Š® X®‹qµä‡µ±° N®sµS®¡®ªå š¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T y®äry¯vq®î¯TŠ®±î®¼u®±.

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„¯š®−ý®²u®äN®Š® D y®äš¯Ùzq® w¯hN®S®¡® ®±Ù ‡®¾¯î® î®±²©vºu® …ºu®u®±Û Hºu®± ïu¯æºš®Š®± ïîµ°Y›u¯Ûе. ``D w¯hN®u® (î®±³X®ÐN®iN®) ®±ÙïSµ …³œ®q®Êsµ‡µ±° î®±²©ïŠ®…œ®±u®±. X¯Š®±u®q®Ù− ®ºr©Nµ‡®±Š® N®sµ‡®±² y¯©N®Š¯cw® q®Ùºq®î®½ bµ¶w®Š® œ®‹î®ºý® (wµ°ï±w¯s®y®¼Š¯o) u®ªå‡®±² …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ Au®± î®±²©î¯TŠ®Œ¯Š®u®±'' Hºu®± H.BЬ. N®³ š®oØ Bmiy®Þp‡®±ªå Cq®Ù „µ²h±Ô ¯mu¯Ûе. 14 ®Ùî®î¯T S®±n¯l®ãw® …³œ®q®Êsµ N®±‹q®±, Au®Š®ªåw® X¯Š®±u®q®ÙN®sµ‡®± š®æŠ®²y® N®±‹q®± Nµ©î®¼ ïu¯æºš®Š®± Au®㇮±w® Nµ¶Sµ²ºmu®±Ûºh±. „Â¯Š®q® Š¯î®±‡®±oS®¡®ÇµÔ° î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o …³œ®q®Ês¯î®½ î®±œ®q®æu® N®³rS®¡®±. yµ¶ý¯Y° (yµ¶ý¯Y, yµ¶ý¯YN®, yµ¶ý¯YO°) „¯ǵ‡®±ªå Š®Yš®Œ¯u® S®±n¯l®ãN®ï‡®± N®³r Aw®±y®©…Ü. Bq®w® …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®±w®±Ý u®±ï«x°q®wµº… S®ºS®Š¯cw®± BŠ®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå yµ¶ý¯Y° „¯ǵ‰±ºu® š®ºš®ÊȳrN® y®‹î®r«›u®wµºu®± r¢u®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. 15 u®±ï«x°q®w® `î®l®Ö N®sµ' ‡®±w®±Ý Bu®‹› q®ï±¢w®ªå Nµ²ºS®±îµ°¢Š¬
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F. D N®sµ u¯ﱫN® EuµÛ°ý® y®äry¯u®wµSµ …ºvuµ; bµ¶w®u®«u® Ÿ‹îµ± qµ²°‹š®©² š®y®Ùî®ãš®w®S®¢Sµ K¡®S¯u®î®Š®± Aw®±„®±î® u®±»Q y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý xu®ý®«w®î¯T𮩲 D N®sµ …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯Tuµ 74

Abµ¶w® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå D N®sµ œµX®±Ï y®äX¯Š® y®lµu®±Nµ²¡®ëvŠ®©² bµ¶w® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå œµX®±Ï y®äX¯Š® y®lµ‡®±©² D Aºý®î®½ N¯Š®oî¯TŠ®±î®ºqµ N¯o±q®Ùuµ.

Cu®±î®ŠµTw® D q¹©xN® Au®㇮±w®vºu® œµ²Š®l®±î® r°î®¾¯«w®S®¡®w®±Ý X®Y«š®…œ®±u®±. X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ î®±²©q®» Kºu®± cw®y®u® N®sµ. S®±n¯l®ãxTºq® îµ²u®©± X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® š®u®±ÌoS®¡®w®²Ý, X¯Š®±u®q®Ù− ®ºq®šµ°w¯Š® š®º…u®î®w®²Ý, BNµ‡®± Š®²y¯rý®‡®±î®w®²Ý, X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®ªå BNµ q®¡µu® Aw®±Š¯S®u® B¡®−AN®±i©qµ‡®±w®²Ý N®±‹q® cw®y®u®T°qµ N®qµ Œ¯î®pS®¡®± y¯äN®³q® cw®„¯ǵS®¡®ªå y®äX¯Š®u¬ªåŠ®„µ°N®±; Au®NµÊ S®±n¯l®ãw®² þî®Nµ²°i, š®ºU®u¯š®S®pî¯X®N® îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®Š®² Kºu®± ¹ªN®î®½ š¯Ú‰±‡®±² Bu® š®æŠ®²y®−š¯Úw® x°mŠ®„µ°N®±. š¯î®¾¯w®ã qµ²°ºm y®Š®ºy®Šµ‰±ºu® Cºs® Kºu®± N®sµ y¹äl®/þÇ®Ô y®Š®ºy®ŠµSµ y®äîµ°ý® y®lµu®±Nµ²ºl® ïu¯w®NµÊ b¯w®y®u® Au®㇮±w®u®ªå ›ýµ°Ç® y¯äî®±±Qãïuµ. y®‹ï±q® Bý®‡®±îµ½ºu®w®±Ý y®½Šµ¶š®©± œ®±iÔNµ²ºl® D N®sµ þÇ®Ôy®u® š¯Ÿq®ãŒµ²°N® œµ²N®Êîµ±°Œµ, œ®©î®¼ Œµ°QN®Š® î®±±uµäS®¡®w®±Ý œµ²q®±ÙNµ²ºl®± ي® îµ¶ïu®ãS®¢ºu® îµ±¶q®±º†Nµ²ºmuµ; Cu®Š®ªå DS® †Ãw®Ý y®Š®ºy®ŠµS®¡®w®²Ý y¯j® y®ä„µ°u®S®¡®w®²Ý S®±Š®±rš®±î®¼u®± Aî®ý®ãîµxš®±î®Ç®±Ô ي® N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. 75

