CHANDRAKODE
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou®
î®±œ®q®æ
Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o, î®±œ ¯„Â¯Š®q®,
…³œ ®q®Ês¯, î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯o D w¯©±Ê î®±œ ¯N®³rS®¡®± „Â¯Š®r°‡®± î¯W⇮±NµÊ î®±²©
BN®Š®. â°O Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o, î¯ãš® „Â¯Š®q®, S®±n¯l®ãw® …³œ ®q®Êsµ CS®¢Sµ š®î®±q®±©ãî¯u®
š¯Úw®î®¾¯w®, œ µwµÝŒ µ, y®Š®ºy®Šµ CŠ®±î® Eu®ÍN®³r î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯o š®î®±š®Ù bµ¶w®
S®äºs® Нþ‡®±ªå î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯o î®±±m‡®± ¯pN®ã. N®w¯«hN®u® î®±q®±Ù N®w®Ýl®
š¯Ÿq®ãuµ²ºvSµ Au®Nµ²Êºu®± Acã š®º…ºu®ïuµ. œ ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Aw®ºq®Š®
Š®Y›u® „Â¯Š®r°‡®± „¯ǵS®¡®ªåŠ®±î® bµ¶w® y®¼Š¯oS®¢Sµ î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯o î®±²©
¯q®³Nµ. N®w®Ýl® bµ¶w® N®ïS®¢Sµ Au®± q¯‰±„µ°Š®±, q®©N¯îµ°‹, y®ºy® yµ½w®Ý Š®w®Ý
cw®Ý w¯S®X®ºu®ä wµ°ï±X®ºu®äНv‡®¾¯T Awµ°N® N®w®Ýl® N®ïS®¡®± Cu®Š®ªå Dš¯m Oä°m›u¯Ûе.
bµ¶w® y®¼Š¯oS®¡® yµä°Š®nµ y®‹N®©ÞwµS®¢Sµ î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯oîµ° îµ±°©ÞºOÙ, š®²Ðr«; Aªå‡®±
y®äîµ±°‡®± y®äO䇵±S®¡®± Cªå Aw®±Š®pq®î¯Tîµ. Aªå‡®± ýµ¶ª, A©ºN¯Š® y®‹„¯ǵ, Kh±Ô
X¹N®h±Ô N®w®Ýl® N®ïS®¢Sµ îµ±°©ÞºOÙ‡®¾¯‰±q®±. î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯ou® G±o„Â¯Š®vºu® N®w®Ýl®
bµ¶w® y®¼Š¯oS®¡®± cTÌœ µ²°Tîµ. CǯÔT‡®±² î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý y®½r«‡®¾¯T
š®²Šµî®¾¯m©å. î®±œ ¯y®¼Š¯ou® î®±Ÿîµ± uµ²l®Öu®±; Au®± N¯î®ãNµÊ N¯î®ã, y®¼Š¯oNµÊ
y®¼Š¯o, îµ²Sµîµ²Sµu®Ç®²Ô î®±±T‡®±u® A£®‡®±N¯î®ã Au®Š® Eu¯ÛN®²Ê u®« y®äu¯w®,
N¯î®ã Aw®±Ç®ºTN®. A©åªå N®sµ−N¯î®ã y®äî®±±Qî¯T, u®« S¹o wµŒ µ š®‹u® Š®š¯u®ä«
„¯S®S®¡®² Cîµ.
Kº…q®Ùwµ‡®±
ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® îµ±°Š®± N®³r‡®¾¯u® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o š®ºš®Êȳru®ªåuµ. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o…±u®±
Au®Š® S¯q®ävºu¯T Š®²mÃSµ …ºu® cw®z䇮± œµš®Š®±. räÇ®™Ô ý®Œ¯N¯y®¼Š®±Ç® X®‹qµ
Hº…±u®± Au®Š® xc w¯î®±uµ°‡®±. dw®šµ°w® S®±o„®u®äе° A©åuµ y®¼Ç®Þu®ºq®
X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®± îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®Š®² B œµš®Š®w®±Ý …¡®›Š®±q¯Ùе. bµ¶w®‹Sµ Bu®Š®p°‡®±î¯TŠ®±î®
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou®ªå HŠ®l®± „¯S®S®¢îµ, Kh±Ô Cy®Þq®±Ù š¯ïŠ® ýµ²å°N®S®¢îµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®±
„¯S®NµÊ y®½î®« y®¼Š¯ou®², HŠ®l®wµ‡®± „¯S®NµÊ Eq®ÙŠ® y®¼Š¯ou®² Al®Ö œµš®Š®±.
y®½î®«y®¼Š¯ou®ªå 12 š¯ïŠ®, Eq®ÙŠ® y®¼Š¯ou®ªå 8 š¯ïŠ® ýµ²å°N®S®¢îµ. …³œ®q¬
N®³r‡®¾¯u® Cm° î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý dw®šµ°w¯X¯Š®ãw®± …凮±©± qµ²l®T 10, 381 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®±Ý
Š®Y› ïvÃî®ý®w¯u®w®±. Aw®ºq®Š® dw®šµ°w¯X¯Š®ãw® z䇮¾¯S®ã þÇ®ã S®±o„®u¯äX¯Š®ãw®±
y®½î®«y®¼Š¯ou®ªå E¢u® ýµ°Ç®„¯S®u® 1620 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®²Ý, Eq®ÙŠ®y®¼Š¯ou® Hºh±š¯ïŠ®
ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®²Ý Aºu®Šµ q¯w®± Kh±Ô 9620 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®±Ý …еu®± y®½Šµ¶›u®w®±.
