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B‡®±«Š® BS®î®±w®N®±Ê îµ²u®ªxºu® Cu®±Û, CºvS®² E¢u®± …ºvŠ®±î® „¯Š®q®u® î®±²© u®« î®±q®±Ù î®±²© š®î®¾¯c bµ¶w®Š®u®±. AŸºšµ î®±q®±Ù ý¯ºq® š®æ„¯î®u® ý®äî®o u®°«y¯š®N®Š®± Bd°î®N®Š®±, „¹u®ÜŠ®± î®±q®±Ù bµ¶w®Š®±. B‡®±«Š®± ‡®±±u®Ü š®æ„¯î®u®î®Š®±, Sµ²°î®¼ A® š¯N®± y¯äp, „¹u®ÜŠ®±−bµ¶w®Š®± î®±q®±Ù Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®± u¯äïl®Š®±, Hîµ±â C® š¯N®± y¯äp. B‡®±«Š®± Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®w®±Ý O°¡¯T N¯o©±, bµ¶w®q®æu®ªå Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®w®±Ý BªºT› Nµ²¡®ë©± D …Sµ‡®± ŸwµÝŒµS®¡®² N¯Š®oî¯TvÛŠ®…œ®±u®±. Cºs® K¡®wµ²°h S®¢ºu® D Au®㇮±w®î®w®±Ý Cw®²Ý B¡®NµÊ Nµ²ºlµ‡®±ã©± Aî®N¯ý®S®¢îµ.

î®±œ¯ï°Š®, …±u®Ü, …š®î®oØ îµ²u®Œ¯u® ¯w®î®q¯î¯vS®¡®± qµ²°‹u® „µ¡®Ow® œ¯v‡®±ªå î®±œ¯q®âŠ®±S®¡¯u® S®±Š®±w¯w®N®Š®±, š®ºq®N®†°Š®Š®±, (î®±œ¯w®±„Â¯î® y®ºs® î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® X¯©N® ý®OÙ) X®N®äu®Š®Š®±, š®ºq® ýµä°Ç®ÕŠ¯u® b¯Ówµ°ý®æŠ®Š®±, î®±œ¯b¯Óx w¯î®±uµ°î®Š®±, „®N®Ù Sµ²°Š¯, š®ºq® q®±N¯Š¯î®±Š®±, Bq®âb¯Ów® þý®±w¯¡® Ç®‹°y®Š®±, š¯æï± ïîµ°N¯w®ºu®Š®±, š®ºq® w¯Š¯‡®±o S®±Š®±d‡®±î®Š®± −Ÿ°Sµ Kºu®± š¯u®±−š®ºq®Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡µ±° Aš®Þȳý®ã‹Sµ š®î®¾¯w® Aî®N¯ý®S®¢S¯T ý®äï±›uµ. Cºq®œ®î®Š® œ®³u®‡®±î®ºrNµ‰±ºu® †äiÇ®Š® N¯©vºv°XµSµ uµ²Šµq® þ£®o š¹©„®ãvºu® Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± 20 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®ŠµSµ Cu®Û uµ²°Š®nµ‡®±ªå …u®Œ¯î®nµS®¡¯Tîµ. bµ²ã°r„¯y®¼Œµ, l¯. †. BŠ¬. Aº„µ°l®ÊŠ¬ Aºq®œ®î®Š® xŠ®ºq®Š® y®ä‡®±q®ÝS®¡®± D vOÊw®ªå š®ºU®hwµSµ ý®OÙî®u®«N®S®¡®±.

