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        î®±u®±T‹‡®±ªå ý¯äî®N® þе²°î®±p §° X®ºu®y®Þw®î®Š®± q®î®±â y®rÝ §°î®±r X®ºu®äî®±q®î®±âw®î®Šµ²l®wµ w®î®Šµ²lµwµ wµî®±âv‡®¾¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. D u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ 1923Š®ªå y®¼q®äŠ®q®Ý±q®±. î®±S®±ïSµ Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ã Hºu®± œµš®‹hÔŠ®±. „¯©ãu®Œµå° q®…ઇ®¾¯u® C®± y¯S®î®l®u® q®î®±â AN®Êw® î®±wµ šµ°‹Nµ²ºl®Š®±. N®Ç®Ô N¯y®«oãvºu®Œµ° î®±u®±T‹‡®±ªå œµ¶š®²ÊŒ¬ ïu¯ã„¯㚮 y¯äŠ®º†Ã›u®Š®±. BS¯S® HŠ®l®± î®±²Š®± Š®²y¯‰± „µ°mq®Š®©± C®± î®±u®±T‹Sµ 15 îµ±¶ª u®²Š®ïu®Û S¹‹†u®w®²Š®± q¯Œµ²å°N®± N®±Š®±mSµ N¯©w®lµSµ‡®±ªå w®wµ²Ýlµwµ …Š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. w¯w®± AŠ®š¯y®¼Š®u®ªå w®î®±â î®±wµSµ œµ²°u®Šµ C®± Cw®²Ý î®±²Š®± îµ±¶ª w®lµu®± N®±Š®±mSµ œµ²°T Aªåu®Û uµ²l®Öî®±âw®w®±Ý N®ºl®± A®± Nµ²hÔÇ®±Ô qµSµu®±Nµ²ºl®± î®±u®±T‹Sµ …Š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±.  1/2 yµ¶šµSµ Kºu®± Cl®ª B N¯©u®ªå ›S®±rÙvÛq®±. Hǵ²Ô° vw® HŠ®l®± î®±²Š®±  Cl®ª rºu®± C®± N¯©‡®¾¯y®wµ ¯mu®²Û Eºh±. œ¯S®² Ÿ°S®² îµ±iäN¬ y¯š¯u®Š®± (1941)

     ï¯w® N¯P¯«wµ‡®±ªå C®± Nµ©š®NµÊ šµ°‹ HŠ®l®± î®±²Š®± î®Ç®« Aªå šµ²Ô°Š¬ O°y®Š¬ BTu®ÛŠ®±. C® …±vÜrNµ‡®±w®±Ý N®ºl®± Hº. †. i. Œ¯‹‡®± ¯ª°N®Š® zä°rSµ y¯q®äНT N®ºy®x‡®±ªå y¯©±u¯Š®Š¯u®Š®±. BS® œ®ou® î®±œ¯y®½Š® œ®‹u®± …ºvq®±. œ®o Nµ¶šµ°Š®±rÙu®Ûºqµ C® Mu¯Š®ã œ¯S®² š®î®¾¯c Ÿq® HŠ®l®² N®±m‰±hÔ. œ¯š®w®u®ªå bµ¶w® ïu¯ãt«x©‡®± N®hÔ©± 1960Š®ªå 10,000 Š®². u¯w® ¯mu®Š®±. 1962Š®ªå þî®îµ²S®Ì u®ªå Kºu®± bµ¶w® ïu¯ãt«x©‡®±î®w®±Ý q¯îµ° N®iÔ›Nµ²hÔŠ®±. w®²Š¯Š®± î®±ºv ïu¯ãt«S®¢Sµ ïu¯ãr«îµ°q®w® Nµ²l®±q¯Ù …ºu®Š®±.

