CHANDRAKODE

…²q®±S®: œµ²š®ý¯š®w®S®¡®±

1. Š®w®Ýî®±œ¯N®ï q®w®Ý Adq® r°s®«N®Š® y®¼Š¯ou®ªå ArÙî®±„µà‡®± Ÿ‹îµ± î®±q®±Ù dw®u®« y®ä„¯î®wµ, (BNµ‡®± š®î®±N¯ªN®Šµ²ºvSµ œµ²°ªš®±q®Ù) HÇ®±Ô Ew®Ýqµ²°w®Ýq®î¯u®u®±Û Hºu®± xŠ®²zš®±q®Ù D q®Ùy®u®ãî®w®±Ý Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ (12−9):

z‹‡®±º …²q®±S®w¯q®xº ¡®w¯q®ºS®º wµ²¡®º „¯ºq®N®º
z‹‡®±º wµhÔwµ u¯w®u®«uµlµ‡µ²¡¬ X¯î®¼ºl®Š¯‡®±º N®Š®º
z‹‡®±º ý®ºN®Š®S®ºl®w®ŒµÙ z‹‡®±º q®u¯áŠ®î®±º yµ½q®±Ù x
q®Ù‹š®±rÙy®¼«u®‹ºuµ x°wµ z‹‡µ±¶ §°u¯w®Yºq¯î®±p° ׀׀

Ÿ°Sµ Ÿ‹‡®±wµx›u® …²q®±S®w®± (938−61) S®ºS® ¯ºl®ªN®Š®ªå î®±²u®«w®ã y®ä‡®±wµx›u¯Ûwµ. …²q®±S®, …²q¯‡®±ã«, „®²q®±S®, …±q®‡®±ã Hº… „µ°Šµ „µ°Šµ Š®²y®S®¡®± …¡®Nµ‡®¾¯Tîµ. Dq®xTºq®©² îµ²u®©± Cwµ²Ý…à …²q®±S®−…²q®Sµ°ºu®äw®± BTœµ²°Tu®Ûw®±. Bq®w®± Š¯cî®±©åw® q®î®±â. Bq®xSµ HŠ®l®wµ‡®± ©¤È⇮± Š®²y®u®ªå, ïý¯© ®š®Ú¡®u®ªå wµŒµš®©± A…à©„¯à¡®± …ºu®¡®±. BNµ Š®Ç®ó N®²h X®N®äî®r« Aîµ²°U®î®Ç®« H©å„®w® î®±S®¡®± (Hº.H.BŠ¬. 1919, y®¼. 21−24. 9wµ‡®± ý®.) BNµSµ A…à©„¯à Hº…±u®Šµ²ºvSµ X®ºuµ²ä°…¡®„¯à Hº… œµš®Š®² Cq®±Ù [IWG: š®ºPµã. 120: Oä.ý®. 906]. Au®‹ºu® Bq®w®w®±Ý Kºu®wµ‡®± …²q®±S® Hºu®± S®±Š®±rš®±q¯ÙŠµ; Bq®w® î®±S®wµ° H¥¿S¯ºS® (H¥¿‡®±y®Þ).