Ÿºu®² š®ºU®hwµS®¡µ° Bu® BŠ¬. Hš¬.Hš¬., †.bµ.z ., î®±q®±Ù ï.œµX¬.z îµ²u®Œ¯u® y®£®S®¡®©²å, œµ²š®N¯©u® Ayµ°£µ AS®q®ãS®¢Sµ Aw®±S®±oî¯T, Ÿºu®² u®«î®w®±Ý y®¼w®Š®±dÑ°ï› y®¼w®Š®±q¯Úxš®±î® yµä°Š®nµS®¡®± œ®±‹Sµ²¡®±ërÙîµ. Cu®± BŠµ²°S®ãN®Š®î¯u® œµ²š® š®î®¾¯c Š®X®wµSµ w¯ºv‡®¾¯S®©²…œ®±u®±. CrÙ°XµSµ †.bµ.z. y®£®u®ªå î®±±š®Œ¯âw®Š®² Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®² AvÃN® š®ºPµã‡®±ªå šµ°Š®±rÙŠ®±î®¼u®w®²Ý Cªå EŒµå°Rš®…œ®±u®±. ``Ÿºu®²S®¡®±, š®q®±Ùœµ²°u® Kºu®± cS®q®±Ù î®±q®±Ù cw®â q®¡µ‡®±©± ý®OÙ‰±©åu® Cwµ²Ýºu®± cS®q®±Ù− C®l®Š® w®l®±îµ Hl®q¯N®±rÙu¯ÛŠµ'' Hº… ¯ãs®²ã Bw¯«©Öw® ¯q®w®±Ý œ®±›Sµ²¢š®±î®¼u®Š® î®±²©N®îµ° Ÿºu®²q®æNµÊ Aî®±³q®q®æî®w®±Ý Nµ²l®©± š¯u®ã. D vOÊw® y®ä‡®±q®ÝS®¡®± œ®±‹Sµ²¡®ë©± bµ¶w®q®æu® y®är š®ºš®Êȳr‡®± x¯«ou®ªå Aš®Þȳý®ãŠ®± y®lµu®±Nµ²ºl® Ew®ÝrNµ‡®± Eq¯Úw®y¯u®î®w®±Ý Kºu®± Aw®±N®Š®o ‡µ²°S®ã ¯u®‹‡®¾¯T A¡®î®m›Nµ²¡®ë„µ°N®±, Au®N¯ÊT îµ²u®©± ¯l®„µ°N¯u® q¯ãS® b¯r‡®± î®±u®î®w®±Ý q®ãdš®±î®¼u®±: Pride of Cast has never made any man Holy, but the untouchables have crcssed the ocean of life by devotion to God [R.C. Zaehner 1975: 144].

D š®ºy®ä…ºu®î®w®±Ý …Šµu®± î®±±Tš®±î¯S® D ®u® `š®±u¯' y®räNµ‡®±ªå §° N®ªåw¯s® ¯u®î®w®î®Š®± (†b¯y®¼Š®) …ŠµvŠ®±î® Œµ°Qw®u® Nµ©î®¼ î¯N®ãS®¡®± D š®ºy®ä…ºu®u® A†Ãy¯ä‡®±NµÊ Aw®±S®±oî¯TŠ®±î®¼u®± N®ºl®± …ºvuµ: ``Ÿºu®² š®î®¾¯cu®ªå JN®ãî®±q®ã As®î¯ š®œ®„¯¡µæ‰±ºu® N®²mu® KS®Ìh±Ô CvÛu®ÛŠµ œ®²oŠ®± N®±ý¯w®Š®± î®±±š®Œ¯âw®Š®± yµäºX®Š®± †äiÇ®Š®± „¯Š®q®î®w®±Ý S®±Œ¯î®±T‹Sµ²¡®y®m› B¡®©± š¯u®ãî¯S®±rÙŠ®ª©å. š¯ïŠ¯Š®± î®Ç®«S®¢ºu® u®ªq®Š®± ýµ²°Ç®nµSµ K¡®S¯TŠ®±î®¼u®Š®ªå Ÿºu®² š®ºš®Êȳr î®±q®±Ù u®«u® y¯©± N®mîµ±‡®±u®©å. b¯r y®u®Ür HŒ¯å î®±q®S®¡®ªå‡®±² C©å. D b¯r y®u®Ür ýµ²°Ç®nµS¯T œ®±iÔuµ‡µ±° œµ²Š®q®± Bºq®‹N® †Ãw¯Ý†Ãy¯ä‡®±S®¢ºu® A©å. N®o« IN®©î®ãŠ®ºs®î®Š®± b¯r N¯Š®ovºu® Uµ²°Š® Aw¯ã‡®±Nµ²Ê¡®S¯Tu¯ÛŠµ/ Cºvw® vw®S®¡®ªå š®œ® ý®³ºSµ°‹ š¯æï±°d‡®±î®Š®± u®ªq®‹Sµ îµ°u¯u®㇮±w® ¯l®©± ý¯š®ôS®¡® ²°u®ïuµ Hºu®± œµ°¢u®ÛŠµ'' [š®±u¯: 24−10−93, y®¼h. 9].

