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7. Cw®±Ý š¯©± 52 ‹ºu® î®±±ºu®NµÊ CŠ®±î®¼u®Ç®²Ô D ý¯š®w®u® î®±²Š®wµ‡®± „¯S®. D î®±²Š®wµ‡®± œ®ºq®u® Nµ²l®SµS®¡®w®±Ý …Šµ‡®±±î¯S® îµ²u®ªwµŠ®l®w®²Ý y®är¯muµ. r°s®«ºN®Š®‹ºu® Ey®uµ°þš®©ÞhÔ ýµä°Ç®Õ ý¯š®ôu®ªå xy®¼oŠ®², ‡®¾¯î¯S®©² D Eq®Ùî®± u®«î®¾¯S®«î®w®±Ý Ey®uµ°ý® ¯l®±î®¼u®Š®ªå xŠ®q®Š®² Bu®î®Š®± Eu®‡®± X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq®uµ°î®Š®±. A® þǮ㊮², …¡¯q¯ÊŠ® S®o… q¯î®ŠµS®¢Š®±î® Nµ²¡®u®ªå Š¯cœ®ºš®w® œ¯Sµ CŠ®±î®î®Š®² Bu®î®Š®± š®N®¡® X®ºu®äuµ°î®Š®±. Š¯cu¯x y®hÔoî¯u®
ApØSµŠµ î®±œ¯š¯Úw®u®ªåw® S®ºS®yµî®¾¯«m …š®vSµ, Au®Š® î¯ãzÙSµ …Š®±î® œ®¢ëS®¢ºu® Awµ°N® ý¯äî®N®−ý¯äî®O‡®±Š®± šµ°‹, …š®v‡®± BX¯‡®±«‹Sµ, y®½b¯N¯‡®±« ®S®±î®î®‹Sµ (uµ°î®y®¼q®ä‹Sµ) u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²hÔŠ®±. î®±²î®q®±Ùcw® u¯xS®¡® q®ºl®NµÊ î®±±ºu¯¡®±S®¡®± X®î®¼ºl®S¯î®¼ºl® î®±q®±Ù œµS®Ìlµ. uµ°î¯©‡®±NµÊ u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý š¯î®±²ŸN®î¯T Nµ²hÔŠ®² Aµ©åŠ® œµš®Š®w®±Ý Al®Öœµš®Š®± š®Ÿq® y®iÔ î®¾¯mNµ²l®Œ¯Tuµ. î®ãOÙw¯î®±, rÙw¯î®± î®±q®±Ù Al®Öœµš®Š®±S®¡® ïþÇ®Ôqµ‡®±w®±Ý î¯ãš®ºS® ¯l®±î®î®‹Sµ, š¯î®¾¯dN® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ Ey®‡®±±N®Ùî¯u® ¯ŸrS®¡®± Cu®Š®©ªåîµ.

7.1. ApØSµŠµ‡®±ªå S®ºS®yµî®¾¯«m …š®v, Bvw¯s®š¯æï± …š®v, šµ°w®S®ou® …š®v, îµ²u®Œ¯u®±î®¼ Cu®±Û…±u®± Aw®±Ç®ºTN®î¯T D ý¯š®w®vºu® r¢u®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. A©åuµ …ªå‡µ±° š®ï±°y®u® …hÔNµ¥¿‡®±ªå N®ªuµ°î® š¯æï± dw®Š® …š®v‰±q®±Ù.

7.2. X®ºl®îµæ‡®± î®±S®w¯u® œµS®Ìlµ î®±©å‡®±ãw®± ApØSµŠµ‡®± dw¯©‡®±î¯u® Bvw¯s® š¯æï± …š®v‡®± BX¯‡®±«‹Sµ œµ°¢u® Nµ©š®î®w®±Ý xŸš®±q¯Ù šµ°îµ ¯mNµ²ºmŠ®q®N®Êu®±Û. Nµ°q®S¯î®¼ºl®w®± …š®v‡®± BX¯‡®±«‹Sµ y¯u®y®½bµ ¯m, q®î®±â î®±wµuµ°î®Š¯u® šµ°w®S®ou® …š®vSµ Hºh± î®±q®ÙŠ®± „®²ï±Nµ²hÔw®±. îµ±°ªw® œµ°¢Nµ‡®±ªå `X®ºl®îµæ‡®± î®±S®' Hºu®± œµ°¢Š®±î®¼u®± ïýµ°Ç® S®î®±xNµSµ Aœ®«î¯Tuµ. q®ºuµ‡®±î®±S®wµºu®± zq®³y®äu¯w® N®±h±º… î®ãµÚ‡®±ªåu®±Û š®œ® Ÿ°Sµ q¯‰±‡®±î®±S®wµºu®± ¯q®ä œµ°¢Š®±î®¼u®NµÊ ïþÇ®Ô N¯Š®oS®¢Š®„µ°N®±.

