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Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®«w® š¯î®±ºq® N®±y®ÞŠ®š®w®± y®¼‹Sµ¥¿-300, î®±oŒµŠµ S¯m S®w®± y®¼‹Sµ¥¿‡®± w¯¥¯Ìî®±±ºl®w®, N®S¯«î®±±ºl®Š® N®©åî®±w®± FS¯«î®±o±Ö, yµºu®î®±w¬ Hº„¯q® N®¡®ë®ë qµ‹S¯vÃN¯‹-C®± y®äš¯Ùy®Sµ²ºmu¯ÛŠµ. D ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®«w®± Š¯Ç®óN®²hŠ® N®hÔN®lµ‡®± w¯©Êwµ‡®± Aîµ²°U® î®Ç®« N®N®« (972-73) Hº…±u®± Hw¬. ©¤Èâ°w¯Š¯‡®±oŠ¯î¬ A†Ãy¯ä‡®±. (š¹.C.C. 11.2. z.ï.). Bu®Šµ d. Hš¬. S¯‰± Dq® îµ²u®©wµ‡®± Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®« (814-78) Hºvu¯ÛŠµ (H.C.35, 10 y®¼. 85-88) Cªåw® N®±yµÞ‡®±w¬ (N®±yµÞ‡®±Š®š®Š¬, N®±yµÞ‡®±Š®š®) Hº„¯q® î®±ºq®äî¯m S®u® AvÃN¯‹. ‡®¾¯u®î® ýµ²°u®áî® Š®o (î®±²Q«) u®® Ç®h±Ìn¯¡®ºN¯Š® Bœ¯î¯vq®ã §°î®±q¬ N®±yµÞ‡®±Š®š®Š¬ y®¼‹Sµ¥¿ w¯l®w¯¡®±rÙŠµ Hº… y®äš¯Ùy® HŠ®l®± ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåuµ [š¹.C.C. 11-1, 2. 865. îµ±°î®¼ºm (u¯x/î®±±ºl®Š®T q¯): Auµ°, 12. 867-68. šµ²Š®h²Š®± u¯d/S®u®S® q¯)]; þS¯Ìºï ý¯š®w®u®©²å N®±yµÞ‡®±Š®š®w® œµš®‹uµ.

î®±oŒµŠ® Hº…±u®± ý® (š®S®Š®N®±© Hº… œµš®Š®± Š®Ç®óN®²h î®±q®±Ù X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® N¯©u®ªå y®äX®ªq®î¯‰±q®±). S¯mS® Hº…±u®± D î®±oŒµŠ® ý®u® î®ãOÙ‡®± œµš®Š®± (AºOq®w¯î®±). D î®±oŒµŠ® S¯mS®w®±. y®¼ªSµ¥¿ 300 Š® w¯¥¯Ìî®±±ºl®w¯Tu®±Û Dq®w® N¯© Oä.ý®. 972 Hºu®± Hw¬. ©¤Èâ°w¯Š¯‡®±o Š¯î¬, 865 Hºu®± d. Hš¬. S¯‰± š®²Y›u¯ÛŠµ. [Shiggaon Inscriptions of Amoghavarsha,I. H.C. 35, 10 y®¼. 85-88]. S¯‰± A®± Nµ²l®±î® î®±oŒµŠ®Š® ý®î®³£® Ÿ°Tuµ: î®±oŒµŠ®S¯mS® š®±. 865-î®±oŒµŠ® Oä.ý®. 949-¯Š®›ºœ®׀, Oä.ý®. 927-c‡®±Nµ°›‡®± C…àŠ®± î®±S®ºvŠ®u® Cî®±âm c‡®±Nµ°›w¬ (1060, 1074, 1077, 1082) î®±q®±Ù Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®Š®±. Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®w® î®±S® Cî®±âm Cºu®äNµ°›. Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®Š®±. Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®w® î®±S® Cî®±âm Cºu®äNµ°›. Cî®±âm c‡®±Nµ°›‡®± Ÿ‹‡®± î®±S®w® œµš®Š®± Ab¯Óq®î¯T E¢vuµ; O‹‡®± î®±S®w¯u® î®cäu®ºq®w®± N®u®º… N®±©bµ‡®¾¯u® ¯u®©uµ°ï‡®±w®±Ý î®±u®±îµ ‡®¾¯Tu®Ûw®±. î®cäu®ºq® ¯u®©uµ°ï‡®±Š® î®±S®wµ° î®±±î®±âm c‡®±Nµ°› (1128, 1138, 1147, 1153). D ý®z°¢Sµ‡®±ªå î®±Š®± œµ²ºu¯pNµ‡®±w®±Ý w¯w®± D š®ºy®ä…ºu®u® N®hÔN®lµ‡®±ªå Nµ²iÔuµÛ°wµ. þS¯Ìºï‡®± Aqµ°v ý¯š®w®u® y®äN¯Š® î®±oŒµ°Š® S¯mu®w®± w¯¡¯Ìºl®w¯Tu®±Ûu®± š®ÞÇ®Ô: BS®N®±yµÞ‡®±Š®š®wµº…±î®w®± y®¼ªSµŠµ î®±±w®²ÝŠ®w®±Ý B¡®±rÙu®Ûw®± [N®.C.1, 13. š®±. 866(y®¼.) þS¯Ìºï. y®¼. 15] þS¯Ìºï ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®«w®± w¯©Êwµ‡®± Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®«w¯u® N®N®Ê«wµº…±u¯T œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® ý¯š®w® ªz‡®± Bu¯Š®vºu® QYq®y®mš®Œ¯Tuµ. Bu®Û‹ºu® y®¼ªSµŠµ‡®± Aqµ°v ý¯š®w®u® N¯©î®w®±Ý š®±î®¾¯Š®± Oä.ý®. 866 Hºu®± îµ²u®©± „¯Œ¯Tu®±Ûu®± š®‹‡®±©å; Aºq®Š® „¯œ®ã y®ä¯oS®¢ºu® Au®± œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Eq®ÙŠ¯u®«NµÊ šµ°‹uµÛºu®± r¢‡®±…œ®±u®±. DS¯S®Œµ° D š®ºy®ä…ºu®u®ªå š®²Y›Š®±î®ºqµ, î®±oŒµŠ® ý®cŠ®± y®¼ªSµŠµ î®±q®±Ù „µ¡µ²æ© y®äuµ°ý®NµÊ, î®±¡®î®¢ë-î®±u®²ÛŠ®±-N®±pºS®©± N®lµ‰±ºu®, š¯Ú¡¯ºq®‹›uµÛ° 950 Š®q®Š®±î¯‡®±. Au®‹ºu® þS¯Ìºï î®±q®±Ù y®¼ªSµŠµ ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ù î®±oŒµŠ® N®±©cw®± Oä.ý®. 970 Š® q®Š®±î¯‡®±u®î®wµºu®± r°î®¾¯«xš®…œ®±u®± [N®.C.1, 14 1939-40, qµ°v.? y®¼ªSµŠµ (u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå, þŠ®œ®iÔ q¯©²åN®±): „¯.N®. w®º. 42 of 1943-44, þS¯Ìºï (u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå þS¯Ìºï q¯©±åN®±)].