y®½î®« y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý Bvy®¼Š¯ou®² N®Šµ‡®±±q¯Ùе. y®½î®«y®¼Š¯o (Bvy®¼Š¯o) dw®šµ°w®Š®
AS¯u® ý¯š®ôb¯Ów® Œµ²°N®b¯Ów®uµ²ºvSµ N¯î®ã ý®OÙ‡®±w®²Ý y®är†º†š®±q®Ùuµ. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o
„Â¯Š®r°‡®± d°î®w®u® Kºu®± ïý®æNµ²°ý®. B N¯©u® НcO°‡®± Bt«N® š®î®¾¯dN®
š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® ïÇ®‡®±S®¢Sµ î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o vN®²åY‡®¾¯Tuµ.
xŠ®ºq®Š®î®½
v°U®«î®½ î¯ãy®N®î®½ Bu® X¯‹räN®−š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® î®±œ®q®æïŠ®±î® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o N®²l®
ý®²w®ãvºu® K⌵° Š®²y®¼Sµ²¡®ëª©å. Au®± q®w®Tºq® Ÿºuµ Š®Yq®î¯Tu®Û š®î®¾¯w® ®±Ùî®wµ²Ý¡®Sµ²ºl®
S®äºs®S®¡® î®±±ºu®±î®‹Nµ‡®¾¯Tuµ. ý®äî®o š®ºš®Êȳr‡®± Nµwµ‡®±ºrŠ®±î® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o
y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± ›u®Üqµ‡®±w®±Ý X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®± u¯Qª›u¯Ûwµ:
Y›u®Š¬ î®±±wµÝ î®±œ¯
y®¼Š¯oî®±º wµS®¦Û N®²Y„®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±º
y®Š®î®±§° w®ºv î®±±x°
ý®æŠ®Š®±º q®u®w®ºq®Š®º dw¯S®î®±r©N®Š¬ |
Cªå X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±
Nµ²iÔŠ®±î® ¯Ÿr Ey¯uµ°‡®±, y®‹„¯î®w¯œ®«. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oNµ²Êºu®± N®äî®±y¯äy®Ù
y®Š®ºy®Šµ‰±uµ. N®²Y „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±, w®ºv î®±±x°ý®æŠ®Š®±, N®ïy®Š®îµ±°ý®æŠ®Š®±,
dw®šµ°w®−S®±o„®u®äŠ®±, y¯äN®³q® y®¼Ç®Þu®ºq® N®ï, X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±−Ÿ°Sµ N®äî®±î¯T
Au®w®±Ý …凮±±q¯Ù …ºvu¯Ûе. C®ªå N®²Y„®g¯ÔŠ®N®, w®ºvî®±±x°ý®æŠ® î®±q®±Ù
N®ïy®Š®îµ±°™Õ Hº… îµ²u®© î®±²î®Š®± …еu® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o S®äºs® Cºvw®î®ŠµS®²
uµ²Šµr©å. Ey®©…Üî¯TŠ®±î® y®äs®î®± î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou®Šµ î®±œ®™«S®¡¯u® dw®šµ°w®−
S®±o„®u®äŠ®uµ°. räÇ®™Ô ý®Œ¯N¯y®¼Š®±Ç® š®º…ºu®î¯u® N®sµ N®©ÞwµS®¡®w®±Ý Kºu®±
…³œ®q¬ N¯î®ãu® …ºu®NµÊ A¡®î®m›u® Ÿ‹îµ± î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oN¯Š®Š®u®±. ý®äî®o y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±
œ®‹N¯Š®w¯T î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o ¯mŠ®±î® u¯ﱫN®−š¯Ÿq®ãN® y®‹n¯î®± A⊮p°‡®±î¯u®±u®±.