Š®w®Ýw®± œµš®‹›Š®±î® …²q®±S®w®± Cî®±âm …²q®±S®. Dq®xSµ w®x݇®± S®ºS®, c‡®±u®q®ÙŠ®ºS®, Nµ²°nµ‡®±S®ºS®, S®ºS®yµî®¾¯â«m, S®ºS®w¯Š¯‡®±o, S®ºS®S¯ºSµ°‡®±, š®q®ãî¯N®ã−î®±±ºq¯u® y®äý®›ÙS®¢îµ [HN®. 9 (y®.) „µ°. 388 (5 „µ° 123) Oä.ý®. 954. …›Ùœ®¢ë (œ¯š®w® d/„µ°©²Š®± q¯).; HN® 8 w®S®Š® 35. 1077.; HN®. 2. 171. 10 ý®. Cq¯ãv]. Bq®N®²Š®± N¯¡µS®u®ªå Xµ²°¡®Š¯cŠ¯b¯vq®ãw®w®±Ý Nµ²ºu® š¯œ®š®N¯ÊT Š¯Ç®óN®²h X®N®äî®r« î®±²Š®wµ° N®³Ç®Øw®± „µ¡®æ© î®±±w®²ÝŠ®± y®¼‹SµŠµ î®±±w®²ÝŠ®w®±Ý Oä.ý®. 949−50 Š®ªå Nµ²hÔw®± [H.Cº. 6 y®¼. 50]. N®w®ÝŠ®uµ°î®w® „¯ î®±œ¯î®¾¯oÖªN® yµî®¾¯â«m  …²q¯‡®±ã« Hºu®² œµ°¢uµ [š¹.C.C. 11, 36. 942. Šµ²°o (u¯Š®î¯l® dŒµå)]

Cî®±âm …²q®±S®xSµ y®u®â„µà AŠ®›‡®±± œµºl®r‡®¾¯Tu®Û¡µºu®± w®Šµ°S®Œ¬ ý¯š®w® š®î®±²v›uµ [š¹.CC. 11, 38. 950. y®¼. 23−24] Bq®w® î®±wµ²°w®‡®±w® 儵 y®äq®ã£® N®ªN¯©S¹‹©¤Èâ° š®î®±xÏq® §°î®±q®Þu®â…à…Š®›‡®±q®Ù«î®±â …š®vSµ u¯w®š¯©Sµ........Hºvuµ. Š¯Ç®óN®²h î®±²Š®wµ‡®± N®³Ç®Ø, šµ²°u®‹‡®¾¯u® Šµ°î®N® xî®±âm‡®±± …²q®±S®w® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± œµºl®r‡®¾¯Tu®±Ûu®w®±Ý S¯î®Š®î¯l® î®±q®±Ù œµ²º…±c ý¯š®w®S®¡®± œµ°¢îµ [HC. 15, 23. 1071−72.; HN®. 8, w®S®Š®. 35. 1077 œµ²º…±c]. D Aºý®î®w®±Ý Cq®Š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®² y®¼™Ô°N®‹›îµ [HC. 4. y®¼. 352; HC, 6. y®¼. 71.; zÃå°g¬, mNµm, y®¼. 304]. y®u®â„µà (y®u®â…àŠ®›, y®u¯âî®r), Šµ°î®N®xî®±âm Hº… C…àŠ®± œµºl®r‡®±Š®©åuµ Cw®²Ý C…àŠ®± œµºl®r‡®±‹u®ÛŠµºu®± ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu®Œµ° r¢u®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ: N®©å„¯à Hº… î®±l®v‡®± ïX¯Š® N®u®©²Š®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ [N¯u®©²Š®± ý¯š®w®, Oä.ý®. 962; IWG: y®¼. 446−47]: DNµ‡µ±° ¯Š®›ºœ®w® q¯‰±. ¯Š®›ºœ®w®± q®w®Ý q¯‰± Nµ²ºS®© uµ°ý®u®ªåw® N¯u®©²Š®± Hº… œ®¢ë‡®±ªå N®iÔ›u® …š®v‡®± S®±Š®± I¡¯X¯Š®ã‹Sµ, ‹™î®±±xN®ºr‡®±‹Sµ X®q®±ï«u® u¯w®î¯T, B FŠ®w®±Ý dw¯†Ãǵ°N® c©î®w®±Ý u¯Šµ‡µ±Šµu®±, †h±ÔNµ²hÔw®±; N®©å„¯à¡®± N®iÔ›u® N¯u®©²Š®± dw¯©‡®±u®ªå †ÃrÙ‡®± î®o«Yq®äS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù Šµ°P¯Yq®äS®¡®± y®äP¯ãq®î¯Tu®±Û.