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c‡®±Nµ°›-Hº… C…àŠ®± î®±S®ºvŠµºu®± r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®‹ºu¯T ¯Š®›ºU® î®±q®±Ù c‡®±Nµ°› Hº…±î®Š®± C…àŠ®± „µ°Šµ‡®±î®Š¯TŠ®uµ K…àwµ° î®ãOÙ‡®±² HŠ®l®± œµš®‹Š®„µ°Nµº… Ÿºvw® r¢î®¢Nµ š®‹‡®±©åu®², C…àŠ®² y®äqµã°N®Š®± î®±q®±Ù š®œµ²°u®Š®Š®± Hº… QYq®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. œµ„¯à¡®±, N®²ªSµŠµ, Bq®±N®²Š®±, ïc‡®±y®¼Š®, q¯‡®±©²Š®± q®S®Ì©²Š®± îµ²u®Œ¯u® ý®š®w®S®¡®ªå Bî®q®«w®Sµ²¡®±ëî® î®±oŒµ‡®±Š® Hº… œµš®Š®±, œ®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® q®Š®±î¯‡®± îµ±Šµ‡®¾¯T, B‡®¾¯ î®ãOÙSµ ChÔ AºOq®w¯î®±vºu® N®²mu® œµš®Š®±S®¡®± N¯pš®±q®Ùîµ.

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X¯¡®±N®ãŠ® „®±î®wµ¶N®î®±©å Cî®±âm šµ²°îµ±°ý®æŠ®w® B¢æNµSµ šµ°‹u® Cwµ²Ýºu®± ý¯š®w® Ku®Tš®±î® Bu¯Š®î®w®±Ý CªåSµ Aw®æ‰±›Nµ²¡®ë„µ°N®± [š¹.C.C. 20, 47. 1074. ©£µÈâ°ý®æŠ® (u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå þŠ®œ®iÔ q¯©²åN®±) y®¼. 35-55]. î®±œ¯š¯î®±ºq®w¯u® c‡®±Nµ°›‡®±± Kºu®wµ‡®± Cºu®äNµ°›-X®ºmN®„µà‡®±Š® Ÿ‹‡®±î®±S®wµºu®², S®u®S® ý¯š®wµ²°N®Ùw¯u® ¯Š®›ºS®w®± D Cî®±âm c‡®±Nµ°›‡®± q®î®±âwµºu®² xu®«‹š®…œ®±uµº… D Aºý®î®w®±Ý œµ°¢u¯ÛTuµ. œ¯Sµ‡µ±° D ý¯š®w®u® š®œ¯‡®±vºu® Cî®±âm Cºu®äNµ°›‡®±± ¯Š®›ºS®w® î®±S®wµºu®² S®±Š®±rš® …œ®±u¯Tuµ. Cî®±âm c‡®±Nµ°› AŠ®š®w®± rä„®±î®w®î®±©å ïN®ä¯ºN®uµ°î®w® î®±œ¯ š¯î®±ºq®w¯T Cu®Ûwµºu®± œµ°¡®©± ý¯š¯w¯u¯Š®ïuµ [H.C.16, 1077. y®¼. 329].