  w®w®Ý y®¼š®ÙN®S®¡® y®äN®nµS¯T Š®q¯ÝN®Š® î®±ºl®ª š¯Úz› î®±²©u®w®î¯T 1961Š®ªå 5000 Š®² Nµ²hÔŠ®±. w¯w®± …еu® Š®q¯ÝN®Š® N¯u®º…‹ . Š®q¯ÝN®Š®w® ý®q®N® š¯Ÿq®ã î®±q®±Ù xŠ®ºcw®š®±rÙ C B œ®ou®ªå AX¯Ïu®î®¼. îµ²u®ªwµŠ®l®± y®¼š®ÙN®S®¢S®² š®N¯«Š®vºu® …œ®±î®¾¯w® …ºvq®±. w®w®Ýw®±Ý „µ¡®OSµ q®ºu® î®±œ¯y®¼Š®Ç®Šµ° Hº. ›. Aw®ºq®Š¯cãw®î®Š®±. w®w®Sµ Bt«N® î®±±S®±Ìh±Ô …ºu¯S®Œµå©å q¯î¯Sµ° N¯p›Nµ²ºl®± š®œ¯‡®± ¯mŠ®±î®Š®±. w®w®Sµ Ay®u¬„¯ºu®µºu®Šµ §° Hº . ›. Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ãw®îµŠµ°. w¯w®± y®lµu® HŒ¯å O°r«‡®±w®²Ý CSµ Az«› Aǵ²Ô° Cǵ²Ô° G±oî®±±N®Ùw¯S®±îµw®±.

    17-5-1948Š®ªå CSµ œ¯š®w®u® §°î®±±Š¯Š®y®Þw®î®Š® q®ºT §°î®±r N¹š®©ãî®±âw®î®Šµ²l®wµ î®±±u®±îµ‡®¾¯‰±q®±. C®± w®lµu®l®±î® N®©Þ£®ïu®Ûºqµ 1963Š®ªå C®± „µ²º„¯‡®±ªåŠ®±î¯S® N®w¯ã N¹š®±Ù„® Š®q®Ýî¯u® Y. š¹. ýµ²°„® cx›u®Š®±. DNµ‡®± w¯î®±N®Š®oNµÊ w¯w®± î®±q®±Ù §° HX¬. Hš¬. wµ°ï±w¯s®‡®±ãw®î®Š®±. „µ²º„¯‰±Sµ œµ²°T Kºu®± ® C® î®±wµ‡®± š®ï‡®±±ºlµî®¼.

     „Â®Š®qµ°ý® îµ¶„®î®u® y®äN®hnµSµ §° Hº. ›. Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ã®± 1967Š®ªå w®w®Sµ 5000 Š®² š¯©î¯T Nµ²h±Ô Nµ²wµSµ š¯©î®w®±Ý î®±w®Ý ¯mu®Š®±. w®w®Ý C® š®º…ºu® cw¯âºq®Š® š®º…ºu®. œ®q¯ÙŠ®± dw¯©‡®±S®¡® d°nµ²«°u¯ÜŠ®NµÊ qµ²Šµ †hÔ N¯î®±uµ°w®±ïw®ºqµ C®± u¯w® ¯mŠ®±î®Š®±. œµ²š® u®±S®«u® dw¯©‡®±u® y®ºX®N®Œ¯ãou® y®½o« c¯Û‹‡®±w®±Ý C®± › Nµ²ºl®± 1968Š®ªå š®î¯«ºS®š®±ºu®Š®î¯T w®lµ›Nµ²hÔŠ®±. u¯w®Yºq¯ î®±p‡®± 1000 y®är ý¯š®ôu¯w® ¯mu®Š®±.

     y®¼gµÔ°w®œ®¢ë dw¯©‡®±u® œ¯S®² †u®Šµ‡®± dw¯©‡®±u® x¯«oN¯ÊT C®± œµ°Š®¡¯î¯T u®w® š®œ¯‡®± ¯mŠ®±î®Š®±. Ou¯æ‰± Bš®ÞqµäSµ Kºu®± ©£® Š®² Nµ²iÔŠ®±î®Š®±. Bœ¯Š®u¯w®. A„®‡®±u¯w® MÇ®vÃu¯w®, ý¯š®ôu¯w® Cî®w®±Ý y®ärxq®ã ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±.