X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ DS® Sµ²q¯ÙTŠ®±î®ºqµ S®±n¯l®ãw® …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®± N¯©u®ªå îµ²u®©± š¯Ÿq®ãŠ®ºS® y®äîµ°þ›Š®…œ®±u®±. yµ¶ý¯Y „¯ǵ‡®± …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®±w®±Ý y®¼w¯Š®Yš®±î® ïu®æq¯ÊŠ®ã w®lµvuµ. AŒ¹ON® y¯q®äS®¢Tºq® î®±pØw® î®±N®Ê¢Sµ î®±œ®q®æ Nµ²l®±î®, y®rq® y¯q®äS®¡®w®²Ý y®¼w®Š®±dѰ Aw®±N®ºyµ ›ºy®mš®±î® S®±n¯l®ãw® î®±wµ²°u®«î®w®±Ý S®î®±x›u®î®‹Sµ D N®sµ Aî®w® N®©Þwµ‡®± î®±²šµ‡®±ªå œµ²š® BN¯Š® q®¡µ‰±qµº… w®º†Nµ œ®±‹Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. Cu®NµÊ Ey®Ç®Ôº…N®î¯T S®±n¯l®ãw® …³œ®q¯Êsµ‡®± wµŠ®¡¯T AŠ®¢Š®±î® Aw®ºq®Š®u® Nµ©î®¼ N®³rS®¡®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ Xµ©åvuµ.

©„®ãî¯W⇮±u®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® X®h±î®iNµ N¯o±î®¼u®± „¯š®w® (u®‹u®ä) X¯Š®±u®q®Ùu®ªå: w¯©ÊºN®u® D OŠ®±w¯hN® AŠµî®±±Tu® ‹°r‡®±ªå xºq®Š®² q®w®Ý š®Š®©q®w®vºu® 𵡵‡®±±q®Ùuµ; D Ay®½o« w¯hN® X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw®² Ay®½o«w¯T‡µ±° E¢‡®±±q¯Ùwµ. Cu®NµÊ y®½o«qµ‡®±w®±Ý q®ºu®±Nµ²hÔî®w®± ý®²u®äN®; CºvS®² AY°w®îµxš®±î® î®±³X®ÐN®iN®NµÊ X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® y¯q®ä y®‹N®©Þwµ‡®± Crœ¯š®u®ªå ïþÇ®Ô š¯Úw®ïuµ. Cªå ®Ùî®î¯T š®º„Â®ï›u® Jrœ¯›N® U®hwµ‡µ²ºu®Š® BuÂ¯Š®vºu® D w¯hN® Š®²y®Sµ²ºmŠ®…œ®±uµ°wµ²° Hº… š®º„Â¯î®ãqµ‡®± S®±ºTw®ªå x©±åqµÙ°îµ. Cªåºu® î®±±ºu®NµÊ ›S®±î® N®sµ‡®± w®mSµ wµ©u® îµ±°ªºu® dT‡®±±q¯Ù. î®±pØw® š®ºy®N®«vºu® †m›Nµ²¡®±ëq¯Ù, wµ©„¯w®±S®¡®w®±Ý q®†àNµ²¡®±ëq¯Ù räïN®äî®±î¯T „µ¡µvuµ. 76