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o š®º…ºu®î¯u®
Cm° N®©Þwµ− Nµ²l®±Sµ N®w¯«hN®u®±Û. Au®Š® „µ°Š®±S®¡µŒµ²å y¯äY°w® y¯äN®³q® BS®î®±š¯Ÿq®ã
N®³rS®¡®ªåîµ. Au®ä N¯ºl® Nµ²º„µS®¡®± N®w¯«hN®u®ªå Nµ²w®‹îµ. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® Š®X®wµ
AºN®±‹›u®±Û î®±¡®Pµ°l® (¯w®ãPµ°h) u®ªå, Au®± y®©åï›u®±Û …ºN¯y®¼Š®u®ªå dw®šµ°w®
S®±o„®u®äŠ®± Š¯Ç®óN®²h X®N®äî®r«‡®¾¯u® Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®« w®³y®q®±ºS®w® НcS®±Š®±S®¡®±:
AX®ÏN®w®ÝmS® uµ²Šµ, Aî®w® „¯ǵ š¯Ÿq®ã yµä°î®±î®w®±Ý EvÛ°z› ¯S®«u®ý®«w®
¯mu®î®Š®±. dw®šµ°w®−S®±o„®u®äŠ®², N®w®Ýl®u®ªå N®³r Š®Y›©åîµ° œµ²Š®q®±,
AX®ÏN®w®ÝmS®Š®±, S®±o„®u®äŠ®ºq®² N®w®Ýl® N®ïS®¢Sµ „µw®±Ýq®iÔ, N®w®Ýl® N¯î®ãî®w®±Ý
rvÛ y®äN®hw® ‡µ²°S®ãî¯T ¯mu®î®Š®±. C® š®º…ºu®î¯T Cu®±î®ŠµSµ ‡®¾¯Š®² œµ°¢Š®u®
Kºu®± œµ²š® ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý Cªå îµ²u®© „¯‹ y®äN®iš®…‡®±š®±qµÙ°wµ. Nµ°þНcw® ý®…Ûî®±pu®y®«ou®
œµYÏw® y¯j¯ºq®Š®S®¡®ªå ›S®±î® D y®u®ãî®w®±Ý DS¯S®Œµ° ïu¯æºš®Š® S®î®±w®NµÊ
q®Š®Œ¯Tuµ.
…u®±«u®± …¡®ëî¯m
wµŠµw®º†u®±«u¯œ®«q®î®±º dwµ°ºu®äw®º
ru®« î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o N®ïS®¡¬ S®±Š®±S®¡¬ S®±o„®u®äuµ°î®Š®±º
rv«u®Šµw®Ý yµ°¦Û N®³r‡®±º N®³r …ºu®î®w¯î® uµ²°Ç®î®±º
yµ½u®«u®± yµ½u®«u®ºq®oîµ± y¯y®u® š®ºq®r ®n¯›‡®±º |
š¯Ÿq®ãN®
y®‹š®Š®u®ªå …u®±O, Bœ®«q® u®«î®w®±Ý y®½r« w®º†u® œ¯S®² 𝣝q¬ dw®w®ºqµ‡µ±°
Cu®Û, î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® N®ïS®¡®² Bu® S®±o„®u®äuµ°î®Š®± q®w®Ý D N®w®Ýl® N¯î®ãî®w®±Ý
rvÛNµ²hÔîµ±°Œµ D N®³r …ºu®u®ªå î®±q¯Ùî® uµ²°Ç®î®½ šµ°Š®±î®¼v©å: y¯y®š®î®±²œ®
Hºu¯u®Š®² ®n¯›‡®±w®±Ý î®±±h±Ôu®± š¯u®ãîµ°! Hº… S®±o„®u®äš®±Ùr‡®±±,
N®³q®cÓqµ š®âŠ®nµ‡®± D Ay®½î®« q®Ùy®u®ã Kºu®wµ‡®± S®±oî®î®±«w® ý®²u®äN® As®î¯
œ®‹î®ºý®NµÊ šµ°‹uµÛºu®± w®w®Sµ qµ²°Š®±q®Ùuµ. Bv S®±oî®î®±«w®± S®ºS®Š®
uµ²Šµ‡®¾¯u® H凮±y®Þw®w®±Ý N®s¯w¯‡®±N®w®w¯ÝT› ý®²u®äN® …еu®î®w®±. H凮±y®Þw¯u®Š®²
Š¯Ç®óN®²h Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®«w® î®±S®¡¯u® X®ºuµ²ä…à©„µà‡®± (S®ºS®Š®…²q®±S®w®) î®±S®.
w®³y®q®±ºS® (dw®šµ°w®)S®±o„®u®äŠ® þÇ®ã. S®±oî®î®±« î®±q®±Ù S®±o„®u®äŠ®± š®î®±N¯ª°w®Š®±.