b¯r y®u®Ür‡®±± Ÿºu®±q®æu® Nµ°ºu®ä y®äbµÓ‡®¾¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu®, b¯r ïw¯ý®î¯u®Šµ Ÿºu®² u®«î®½ N®o⊵‡®¾¯S®±q®Ùuµº…±u®± y®ä›u®Ü š®î®¾¯c ïb¯Óx Hº. Hw¬. §°x®Š® A†Ãy¯ä‡®± [1957:459]. „¯ŒµèïǮԊ®±, N®î®±²ãxǮԊ®± îµ²u®Œ¯u® H©å r°î®äS¯ï± X®¡®î®¢S¯Š®Š®w®±Ý ²°vÚ®©± Chª‡®±ªå, î®±œ¯‡®±±u®ÜN¯©u®ªå (1919) Iy®«h±Ô, ›w¯éŠ¬ î®±±š®Œµ²°x‡®±w® wµ°q®³q®æu®ªå „µ¡µu® š®î¯«vÃN¯Š® q®q®æî¯u® y¯㛚®î®¾¬ ›u¯Üºq®NµÊ BŠ®ãŠ®± y®äry¯v›u® D b¯r y®u®Ür‡µ±° š®²ßr«‡µ±ºu®± î®±œ¯w¬ Yºq®N®Š¯u® Hº. Hw¬. Š¯‡®¾¬ y®äry¯v›u¯ÛŠµ [y¯㛚®î®¾¬: 40]. D …Sµ‡®± î®±q®±Ù Cu®NµÊ y®½Š®N®î¯u® w®²Š¯Š®± A†Ãy¯ä‡®±S®¡®± y®äq®ªq®î¯Tîµ. Cåu®Š® š¯Š¯ºý®î®½, Ÿºu®±q®æu® Kºu®± u®±…«© „¯S®î®w®±Ý š®‹y®m›Nµ²¡®±ëu®Š® AS®q®ãïuµ‡µ±º…±u®±. …±u®Ü−î®±œ¯ï°Š®‹ºu® Ÿmu®± Cºvw® Aº„µ°l®ÊŠ®Š®î®ŠµSµ Cuµ° vOÊw® Yºq®wµS®¡®± w®lµu®±,
Aš®Þȳý®ã‹Sµ w¯ã‡®±‡®±±q®î¯u® ¯w®ï°‡®± Aî®N¯ý®S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²l®„µ°N¯u® Aºý®î®w®±Ý y®äry¯vš®Œ¯Tuµ.

BN®Š®S®¡®±

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2. Annhilatione of Cast (1975)
3. Who were the Shudras (1970)
Hutton J.H.: Caste in India, Oxford (1963)
Lannoy, Richard: Speaking Tree, Oxford (1975)
Louis Dumont: HomoHierarchicus, Chicago (1970)
Jaini P.S.: The Jaina Path of Purification California. Berkeley (1979)
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Kamala Hampana : Attimabbe and ChaluKyas (1995)
Roy M.N.: Facism
Srinivasa M.N.: A Note on Sanskritisation and Westermisation, Far East Qtly, 15 (1956)
Upadhye Papers: Mysore University, Mysore (1983)
Willams R.: Hindusim, Oxford (1963)
Zaehner R.C.: Hindusim, Oxford (1975)

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