7.3. H⇮± (Nµ°r šµiÔ), N®o†‡®± (šµiÔ)−Hº…±î®¼ u®w®S®¡® î¯ãy¯Š®î®³rÙ‡®± ý®u® œµš®‹Š®„µ°N®±. N®o† Hº…±l®± N®±u®±ŠµSµ š®º…ºvÛu® ý®…Û; Am„µ¡¯ÞSµ N®o…w®N®±Êº Hºu®± î®±ºS®Š¯cxU®ºh± r¢›uµ; Aºu®Šµ †¢‡®± y¯u®S®¡®w®±Ý E¡®ëN®±u®±Šµ N®o…. Au®Š®ºqµ N®qµÙ‡®± (u¯‹ šµiÔ) ý®…Üî®w®²Ý S®î®±xš®„µ°N®±. œµ„µà‡®± uµ°ï Sµ²¢‡®± X¯mšµiÔ, Š®±l®±Öª‡®± š®ºO šµiÔ, N®ºu®© î®±ªå šµiÔ, …‡®±éŠ® „µ²zÞ šµiÔ, N®l®…Š® uµ°ï šµiÔ, î®±ºX®© „µ²°› šµiÔ, „µp© î®±ªåšµiÔ, „µnµØ‡®± w¯¢ šµiÔ, uµ²l®Ö® Nµ°ršµiÔ, î®±ºcm‡®± IY šµiÔ, î®±‹‡®±Š® N®ªšµiÔ î®±±ºq¯u®î®¼ y®‹þ°©w®‡µ²°S®ã Š®²y®S®¡®±. …‡®±éŠ®−…‰±š®Š® Hº…±u®± ý®ã‹Sµ š®º…ºu®›u®±Û; Š®w®ÝN®ï, …ºu®±î®î®±«N®ï bµ¶w® ý®ãN®±©cŠ®±. Nµ©å Hº…±uµ²ºu®± y¯äY°w® bµ¶w® î®±wµq®w®; D Nµ©å N®±©î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± …ŠµvŠ®±î® Kºu®± Œµ°Qw® D š®ºN®©u®ªåuµ. Cµ©å u¯xS®¡®² šµhÔŠ®±, î®pcŠ®±, …odS®Š®±.

8. D ý¯š®w®S®¡® ýµä°p‡®±ªå šµ°‹Nµ²ºmŠ®±î® Cwµ²Ýºu®± „¯S®îµºu®Šµ î®±œ¯y®äu¯w®w¯u® Šµ°Yuµ°î® u®ºl®w¯s®xSµ š®º…ºvÛu®±Û (85−88). ®±uµ¶N® „¯ºuÂ®î® Hº…±u®± Dq®w® Kºu®± y®äý®›Ù Šµ°X®o Hº… œµš®Š®² Dq®xSµ Cuµ. D Šµ°Yu®ºl® w¯s®w®± …hÔNµ¥¿‡®± (…gµÌŠµ: H.C. 13. y®¼. 186, Fleet, J,F.) §°N®ªuµ°î®š¯æï± dw®§°y¯u¯X¯«wµSµ œ¯S®² N®y®½«Š® N®±ºN®±î®± §°S®ºu® š®Ÿq® AÇ®Ôïu¯X®«wµSµºu®± S®uµÛ‡®±w®±Ý †h±ÔNµ²hÔw®±. B S®uµÛ‡®±± AŠ®Nµ¥¿ (AŠ®š®±Nµ¥¿) ‰±ºu® î®±²l®©± N®lµSµ Cq®±Ù î®±q®±Ù Au®± œ®wµÝŠ®l®± î®±q®ÙŠ®± y®ä¯ou¯ÛTq®±Ù. D u®rÙ‚®ãw®±Ý …š®v‡®± Klµ‡®±Š¯u® BX¯‡®±«Š®² œ¯S®² uµ°î®š¯Úw®u® îµ±°ªæX¯Š®N®Š®² ‡®¾¯î® š®±ºN¯vS®¡®² C©åuµ y®äry¯ªš®±î®Šµºu®± Bþš®Œ¯Tuµ [š¯©±: 85−88].