Cw®²Ý BS® q¯wµ œ®›œ®›‡®¾¯T î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o …еu®± î®±±T›u® N¯©. X®N®äî®r«‡®± î®±S®¡®²,
X®N®äî®r«‡®± y®r݇®±² Bu® X®ºuµ²ä…à©„µà‡µ±° q®w®Ý q®ºuµ‡®± Нc S®±Š®±S®¡®² î®±œ®™«S®¡®²
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oN¯Š®Š®² Bu® S®±o„®u®äŠ®w®±Ý rvÛ›Š®„µ°N®±. S®±©àS¯« dŒµå‡®± šµ°l®º
q¯©²åOw®ªåŠ®±î® î®±¡®Pµ°l®î®½, uÂ¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå‡®± þS¯Ìºï q¯©²åOw®ªåŠ®±î®
…ºN¯y®¼Š®î®½ Cºu®± bµ¶w® N®±Š®±œ®±S®¡®w®±Ý …œ®±î¯T N®¡µu®±Nµ²ºmîµ. Bu®Šµ D
HŠ®l®² œ®±iÔu® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o S®äºs® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± A¢‡®±uµ E¢u®± …ºvuµ. HŠ®l®² œ®±iÔu®
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o S®äºs® Xµ¶q¯ã©‡®± A¢‡®±uµ E¢u®± …ºvuµ. š¯Ú®N®Ê¢î®¼ºh± cºS®î®±N®Ê¢ï©å
Hº… ©£®oNµÊ Cuµ²ºu®± ©£®Èãî¯Tuµ. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® y®ä„Â¯î® N¯î®ãS®¡®ªå ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå
þ©ÞYq®äN®Œµ‡®±ªå BX¯Š®ã y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå NµwµN®iÔuµ. X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®± y®¼Š¯o,
î®l¯ÖНu®wµ î®±q®±Ù Nµ©î®¼ i°N®± rÙ î¯ãP¯ãw®S®¡®ªå î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® ýµ²å°N®S®¡®±
Eu¯œ®³q®î¯Tîµ. î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o y®ïq®äS®äºs®îµºu®² ¯w®ãî¯Tuµ. î®±wµS®¡®ªå N®Ç®Ôš®±P¯vS®¢Sµ
xï±q®Ù wµ²°l®©± y®ïq®äS®äºs®îµºu®² ¯w®ãî¯Tuµ. î®±wµS®¡®ªå N®Ç®Ôš®±P¯vS®¢Sµ xï±q®Ù
wµ²°l®©± î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý …¡®š®±rÙu®Û ïu¯w®î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± dw®šµ°w¯ X¯Š®ãw®
ï®nµ‡®±ªå N¯o…œ®±u®±: ``D y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý G±™S®¡®± œµ°¢Š®±î®¼u®‹ºu® Cu®±
y®ä¯o, š®ºy®½o«î¯T š®q®ã BTŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®±u®‹ºu® Bq®âN®Œ¯ãoî®w®±Ý CYК®±î®î®Š®±
Cu®w®±Ý w®º…„µ°N®±, Au®㇮±w® ¯l®„µ°N®±, u¯ãx𮄵°N®±. D y®¼Š¯o
y®¼oãu¯‡®±N®î®½ y®ïq®ä Eq®Ùî®±î¯u® î®±ºS®©š®æŠ®²y®î®½ B‡®±±Ç®ãî®u®«N®î®¼
O°r«‡®±w®±Ýºh±î®¾¯l®±î®¼u®² š®æS®« u¯‡®±N®î®½ BTŠ®±q®Ùuµ. D y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý y®½dš®±î®î®‹Sµ
u®±»Qý¯ºr‡®±², š®ºuµ°œ®x®nµSµ²°š®±S® y®äýµÝ¯l®±î®î®‹Sµ Bw®ºu®î®½
y®¼™Ôb¯Ów®î®³v܇®±² Lu®±î®î®‹Sµ £µ°î®±î®½ Bе²°S®ã Nµ°¡®±î®î®‹Sµ N®î®±«xc«Šµ‡®±²
BS®±î®¼î®¼. D y®¼Š¯o y®½cw®, y®³X®Ðw¯, y®j®w®, ý®äî®n¯vS®¢ºu® u®±»š®æy®ÝS®¡®
w¯ý®î®½ š®±š®æy®ÝS®¡® vÛ‡®±² xï±q®Ù ý®N®±w®î®w®±Ý wµ²°l®±î®î®‹Sµ CÇ®Ôy®©
(ý®±„¯ý®±„® ý®N®±w®y®©) y¯äzÙ‡®±² Eºg¯S®±î®¼î®¼, Cºq®œ® y®ïq®ä S®äºs®î®¼ î®±wµ‡®±ªåŠ®±î®¼u®±
î®±ºS®©N®Š®îµºu®± „Â¯ï› Awµ°N®Š®± Cu®w®±Ý q®î®±â î®±wµS®¡®ªåh±ÔNµ²ºl®± y®½dš®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±''
(Aw®±. ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®±). D ï®nµ‡®±ªå î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oNµÊ Ar°ºv䇮± î®±Ÿîµ±‰±uµ‡µ±ºu®±
qµ²°‹š®±î®¼u®N¯ÊT ®±Ù›Úr‡®±w®±Ý …œ®±î¯T Eqµò°¤š®Œ¯Tuµ.
Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o−î®±œ¯„Â¯Š®q®S®¢Sµ
œµ²‡®¾¬−N®‡®¾¬ BT œ®rÙŠ® …Š®±î® î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o N®±‹q® š®î®±S®ä ïî®±ýµ« N®w®Ýl®u®ªå
Cw®²Ý q®w®N® BT©å. š¯ŸrãN®, š¯ºš®ÊȳrN®, X¯‹räN®, ¯w®ïN®, šµ¶u¯ÜºrN® Au®㇮±w®
xŠ®q® š®ºýµ²°u®N®‹Sµ Cu®± K¡µë‡®± N®wµÝwµ©; ïî®±ý®«N®‹Sµ œ®›Š®± xý¯wµ †°š®±rÙuµ.
