Jain World
 
     
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Combining  JAIN aspirations..Globally...... Mission*24L*
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of CHANDRAKODE

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 41
CHAPTER 51
CHAPTER 61
CHAPTER  71

CHANDRAKODE

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š®œ®c N®ï‡®¾¯u® Š®w®Ýw®± N®©Þw¯î¯v‡®¾¯TŠ®±q®Ù (empiricist) BTŠ®±î®¼u®± Š®w®Ýw® uµ²l®Ö š¯u®wµ. Bu®ý®« î®±q®±Ù ®Ùî®S®¡® š®î®±w®æ‡®±î¯v‡®¾¯Tu®Û Š®w®Ýw®±, ArÙî®±„µà‡®± xm„¯¢w® 𵲿°y®cÓqµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±w®S®ºl®w®±; ArÙî®±„µàSµ° ïþÇ®Ôî¯u® Aš¯uÂ¯Š®o©£®oS®¡®w®±Ý S®±Š®±r›u®w®±. D A‹ïw® y®©î¯T Š®w®ÝxSµ ArÙî®±„µà‡®± d°î®w® š¯Š®î®w®±Ý ïþÇ®Ôî¯T A†Ãî®ãOÙš®±î®¼u®± š¯u®ã±q®±. ªºS®„µ°u®î®w®±Ý ŸwµÝŒµSµ 𮋛, K…à î®ãOÙ‡®± …œ®±Š®²z Aïǯʊ®u® š®ºO°o«qµ‡®±w®±Ý 𮲣®Èâî¯T †º†›u¯Ûwµ. D N®s®w®u® Eu®ÛN®²Ê xî®±«î®±N¯Š®u® wµŒµ‡®±Œµå° Š®w®Ý œµbµÑ œ¯Ou¯Ûwµºuµ°w®² A©å; Bu®Šµ, Bq® N¯Š® qµ²°‹Š®±î® š®ºu®„®«S®¡®² š®œ® As®«î¯S®±î®ºs®î®¼. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ, Š®w®Ýw®± ArÙî®±„µà‡®±ªå q¯‡®±Ùw®u® A›°î®± Mu¯‡®±« S®±Š®±r›u¯Ûwµ. dw®cw®x, X®N®äî®r«‡®± q¯‰±, ApÝS®w® A„µà-Hºu®± N®ŠµvŠ®±î® š®ºu®„®«î®w®±Ý S®î®±x𮄵°N®±. N¯å›N®Œ¬ zq®³Š®²z° N¹h±º†N® î®ãµÚ‡µ²¡®Sµ Cu®²Û НãmN®Œ¬ î®±wµ²°u®«u® ArÙî®±„µà‡®±±, ¯q®³Š®²z S®±oS®¡®w®±Ý œµ²ºvu®±Û CŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Š®w®Ýw®± ArÙî®±„µà‡®±ªå ¯q®³q®æ î®±q®±Ù þ°©S®±n¯Š¯u®wµS®ÇµÔ° ﱚ®ª©å. BNµ‡®± y®ärÙþ°© X®©wµS®¡®w®±Ý S®î®±x›u¯Ûwµ, î®ãOÙq®æš¯u®wµ‡®± …œ®±î®±±Qqµ‡®±w®±Ý S®±Š®±r›u¯Ûwµ. Š®w®Ýw®± qµ²°Š®±î® D N¯¡®dS®¡®ªå uµ²°Ç® S®äŸNµS®¢©å. y®¼Š®±Ç®š®œ®c y®½î®«S®äŸNµS®¡®± (prejudices) C©åu® wµŒµ‡®±ªå, ArÙî®±„µà‡®± š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® N¯‡®±«£µ°q®äu® Aš¯uÂ¯Š®o š¯u®wµS®¡® y¯q®¢S®¡®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±›u¯Ûwµ.

Cu®Š® y®©î¯T, N¯©ÞxN® Œµ²°N®u®ªå N®lµu®± î®±²mš®±rÙu®Û ›ô°‡®± †ÃrÙYq®äNµÊ, ArÙî®±„µà‡®± î®±²©N® îµ²hÔîµ²u®Œ¯T N®‡®±N®©Þ±q®±, y¯äoš®ºX¯Š®î¯‰±q®±. š¯æî®©º† uµ°þ‡®± ›ô°î¯u®îµ½ºu®Š® š®î®±s®« Eu¯ÍhN®¡®± ArÙî®±„µá‡µ±° Hºu®± Cu®±î®ŠµSµ œµ°¢Š®±î®¼u®± D ŸwµÝŒµ‰±ºu®:

* ›ô°S®² Kºu®± š®æq®ºq®ä A›Ùq®æïuµ, î®ãOÙq®æïuµ.
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-D …Sµ‡®± ©£®oS®¢Sµ ArÙî®±„µà Aœ®«-d°î®ºq® ©£®Èãî¯u®¡®±. BX®Š®nµ‡®±ªå š®u®³l®î¯T D Bý®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý îµ±¶S®²m›Š®±î® ArÙî®±„µà‡®±± ›ô°y®Š®î¯vS®¡® Bq®â…©î®w®±Ý œµYÏ›u¯Û¡µ, î®±q®±Ù wµ¶rN® vðºrNµ‡®±± y®ä„¯ïx‡®¾¯Tu¯Û¡µ. y®Š¯vðw®qµ‡®± w®Š®¢Nµ †N®±ÊS®¡®ªå î®±±u®±mœµ²°S®uµ ›ô°î¯u® î¯S¯æu®S®¢Sµ š®î®±³u®Ü ¯u®‹S®¡®w®±Ý Ku®T›u¯Û¡µ.

 

   




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