8.1. î®±œ¯y®äu¯w®w¯u® ®±uµ¶N® „¯ºuÂ®î® Šµ°Y (Šµ°X®o) u®ºl®w¯s®w®± u¯w®Yºq¯î®±p ArÙî®±„µà‡®± î®±wµq®w®î¯u® î¯cý®u® N®±m, BNµ‡®± Aw®ºq®Š®u® BŠ®wµ‡®± q®Œµî®¾¯‹Sµ šµ°‹u®î®w®±. Dq®w®± ©N®±Êºm‡®±ªå „®±î®wµ¶N® „¯ºuÂ®î® dw¯©‡®±î®w®±Ý ¯m›u®Ûw®±. î®±ºr䇮±² u®ºl¯vðý®w®² š¯Ÿq®ã ïu¯ãu®Š®w®² BTu®Û Šµ°X®ow®± q®w®Ý Bý®ä‡®±Nµ²h±Ô BX®oØO扱ºu® î®u®«î®¾¯w® y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý …Šµ›u®w®±, AŠ®›°NµŠµ dw®w¯s®y®¼Š® î®±q®±Ù îµ±°Œµ œµ°¢u®ºqµ ©N®±Êºm š®Ú¡®S®¡®ªå dw¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý ¯m›u®w®±, „¯ºu®y®¼Š® (…ºu®¢Nµ) î®±q®±Ù ApØSµŠµ‡®± …š®vS®¢Sµ Kšµu®± u¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý x°mu®w®±. N®©X®±‹ †cÑ¡®xSµ š®y¯ÙºS® š®ºy®rÙ‡®±w®²Ý, X®N®äî®r«q®æî®w®²Ý q®ºu®±Nµ²hÔw®±. Šµ°X®o u®ºl¯vÃw¯s®w® qµ²°¡®±S®¡µº… Nµ²º„µ Šµº„µS®¡® î®±²©N® N®¡®X®±‡®±« Š¯cã©qµ œ®†àqµºu®± ý¯š®w® N®²T œµ°¡®±q®Ùuµ. Šµ°X®ow®± †cÑ¡® î®cäuµ°î® šµ²°ïuµ°î® îµ±¶©±T uµ°î®−î®±ªåN¯c±«w® š®ºN®î®± Bœ®î®î®±©å î®±q®±Ù ›ºU®o‹Sµ î®±ºrä y®äu¯x šµ°w¯x „¯œ®q®ÙŠ® x‡µ²°S¯vÃy®r BTu®±Û N®©X®±‹S®¡®± Nµ©î®¼ N¯© X®N¯äu®Š®Š¯T B¡®©± wµŠ®î¯u®w®±. Aªåºu® î®±±ºuµ œµ²‡®±é¡® ï°Š®…Œ¯å¡®w®ªå î®±ºr䇮¾¯Tu®Ûw®± [w¯S®Š¯c‡®±ã, œ®ºy®; ®±uµ¶N® „¯ºuÂ®î® Šµ°X®o u®ºl¯vÃw¯s®; `„µ¢ë „¯Tw®' (1994) š®º. m. ªºS®‡®±ã, y®¼. 91−99].

8.2. ®±uµ¶N® „¯ºuÂ®î® †Š®±u¯ºOq®w¯u® D Šµ°X®o u®ºl¯vÃw¯s®w® Kh±Ô d°ïq¯î®vÇ®±± Kºu®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®Ç®±Ô v°U®«î¯u®uµÛºu®± ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu® r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Bq®w® 1164 Š® îµ°¡µSµ, q®w®Ý IŠ®±ºcî®æw® u®ªåŠ®±î¯S®Œµ°, N®©X®±‹ †cÑ¡®w® ǮÕ
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9. D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý, N®lµ‡®± „¯S®î®w®±Ý †h±Ô, …Šµu®î®w®± y®ä›u®Ü N®ï î®±q®±Ù ý¯š®w®N¯Š®î¯u® ý¯ºrw¯s®wµºu®± u¯Š®¡®î¯T î®±q®±Ù QYq®î¯T œµ°¡®…œ®±u®±. þî®îµ²S®Ì dŒµå‡®± þN¯‹y®¼Š® q¯©²åN®± (q¯¡®S®±ºu® œµ²°…¢) …¢ëS¯îµ („µ¡®S¯ï±, …¢ëS¯ï, …¢w®S®Š®, …¢S¯äî®±) 136 wµ‡®± ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý ý¯ºrw¯s® N®ï Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ [H.N®. 7−1 þN¯‹y®¼Š®. 136. 1068]. cqµSµ, B ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý, ý®N® 990 Š®ªå …Šµ‡®±±î®¼u®N®²Ê îµ²u®©±, 1062 Š®ªå `š®±N®±î®¾¯Š®X®‹qµ' Hº… X®ºy®½N¯î®ãî®w®±Ý Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ [(š®º) w®Š®›ºœ¯X¯Š¬, m. HŒ¬, ý¯î®±Š¯‡®±, q®.š®±. (1954)]. þN¯‹y®¼Š® ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý …Šµu¯u® î®±²Š®±î®Ç®«u® îµ±°Œµ ý®N® 993 Š®ªå Kºu®±, ý®N®. 994 Š®ªå Kºu®±−Ÿ°Sµ HŠ®l®² šµ°‹ CŠ®±î® D S¯î®Š®î¯l® ý¯š®w®u® îµ²uµŒµŠ®l®± „¯S®î®w®±Ý ý¯ºrw¯s®w®± …Šµvu¯Ûwµ.

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