B vOÊw®ªå Cl®±î® ïu¯æºš®Š® Kºuµ²ºu®± œµbµÑ‡®±² cwµ°YœµÝ‡®¾¯T E¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. ý¯Œ¯−N¯Œµ°c±
ïý®æïu¯ãx©‡®±S®¡®ªå î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oNµÊ vî®ã x©«£®Èãî®w®±Ý qµ²°Š®Œ¯S®±rÙuµ. Cw¯Ýu®Š®²
š®ºš®Êȳq® Ÿºv î®±q®±Ù q®q®æý¯š®ô S®− CŒ¯PµS®¡®ªå î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý N®ªš®±î®
AS®q®ãïuµ. y®j®ãî¯T‡®±², y®Š¯î®±ý®«w® š¯Ÿq®ã N®³r‡®¾¯T‡®±² Au®w®±Ý Sµ²q®±Ùy®mš®±î®¼u®±
Ey®‡®±±N®Ù y¯äN®³q® „¯ǯ š¯Ÿq®ã N®ªNµ‡®±w®±Ý Au®Š®ªå‡®±² Au®«î®¾¯S®và S®äºs®„µ²°u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý,
N®¡µu® 35 î®Ç®«S®¡®ªå î®±²ŒµSµ q®¢ëu®±Û u®±uµ¶«î®. Au®Šµ²ºvSµ š®ºš®Êȳq®u®ªåŠ®±î®
bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ã N®³rS®¡®w®²Ý î®ãî®›Úq®î¯T y¯j®ãu® X¹N®iÔxºu¯XµSµ° q®¡®±ëq¯Ù …Š®Œ¯Tuµ.
D Kq®Ù‹š®±ïNµ œ¯S®² Eyµ°£µ‡®±w®±Ý w¯î®¼ x©«¤š®±î®ºr©å.
D H©å ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±ªå
Hq®²«Š®± ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡® šµ°îµ‡®±w®²Ý q®²N® œ¯N®„µ°N®±. N®w®Ýl® bµ¶w®
y®¼Š¯oS®¢S®², y¯äN®³q® y®¼Ç®Þu®ºq®w® î®±œ¯N¯î®ãN®²Ê D î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oîµ° yµä°Š®N®
y®½Š®N® î®±œ¯yµ½°Ç®N® Hº…±u®± ý¯›ôS®¢Sµ Xµw¯ÝT î®±w®î®‹Nµ‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. y®ºy®xºu®
œ®ºy®w¯î®ŠµSµ î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® œµbµÑS®±Š®±q®±S®¡®w®±Ý wµ²°mu®Šµ, î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® b¯Ów®
y®‹ý®äî®±S®¡®± bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ã £µ°q®äu®ªå Nµ©š® ¯l®±î®î®‹Sµ Hǵ²Ô°ºu®± î®±œ®q®æuµÛºu®±
A‹î¯v°q®±. š®ºš®Êȳq® „¯ǯ b¯Ów®u® Nµ²Š®qµ‰±u®±Û Nµ°î®© N®w®Ýl® …©åSµ î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý
N®w®Ým›Nµ²l®„µ°Nµº… ïX¯Š®î¯T D îµ²u®©± ‡µ²°Y›u® Bu®ãŠ®± X¯î®±Š¯cw®S®Š®u®
…䜮⚮²‹ y®u®âНc y®ºmq®Š®±. š®æºq® î®±±u®än¯©‡®± î®±q®±Ù y®äN¯ý®w® š®ºšµÚ‡®±w®±Ý
„µºS®¡®²Š®ªå y¯äŠ®º†Ã›u® 19 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® î®±œ¯š¯œ®› D †. y®u®âНc y®ºmŠ®±;
š®±î®¾¯Š®± 26N®²Ê œµX®±Ï S®äºs®S®¡®w®±Ý Š®Y› y®äN®I›u¯Ûе. S®äºs® š®ºy¯u®wµ î®±q®±Ù
ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Aºq®ãu®ªå dw®šµ°w®w® y®½î®« y®¼Š¯ou® Au®«u®Ç®Ôw®±Ý ¯q®ä HŠ®l®±
„¯S®S®¡®ªå; „¯S®−1 (1896) „¯S® −2(1897) y¯ý®æ«w¯s®š¯æï± X®‹qµ−Eq®ÙŠ®
y®¼Š¯ovºu® (1893)− CÇ®Ôw®²Ý N®w®Ýl® „¯ǯºq®Š®uµ²ºvSµ œµ²Š®q®ºu®Š®±,
š®ºš®Êȳq®u®ªå U®w®ïu¯æºš®Š®², bµ¶w® ›u¯Üºq®u®ªå xǯØq®Š®², N®w®Ýl®u®ªå y®äN¯ºl®
y®ºmq®Š®² BTu®Û y®u®âНc y®ºmq®‹ºu® š®î®±S®ä î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® N®w®Ýl® Aw®±î¯u®
N¯Š®ã‡µ²°cwµ Nµ¶S®²l®uµ Au®«NµÊ° xºq®± œµ²°‰±q®±.
Nµ©š® q®±v î®±±hÔu®
œµ²°u®Š®², î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý N®w®Ýl®NµÊ y®‹î®r«› î®±²©uµ²ºvSµ y®äN®iš®±î® î®±œ¯š¯œ®š®
N¯‡®±«NµÊ îµ²u®© S®±u®Ûª y®½bµ Bu®u®±Û †. y®u®âНc y®ºmq®‹ºu® Hº… Jrœ¯›N® î®±œ®q®æu®
š®ºS®r‡®±w®±Ý wµw®zl®„µ°N¯u®±Û; A©åuµ B N¯©NµÊ Xµw¯ÝT CºTå°Ç¬ N®ªq®± CºTå°™w®©²å
Kºu®± y®¼š®ÙN®î®w®±Ý †. y®u®âНc y®ºmq®Š®± Š®Y›Š®±q¯Ùе.