bµ¶w® N®s¯š¯Ÿq®ã y®î®«q®y®ºOÙ‡®± þQŠ®S®¡®ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ‡®±² S®oã. S®±n¯l®ãw®² bµ¶w® AS®î®±S®¡®ªå Aî®w® N¯©N¯ÊS®Œµ° š®î®¾¯w¯ºq®Š®î¯T y®äX®ªq®ïu®Û D N®s¯ y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± y®‹X®‡®±w®±Ý y®lµvvÛŠ®…œ®±u®±: þî®Nµ²°hãX¯Š®ãw® î®±²Œ¯Š¯u®wµ‡®±ºs® Kºu®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® N®³r‡®±Œµå° X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® d°î®w®X®‹qµä‡®±Ç®²Ô „®iÔ‰±¢u® S¯œµ‰±Š®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Cªå w¯îµ©å š®â‹š®…œ®±u®±. Bu®Šµ ®±uµ°î®Ÿºv‡®±ªå ¯q®ä …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®± œµbµÑ S®±Š®±q®±S®¢Š®±î®¼u®w®±Ý §°X®ºu®ä îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®Š®ªå î®±±ºu®±î®‹vuµ. …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®±, ®±uµ°œ® Ÿºm‡®±, î®±²Œ¯Š¯u®wµ‡®± î®±±y®¼ÈÞ‹Sµ²ºl® D š®ºy®äu¯‡®±î®w®±Ý „µ°Šµ²ºu®± y®u®ÜrSµ rvÛu®î®w®± dw®šµ°w® N®ï.

y®¼w¯Ýhš®ºU®u® dw®šµ°w®w®± q®w®Ý œ®‹î®ºý®y®¼Š¯o ¯Œµ‡®±ªå X¯Š®±u®q®Ù q¯Ùºq® y®¼Ç®Ôî®w®±Ý yµ½°pš®±î®î®ŠµSµ B N®sµ q®x‡®¾¯T qµ°©±rÙq®±Ù. …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u® bµ¶w® ®±uµ°î®Ÿºv‡®±ªå N®²l® Eu®‡®±w®, w®Š®î¯œ®w®u®q®ÙŠ® y¯äu¯w®ãïuµ. X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµSµ S¹oš¯Úw®ïuµ; Au®± wµ°ï±w¯s® r°s®«ºN®Š®w® X®‹qµ‡®± „¯S®î¯T©å. Bu®Šµ wµ°ï±w¯q®X®‹qµ‡µ²¡®Sµ D X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®qµ‡®±w®±Ý „µš®±Sµœ¯O î®cäu® Œµ°y®œ®YÏ, „µ°y®«mš®Œ¯S®u® š¯î®‡®±î®qµ‰±ºu® î®±Š®± HŠ®N® œ¯O qµSµu® î®±œ¯N®ï dw®šµ°w®, Au®±î®ŠµSµ qµ¡®ëSµ qµ°ª, Nµ¶N¯©± y®lµu®±, qµ²°Š®î¯T „µ¡µu®± xºq® D N®sµ î®±œ®N®ï‡®±w®²Ý ¯q®w¯m› šµÝ°œ® š®ºy¯v›u®±Û N®sµ‡µ²¡®TŠ®±î® šµ²S®š®±S¯‹Nµ. 77

X¯Š®±u®q®Ù §°î®±ºq®, î®q®«N®, š®±ºu®Š¯ºS®, q®Š®±o, þ°©š®ºy®w®Ý, q®±º… S¯º†Ã°Š®ãvºu® N®²mu® š®æ„Â¯î®u®î®. š®ºT°q® š¯Ÿq®ãS®¡®ªå K©î®¼, šµÝ°œ®î®ºrNµ, N®Œ¯y®äbµÓ Aî®w® î®ãOÙq®æî®w®±Ý y®äN¯ý®Sµ²¢›u®±Û. Cºs®î®w®w®±Ý S®pNµ‡µ²…à¡®± î®±w®š¯ îµ±YÏ ›æ°N®‹›u®¡®±. Aî®w® œ®oOʺq® Aw®±Š¯S® uµ²l®Öuµºu®± BНvÛu®¡®±. y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå y®äo‡®± î®ã¯Š®vºu® w®²Š®±î®¾¯Š®± u®²Š® š®‹vu®Û X¯Š®±u®q®Ù ®ºq®šµ°wµ‡®± Š®rš®±QOʺq® „µ°Šµ y®äy®ºX® N¯ou¯u®. îµ°ý¯ãS®³œ®vºu® Aеy®äb¯ÓµÚ‡®±ªå œµ²Š®œ¯N®©ÞhÔ îµ±°Œµ Aî®w® „¯¡®± „µ°Šµ vOÊw®ªå „µ¡µ‰±q®±. I¡®±†°¡®±S®¡®ªå d°î®w®bµ²°N¯ª q®²S¯l®±î®¼u®w®±Ý bµ¶w®N¯î®ãS®¡®± Š®ºcN®qµ‡®±ªå î®±±¡®±T›îµ. î®S®«q¯Š®q®î®±ã, НcO°‡®± y®‹›Úr, š¯î®¾¯dN® ¹©ã, î®±w®±Ç®ã š®æ„Â¯î® −î®±±ºq¯u® š®ºO°o« S®äŸNµ‰±ºu® D N®sµ N¯© uµ°Ç® cw¯ºS® S®mS®¡®w®±Ý A¢› š¯î®«räN®qµ y®m‰±q®±. 78