…²q®±S®o î®±qµ²Ù…à î®±l®v‡®¾¯u® š®Š®î®±„µà‡®±± N®±S®«©åw®±Ý B¡®±rÙu®Û¡®± [HN®. 4 (y®.) œ®±oš®²Š®± 92 y®¼. 28. š¯©±: 5−7.; IWG: š®ºPµã. 123. N®²Š®S®©±å (îµ±¶š®²Š®±d/yµŠµ‡®¾¯ y®hÔq¯)]. Ÿ°Sµ …²q®±S®xSµ Kh±Ô w¯©æŠ®±8 œµºl®r‡®±Š®±. Nµ²y®Þ¡®u®ªå CrÙ°XµSµ y®qµÙ‡®¾¯T w®w®Sµ ©„®ãî¯u® ý¯š®w® š®ºy®rÙw®ªå D …²q®±S®w® î®±q®±Ù Dq®w® î®±l®v œ¯S®² î®±N®Ê¢Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® š®ºS®rS®¢îµ. œµ²š® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåŠ®±î® Nµ©î®¼ œµ²X®Ï œµ²š® ¯ŸrS®¡®w®±Ý œµ²Š®Sµl®î®©± Cªå y®ä‡®±rÝ›uµÛ°wµ.

1. §° …²q®±S® yµî®¾¯â«m‡®± î®±S®¡¬
N®±w®ÛoŠ®›‡®±Š¯Š¯u®w¯ ïu¯w®vº Š®
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u®¡¬ X®©u®ºN® N¯r«

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2. Oä.ý®. 1007 Š®ªå X®ºS®º„µ (X®ºS®©uµ°ï) ‡®±± š®±S®r‡®±w®±Ý š¯vÛu®¡µºu®± œµ°¡®±î® Cwµ²Ýºu®± ý¯š®w®u®ªå, îµ±°ªw® ý¯š®w®u® ¯rSµ šµ°Š®±î® Cw®ÝÇ®±Ô š¯î®±S®ä‰±uµ:

BS®šµ‡®±N®Ê«¡µ²¡¬
wµS®¦Û yµºzw® N®±
w®Ûo šµ²°ï± uµ°ï‡®±±º
X®ºS®©uµ°ï‡®±±º N®¦¿
‡µ± u¯w®u® u®â«u®
¯qµ° yµ½°‡®±±Ùº î®±q®ÙºS®

Cu®‹ºu¯T, DS¯S®Œµ° Ey®©…Üî¯TŠ®±î® Aw®ãý¯š®w®S®¡®ªåŠ®±î® N®±w®Ûo š¯ï±uµ°ï‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q® ي®î¯u® ¯Ÿr‡µ²ºvSµ [HN®. 9 (y®.) š®N®Œµ°ý®y®¼Š®. 31. 10 ý®. „¯¡®±å.; IWG: 1984: š®ºPµã. 159. Oä.ý®.w¬ 968−69: y®¼. 504−509] D œµ²š® ¯Ÿr‡®±² šµ°‹Nµ²ºl®± BNµ‡®± š®î®±™Ô Yq®äš®ºy®¼h ›u®Üî¯u®ºq¯Tuµ. N®±ºu®oš¯ï±uµ°ï‡®±± Nµ²y®Þ¡® (N®±y®o §° r°s®«) u®ªå î®±±mzu®¡µº…±u®± œµ²š® ïX¯Š®.

3. …²q®±S®xî®±âmSµ î®±Š®±¡®uµ°î®, N®±ºu®oš¯ï±, Cî®±âm ¯Š®›ºœ®uµ°î®, Š¯cî®±©å, xr¯S®« Sµ²°‰±ºu®Š®, î®±q®±Ù ®î® (œµº. N®ºX®©uµ°ï)− Hº… î®±N®Ê¢u®±Ûu¯T ý¯š®w®S®¢ºu® r¢u®±…ºvuµ. DS® œµ²š®u¯T uµ²ŠµrŠ®±î® ý¯š®w®S®¡®ªå CxÝ…àŠ®± î®±N®Ê¢u®Û ïX¯Š® „µ¡®OSµ …ºu®ºq¯Tuµ:

i. D X®©u®ºN® S®ºS®w® y®Š¯N®äî®± q®±ºS®w® w®w®Ûw®º „¯š®wµº…q®w® ïX¯Š® ï®î¯T EŒµå°Qî¯Tuµ. N®±y®n¯X®¡®ý®±„®äOrÙ«xvà „¯š®„®²y®rSµ N¯î®o…àŠ®› î®±l®v. CSµ Š®º…©uµ°ï Hº… î®±S®¡®± (…²q®±S®w® âS®¡®±) Cu®±Û BNµ‡®± y®r †°Š®©uµ°î®w®± X¯¡®±N®ã ý¯î®xy®w¯Tu®Ûw®±. Š®º…©uµ°ï‡®±± Oä.ý®. 987 Š®ªå š®w®ãš®w® ïu¯w®vºu® š®±S®r‡®±w®±Ý š¯vÛu®¡®±, DNµ §°X®ºu®ä „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® S®±mÖ‡®¾¯Tu®Û¡®±.

ii. D …²q®±S®xî®±âmSµ †b¯Ñ¯àuµ°ï Hº… Cwµ²Ý…à î®±S®¡®± Cu®±Ûu®w®±Ý „µ°Šµ²ºu®± ý¯š®w® w®î®±²v›uµ:

S®±Š®±S®¡¬ §°u®Š®uµ°î®Š¯q®âcw®N®º §°…²
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4. Cî®±âm …²q®±S®w® AŠ®› y®u®â…àŠ®›‡®±± y®Š®î®±ý¯äî®O (S®³œ®p) ‡®¾¯Tu®±Û N®±y®oNµ …ºu®± Oä.ý®. 972 Š®ªå, N®Š®º y®‹n¯î®± ý®±v܉±ºu®, î®±¡®u¯‹uµ°î® î®±±x‡®± …¢ Nµ²y®Þ¡®u®ªå v°£µ Nµ¶Sµ²ºl®±, š®±S®r‡®±w®±Ý y®lµu®¡®±−Hº… ï® î®±qµ²Ùºu®± ý¯š®w®u®ªåuµ.

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Nµ²y®Þ¡®u® œµ²š® x›v ý¯š®w®S®¡® Bu¯Š®vºu® DS® r¢u®±…Š®±î® œµ²š® ¯ŸrS®¡µºu®Šµ S®ºS®Š® …²q®±S®w® œµºl®r‡®¾¯Š¯u® y®u®â…àŠ®› î®±q®±Ù Šµ°î®N® Cî®±âm− C…àŠ®² N®±y®o §°r°q®Ü«u®ªå ¯mzu®Š®±. A©åuµ Ÿ‹‡®± œµºu®i‡®¾¯u® y®u¯âî®rSµ †b¯Ñº…¡µº… K…à î®±S®¢u®±Û B î®±S®¡®² š®œ® N®±y®o r°q®Ü«u®ªå ¯mzu®¡®±. …²q®±S®xSµ „¯š®wµº… œµš®‹w® Cwµ²Ý…à î®±S®w®², Š®º…©uµ°ï Hº… âS®¡®² Cu®Û š®ºS®r‡®±² œµ²š®u®±. …²q®±S®w® Ÿ‹‡®±î®±S®¡®± N®±ºu®oš¯ï±‡®±² Cªå‡µ±° î®±±mzu®¡®±. Ÿ°S¯T …²q®±S®w® ý®u® A‡®±±Û cw® y®äî®±±Q ›ô°−y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®± N®±y®o§° r°s®«u®ªå î®±±mzu®Šµº… œµ²š® ¯Ÿr‡®±±, …²q®±S®w® N®±h±º…NµÊ N®±y®or°s®«uµ²ºvSµ Cu®Û ïýµ°Ç® Bu®Š®î®w®±Ý KrÙœµ°¡®±q®Ùuµ.

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