Ÿ°Sµ †. y®u®âНc
y®ºmq®Š®± y®ä‡®±rÝ›, îµ±°©ÞºOÙ œ¯O xªå›u® N¯Š®ãî®w®±Ý A¯u® 40 î®Ç®«S®¡® q®Š®±î¯‡®±
Nµ¶SµrÙNµ²ºl®± BŠ®º„®vºu® Aºq®ãu®î®ŠµSµ y®‹Ç¯ÊŠ®î¯T ‡®±ý®›æ‡®¾¯T
Nµ¶S®²m›u®î®Š®± Hq®²«Š®± ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®±. yµ½ä. Nµ.d. N®±ºu®oS¯Š®‹S®²
Cºs®uµ²ºu®± œµ²¡®œ®± CqµÙºu®± l¯. B.wµ°. Ey¯uµã r¢›u¯Ûе. y®ºy®w®
Bvy®¼Š¯oî®w®²Ý, œ®›Ùî®±©åw® y®½î®«y®¼Š¯oî®w®²Ý š®ºy¯v›Nµ²hÔ yµ½ä.Nµ.d. N®±ºu®oS¯Š®Š®
ïu®ærÙSµ Cuµ°w®² Aš¯u®ãî¯TŠ®ª©å. Auµ°Nµ² N®±ºu®oS¯Š®Š®± D „¯ǯºq®Š®NµÊ
qµ²l®S®ª©å. D w®l®±îµ m.H. „µ²°S¯Š® î®±q®±Ù ï±d« An¯ØŠ¯‡®± šµ°‹ î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o (N®s¯)
š¯Š®î®w®±Ý ïš®Ùȳq® z°kNµ y®‹þÇ®ÔS®¡® š®Ÿq® ›u®Üy®m› y®äN®i›u®Š®± (1962);
Cu®Š®ªå î®±²© ýµ²å°N®S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²iÔ©å. Nµ°î®© r¢S®w®Ýl®u®ªå ي®î¯T‡µ±° î®±²©
N®sµ‡®±w®±Ý Aw®±î¯v› Nµ²l®Œ¯Tuµ. r°Š® CrÙ°XµS®ÇµÔ° œ®±ºX®u® š®æ›Ù§° uµ°îµ°ºu®ä
O°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N® y®g¯ÔX¯Š®ã š¯æï±S®¡®î®Š® Eu¯Š® N®³y¯ý®ä‡®±vºu® yµ½ä.d. …䜮ây®Þw®î®Š®±
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® S®u¯ãw®±î¯u®î®w®± Bî®±²Œ¯S®äî®±î¯T, š®î®±S®äî¯T œµ²Š®q®ºvu¯Ûе
(1986). œ¯Sµ wµ²°l®±î®¼u¯u®Šµ Cm° „Â¯Š®r‡®± „¯ǵS®¡®ªå‡µ±° î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý
Aw®±î¯vš®±î® y®äy®äs®î®± y®ä‡®±q®Ý w®lµu®u®±Û N®w®Ýl®u®ªå, X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±wµ° Au®Š®
îµ²u®© Aw®±î¯u®N® Aî®w®u®± î®±±N¯Ùw®±î¯u®. X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±w® q®Š®±î¯‡®± Cm° N®w®Ýl®
š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý y®½r«‡®¾¯T N®w®Ýl®NµÊ y®‹î®r«›u® „®T°Š®s® Hq®²«Š®±
ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®± (1933−1940) . Bv y®ºy®w®², y®ºy® y®½î®«u®ªå S®±oî®î®¾¯«vS®¡®²
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou® „¯S®S®¢Sµ ©SµÌ œ®rÙu®Šµ° œµ²Š®q®± š®î®±S®ä N®³rS®©å. Bu®Šµ
X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±w®±, y¯ä‡®±» î®±œ¯N®ï Š®w®Ýw® ¯S®« u®ý®«w®u®ªå, š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®«S®¡®
Ÿºuµ, Aºvw® N®w®Ýl® „¯ǵSµ …u®Œ¯‰±š®±î® š¯œ®š® ¯mu®w®±. X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±w®±
Au®³Ç®Ôu®Šµ Aºu®± Bq®w® N®o±âºuµ N®²Y „®g¯ÔŠ®N®, §°w®ºv î®±±x°ý®æŠ®,
N®ïy®Š®îµ±°™Õ, î®±q®±Ù dw®šµ°w® S®±o„®u®äŠ® N®³r‡®±w®±Ý Nµ°ºu®äî¯T‹› Kºu®± î®±±N®Ù
S®u¯ãw®±î¯u® N®³r‡®±w®±Ý N®w®Ýl®u®ªå …еu® O°r«, AS®äq¯º…²© X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±w®u®±.
ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®u®±
Cw®²Ý Kºu®± œµbµÑ î®±±ºu®±î®‹u® Nµ©š®. C®± î®±²© ýµ²å°N®S®¡µ²ºvSµ `N®w¯«hN® „¯î®v°zN¯
î¯ãP¯ã' Š®Y›u®Ûе. ý¯›ôS®¡® Aw®±î¯u® š®ºš®Êȳq® ý®…ÛNµÊ N®w®Ýl® ý®…Û ChÔ î®±OÊN¯
î®±Oʇ®±©å. A®± î®±²©S®äºs®u® î®±œ®q®æ y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®²Ý, bµ¶w® u®«−š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå
Au®OÊŠ®±î® Avær°‡®±î¯u® š¯Úw®î®w®²Ý, Jrœ¯›N® ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±w®²Ý …©å b¯Óx. 𮿇®±º B î®±±Qã
u¯ﱫN® y¯ä®u®ªå „µ¡µu®± …ºu®î®Š®±. ATu®Û ïu®æq®±Ù y¹äl®q®î®±î¯u®u®±Û.
š®ºš®Êȳq®, N®w®Ýl® D r䄯ǯ y¯äïoã î®±q®±Ù ý¯š®ô ý®±vÛ ATu®Û …©. q¯î®¼
î¯ãP¯ãxš®Œµºu®± Nµ¶SµrÙNµ²ºl® S®äºs® HÇ®±Ô S®œ®w® œ¯S®² N®Ç®Ôš¯u®ã, š®î¯©±S®¡®w®±Ý
Kl®±Öq®œ®u®± Hº… A‹ïuµ. ``N®w®Ýl®u®ªå „¯î¯s®«î®w®±Ý …剱›, N®w®Ýl® w¯mw®
HŒ¯å bµ¶w® …ºu®±S®¢S®² Cu®± 𮱩„® ©„®ãî¯S®±î®ºqµ ¯l®„µ°Nµºu®±. . .
.y®Š¯ãŒµ²°Y›, D î®±œ®q¯ÊŠ®ãî®w®±Ý w®î®±Sµ ›u®Š®±. Cu®± w®î®±â A©Þ …±vÜSµ …œ®±
ý®äî®±š¯u®ãî¯u® N¯‡®±«. Cu®w®±Ý w®î®±Tºq® œµYÏw® ïu¯æºš®‹Sµ ›u®Ûе …œ®¡®
Xµw¯ÝT BS®±rÙvÛq®±. w®î®±â î®±ºu® …±u®ÜÉãw®±š¯Š®î¯T D S®äºs®NµÊ N®n¯«hN® „¯î®
v°zNµ‡µ±º… YN®Êu¯u® î¯ãPµã‰±ºu® …еu®±. . .
.y®½o«S®äºs®î®w®±Ý
š®î®¾¯cu® î®±±ºviÔŠ®±îµî®¼. D S®äºs®î®¼ š®î®¾¯cNµÊ Ey®N¯Š®î®½ …œ®±N¯©u®î®ŠµSµ
CŠ®q®N®Êu®² BTŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® w®î®±â d°î®w®‡®¾¯qµä‡®±ªå w®î®±â ý®OÙSµ Cuµ²ºu®±
uµ²l®Ö Nµ©š®îµºu®± „Â¯ï› ý®äî®±î®ŸŠ®±qµÙ°îµ. ý¯›ôS®¡®± Nµ°î®© x°Š®š® Aw®±î¯u®N®Š®©å.
A®u®± y®ºmq® z䇮±î¯u® y®ºmq®y®äX®±Š® ýµ¶ª. v°U®«î¯N®ãS®¡®w®±Ý …¡®š®±q¯Ùе. D
œµ²rÙw® 1989 Š® U®hÔu®ªå xºq® N®w®Ýl® „¯ǵ‡®± w®mSµSµ œµ²ºvNµ‡®¾¯Tuµ †l®±î®
Š®X®wµ‡®±² A©åªå Eºh±; ýµ¶ª ïb¯Ów®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu®©². D ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®
Eq®ÙНu®«u®ªåŠ®±î® w¯î®¼ …¡®š®±rÙŠ®±î® „¯ý¯ýµ¶ª‡®±² y®½î¯«u®«u®ªåu®Û ýµ¶ªTºq®
œµ°Sµ †Ãw®Ýqµ y®lµu®±Nµ²ºmuµ‡µ±º…±u®Š® Au®㇮±w®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu®©² î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯ou®
Aw®±î¯u® A„®㚮NµÊ Aœ®«î¯Tuµ. ý¯›ôS®¡® œµ²š®S®w®Ýl® ýµ¶ª Alµq®lµS®¢©åuµ š®î®±q®©u®ªå
œ®‹‡®±±î® w®v‡®±ºqµ š®ª©î¯T‡µ±° î®±±ºu®±î®‹‡®±±q¯Ùuµ. H©²å Au®± Œ¯U®î®
Sµ²¡®±ëv©å, œ®äš®æî¯S®±î®v©å S¯º†Ã°Š®ã †h±Ô Nµ²l®±î®¼v©å. î®±²©„¯î®wµ‡®±
y®äry¯u®wµSµ Aw®±N®²©î¯T Kîµ²âîµ±â î®±²Š®± w¯©±Ê š®ºš®Êȳq® ýµ²å°N®î®w®±Ý KiÔSµ
qµSµu®±Nµ²ºl®± Kh±Ô š¯Š¯ºý®î®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î®¼u®±ºh±. ý¯›ôS®¡®± Aw®±î¯u®uµ²ºvSµ
S®äºs® š®ºy¯u®wµ N¯Š®ãî®w®²Ý IN® N¯©u®ªå š®î®±s®«î¯T xŸ›u¯Ûе. S®äºs®
š®ºy¯u®N®w® S®±Š®±q®Š® œµ²nµ‡®±‹q®±, LŒµS®‹ S®äºs®S®¡®w®²Ý î®±±väq® î®±Š¯k „¯ǵ‡®±
y®är‡®±w®²Ý q®±©w¯q®âN® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® y®j®w® ¯m, y¯j¯ºq®Š®S®¡®w®²Ý iy®ÞpS®¡®w®²Ý
Nµ²iÔŠ®±q¯Ùе. cqµSµ y®½î®« y®¼Š¯oN®²Ê Eq®ÙŠ® y®¼Š¯oN®²Ê „µŒµ‡®±±¡®ë î®±±w®ÝmN®²l®
…‹vu¯Ûе. D H©å N¯Š®oS®¢S¯T î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oN®²Ê „µŒµ‡®±±¡®ë î®±±w®ÝmN®²l® …еvu¯Ûе.