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Ey®©…Ü ý¯š®w¯u¯Š®S®¡® y®äN¯Š® î®±±î®±âm c‡®±Nµ°›‡®±± î®±oŒµŠ® N®±©u® N®lµ‡®± y®är™Õq® î®ãOÙ. Aw®ºq®Š® D N®±©, Cq®Š® œ®©î®¼ N®±©S®¡®ºqµ X®‹qµä‡®±ªå 練w®î¯‰±q®±. D œ®ºq®u®ªå CwµÝŠ®l®± ý¯š®w®S®¡® ¯Ÿr‡®±q®Ù X®‹q®äN¯Š®Š® S®î®±w® šµ¡µ‡®± …‡®±š®±qµÙ°wµ:

1. Yq®äu®±S®« dŒµå‡®± u¯î®oSµŠµ q¯©²Ow® „µ°q®²Š®± ý¯š®wµ²°N®ÙŠ¯u® î®±±wµÝ‡®±ýµiÔ S®±q®ÙŠ®S¹l® y¯ºl®ã uµ°ý®u® y®ä„®±S®¡®w®±Ý î®±wµÝ‡®±Š®± N®±©u®î®Š®± Hºu®± œµ°¢uµ [H.N®. 11, Oä.ý®. 1271. u¯î®oSµŠµ. Mysore Inscriptions]. Cu®± î®±oŒµ‡®±Š®± N®±©u® œµš®‹w® Š®²y®î¯TŠ®…œ®±uµ Hº… ïX¯Š®î¯T y¯äcÓ X®‹q®äN¯Š®Š®± y®‹þ°ª› œµ°¡®„µ°N®±.

2. š®ºS®²Š®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå `š¯S®Š®u®q¯Ùw®æ‡®±w¬ AR¡¯S®î®± Nµ²°ïu®w¬ Bu®, î®±q®±Ù y®¼ªN®Š® w®S®Š®u®î®w¯u® î®±±u®Ûo ýµä°™Õ®w® î®±S®w¯u® ý®ºQuµ°î®w® œ¯S®² ý®ºQuµ°î®w® î®±S®w¯u® î®±©åy®u®Š¯vðý®w®w®±Ý y®‹X®‰±›uµ. …±N®ÊŠ¯cw® î®±S®w¯u® Cî®±âm ï°Š® œ®‹œ®Š®w®± X®N®äî®r«‡®¾¯Tu¯ÛS® Aî®w® Avðw®w¯T ¯u®î®w®± Sµ²°î®î®w®±Ý B¡®±rÙŠ®±î¯S® D î®±©åy®w®± šµ°w¯y®r‡®¾¯Tu®Ûw®±. î®±©åy®w®± X®ºS®y®¼Š®u® (š®ºS®²Š®±) y¯ý®æ«w¯s® …š®v‡®±ªå š®î®¾¯vɱºu® î®±±mzu®w®± [š¹.C.C. 18, 274. 1396. š®ºS®²Š®± (u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå, œ¯îµ°‹ q¯©²N®±) y®¼.354-58] Cªå `š¯S®Š® u®q¯Ùw®æ‡®±'…±u®± D š®S®Š®N®±©î®±oŒµ‡®±Š® î®±wµq®w®u® „µš®±Sµ‡®± Hº…±u®w®²Ý Crœ¯š®N¯Š®Š®± r¢š®„µ°N®±.

3. w®Š®›ºœ®Š¯cy®¼Š® ý¯š®w®u®ªå -`î®±oª î®±wµ Klµ‡µ²°w¬ Nµ²°þN® ý®w¬' Hº… î¯N®ãïuµ [Inscriptions of the Western Gangas (1984), Dr. K.V. Ramesh; No. 71. 8. ý®. y®¼. 254]. Cªå EŒµå°Rq®î¯TŠ®±î® î®±oª î®±wµS®² î®±oŒµ‡®±‹S®² Iw¯u®Š®² š®º…ºu®ïuµ‡µ±° Hº…±u®w®±Ý Crœ¯š®N¯Š®Š®± r¢š®„µ°N®±.