N®w®Ýl®u® bµ¶w®N®ïS®¡®² D N®sµ‡®±w®±Ý cw®z䇮±Sµ²¢š®±î® š¯Ÿq®ã N¯Š®ãu®ªå Ÿºuµ †°¡®ª©å. Kºu®wµ‡®± S®±oî®î®±«w® œ®‹î®ºý®, N®o«y¯Š®ãw® wµ°ï±w¯s®y®¼Š¯o, …ºu®±î®î®±«w® œ®‹î®ºý¯„®±ãu®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý Lvu® œ®‹œ®Š® î®±œ¯N®ï‡®±ºs®î®w®± N®²l® B N¯î®ãS®¢ºu® X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ‡®±wµÝrÙNµ²ºl®± î®±©±œ®ow®w¯ÝT›u¯Ûwµ. X¯Š®±u®q®Ù− ®ºq®šµ°wµ‡®±Š®± î®±©±œ®o î®±©±œ®p ‡®¾¯Tu¯Ûе; bµ¶w®y®Š® N®sµ þî®y®Š®î¯T y®‹î®q®«wµ y®lµvuµ. cw®y®u®N®sµ ‡µ²ºu®± þÇ®Ôy®u® š¯Ÿq®ãŒµ²°N® œµ²N®±Ê bµ¶w® −ýµ¶î®−îµ¶Ç®Øî® £µ°q®äS®¡®ªå š®ºX®‹›u® ‹°r е²°X®N®î¯Tuµ.79

Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o î®±œ¯„Â¯Š®q®S®¡®ªåŠ®±î® uµ°î®qµS®¡®± ïÇ®±Ø, þî®. S®±n¯l®ãw® …³œ®q®Êsµ‡®±ªå î®±±Qãuµ°î®qµ N®±„µ°Š®−u®w®u®. bµ¶w®y®¼Š¯o î®±q®±Ù N®s¯ š¯Ÿq®ãu® œµX®±Ï y¯q®äS®¡®± î®pcŠ®±. î®q®«N®Š® BНu®ãuµ¶î® xvÃS®¡µ²lµ‡®± N®±„µ°Š®. bµ¶w®Š® 20wµ‡®± r°s®«ºN®Š® î®±±xš®±î®äq®w® ‡®±£®w® œµš®Š®± N®±„µ°Š®. 80 X¯Š®±u®q®Ù î®q®«N®ýµä°Ç®Õ !

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X¯Š®±u®q®Ùw® N®sµ HŠ®l®±š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®«S®¡® N¯©î®¾¯w®u® X¹N®iÔw®ªå î®±±zÞ©åuµ „µ¡µu®± …ºvuµ. Cu®Š® ïN¯š®u® Crœ¯š®î®w®²Ý š¯Ÿq®ãN®−š¯î®¾¯dN® B‡®¾¯î®±S®¡®w®²Ý q®±©w¯q®âN®î¯T, î¯ãy®N®î¯T w®lµu®Šµ Cw®ÝÇ®±Ô œµ²š® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®± „µ¡®OSµ …ºu¯î®¼. D N®sµ‡®± î®±²© X®²©S®¡® ïw¯ãš®î®w®±Ý ïýµå°™š®±î®¼u®NµÊ „µ°N¯u® î®±²© BN®Š®S®¡®ªå Nµ©î®w®±Ý l¯ || cS®v°ý®X®ºu®ä bµ¶w¬ A®± q®î®±â CrÙ°Yw® Eq®Ùî®± š®ºýµ²°u®w® S®äºs® `®±uµ°î®Ÿºv' (1977) ‡®±ªå Nµ²iÔu¯Ûе. Au®NµÊ y®½Š®N®î¯T šµ°‹› A„®㛚®„µ°N¯u® î®±q®ÙÇ®±Ô BN®Š® BuÂ¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý D š®ºy®ä…ºu®u®ªå Ku®T›uµÛ°wµ. A©åuµ bµ.›. bµ¶w®Š® N®³r‡®± ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±ªå N®w®Ýl®u® ¯ŸrS®¡µ©å Nµ¶†h±Ô œµ²°Tîµ. 81

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