D H©å N¯Š®oS®¢S¯T î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯oNµÊ ý¯›ôS®¡® Aw®±î¯u®NµÊ− î¯ãPµãSµ Jrœ¯›N® î®±œ®q®æïuµ.
N®w®Ýl®u®ªå y¯Š®ºy®‹N® b¯Ów® y®lµu® ý¯›ôS®¡® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±î®½, ý¯š®ôš¯Ÿq®ãu®
wµ¶Š®ºq®Š®ã N®mu®± œµ²°S®±î®ºqµ N¯y¯mu®î®Š®± Hq®²«Š®± ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®±,
ATºq® Ÿºuµ …䜮⚮²‹ y®u®âНc y®ºmq®Š®±.
N®w®Ýl®u®ªå‡®±² wµ°ï±dwµ°ý®
š®ºS®r (œ®‹î®ºý®), w¯S®N®±î®¾¯Š® X®‹qµ, wµ²°ºz‡®± N®sµS®¡®±−îµ²u®Œ¯u® œ®¡µS®w®Ýl®
N¯î®ãS®¡®w®±Ý ý¯šµ²ô°N®Ùî¯T š®ºy¯v›Nµ²iÔŠ®±î® H. ý¯ºrНc ý¯›ôS®¡®î®Š® šµ°îµ‡®±w®±Ý
S®±Š®±r› u¯Qªš®„µ°N¯u® š®ºu®„®« …ºu¯S®©² œ¯Sµ ¯l®uµ u®±Š®±uµÛ°ý®vºu® Nµ¶†iÔŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý
î®±pœ®îµº„µ²ºu®± S®äºs®u®ªå N¯o…œ®±u®±. N®w®Ýl®NµÊ šµ°îµ š®ªå›u® S®äºs®
š®ºy¯u®w®N¯Š®Š®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±š®±î® S®u®ªå D î®±pœ®î®w®±Ý ApSµ²¢›u® b¯oŠ®± †.
y®u®âНc y®ºmq®Š®w®²Ý, qµ²°ïw®NµŠµ Н‡®±ºo î¯T⇮±w®²Ý, Hq®²«Š®± ý¯ºrНc
ý¯›ôS®¡®w®²Ý, Hš¬. „µ²î®±âŠ®š® y®ºmq®Š®w®²Ý−Nµ°î®© bµ¶w®Šµº… b¯r N¯Š®oN¯ÊT
Nµ¶†h±Ô Aw¯ã‡®±îµš®TŠ®±q¯Ùеº… S®±î®¾¯xSµ …©î¯u® N¯Š®oS®¢Sµ. C©åî¯u®Šµ CTºq®
N®mîµ± Nµ©š® ¯mu® K†à…àŠ®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±› CÇ®±Ô AS¯u®î¯u® Nµ©š® ¯mu® S®äºs®
š®ºy¯u®w® y¯äb¯ÓŠ®w®±Ý Eyµ°¤›u®ÛNµÊ N¯Š®oîµ° C©å. D …Sµ‡®± x©«£®î®w®±Ý
AŸºš¯î¯vS®¡¯u® bµ¶w®Š®± œµ°Sµ² š®Ÿ›Nµ²¡®±ëq¯Ùеº… q¯q¯éŠ® …±vÜ K¡µë‡®±u®©å.
b¯oНu® š®oØ cw®Š®± œµš®‹š®uµ œµ²°u® ¯q®äNµÊ ý¯›ôS®¡® šµ°îµ‡®± î®±œ®q®æîµ°w®²
q®S®±Ìv©å.
î®±œ¯y®¼Š¯o CŠ®±î®î®ŠµS®²
Au®Š® Aw®±î¯u®N®Š® šµ°îµ‡®±² w®ºu¯v°ïSµ‡®¾¯T „µ¡®S®±rÙŠ®±q®Ùuµ.