    1968Š®ªå u®«š®Ú¡®u® Š®q®Ýî®î®±« œµSµÌlµ‡®±î®Š®±. N¯‰±Œµ †u¯ÛS® §° Hº. ›. ‡®±î®Š®w®±Ý N®Šµ›Nµ²ºl®± xcî¯u® u¯w® Yºq¯î®±p ‡µ±ºu®Šµ x°îµ° š®‹. „µî®Š®±. 𮱋› S®¢›u® œ®oî®w®±Ý cw®Ÿq®N¯ÊT š®væx‡µ²°S® ¯mv‹ Hºu®± î®±±N®ÙN®ºj®Š¯T Nµ²ºl¯mu®Š®±.

   Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®± N¹š®©ãî®±âw®î®Š®² w®²Š¯Š®± î®±ºv î®±±xS®¢S®² Bœ¯Š®u¯w® ¯m y®¼x°q®Š¯TŠ®±î®Š®±. œ®q¯ÙŠ®± dw®†º…S®¡®w®±Ý ¯m› dw¯©‡®±S®¢Sµ y®ärÇ®ÕÈ î®±l®©± Nµ²iÔŠ®±î®Š®±.

   1996Š®ªå „µºS®¡®²‹w® y®¼gµÔ°w®œ®¢ë dw¯©‡®±u® y®ºX®N®Œ¯ãou®ªå w®w®Sµ î®±œ¯š®„µ‡®±ªå š®æ›Ù§° uµ°îµ°ºu®ä O°r°« „®g¯ÔŠ®N® î®±œ¯š¯æï±S®¡® vî®ã š®xÝvÇ®±ªå 5000 Š®² Nµ²h±Ô š®w¯âw® ¯mu®Š®±.

      DS® HŒ¯å Œ¹ON® î®ã¯Š®î®w®²Ý qµ²Šµu®± C®± u¯ãw®, Au®㇮±w®î®w®±Ý ¯q®ä E¢›Nµ²ºl®± š¯î®¾¯‰±N® y®ärîµ±‡®±w®±Ý BX®‹š®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±. y®är î®Ç®« w®²Š¯Š®± î®±ºv‡®±w®±Ý bµ¶w® r°q®«£µ°q®äS®¢Sµ ‡®¾¯qµäSµ N®Šµu®±Nµ²ºl®± œµ²°T q¯î®½ y®¼oㄯTS®¡¯S®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±. ‡®¾¯räN®‹S®² y®¼oã „¯X®©± Aî®N¯ý® N®ªÞš®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±.

       1983Š®ªå q®î®±â IN® ¯q®ä y®¼rä Y. š¹. ýµ²°„®¡®w®±Ý w®î®uµœ®ª‡®± §°w®Šµ°ºu®ä N®±î®¾¯Š¬ î®±q®±Ù §°î®±r ý®N®±ºq®©Š®î®Š® y®¼q®ä Y. Н. ïî®±±N®Ù‹Sµ Nµ²h±Ô ï®î®¾¯mu®Š®±. D w®î®u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ O°Š®±rSµ Kºu®± S®ºl®± Y. š®º‡®±î®±. BŠ®rSµ Kºu®± œµo±Ø N®±. £®î®¾¯ dx›Š®±î®Š®±. âN®Ê¡µ²l®wµ D y®¼oãu®ºy®rS®¡®± šµ°‹Nµ²ºl®± u®« y®ä„¯î®wµ ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±.

    C® î®±wµ A†Ãw®î®š®î®±î®š®Š®oî¯Tuµ. ‡®¾¯Š®± œµ²°u®Š®±. u¯ﱫN®î®wµÝ° ¯q¯l®„µN®±. Œ¹ON®NµÊ  Cªå Aî®N¯ý®ï©å .C® âN®Ê¡®² d°î®ºq® š®î®±ãS®Ûý®«w® î®±q®±Ù š®î®±ãS¬b¯Ó w®î¯TŠ®±î®Š®±. Aw®ºq®Š®Š¯c‡®±ã u®ºy®rS®¡®± š®î®±ãN¬X¯‹q®äî¯TŠ®±î®Š®±.

     Kg¯Ôе §° Hº. ›.  Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ã®± u¯w®Yºq¯î®±pS®¡®±. C® u®«y®rÝ N¹š®©ãî®±âw®î®Š®± š®î®±ãN®Ù æ X®²l¯î®±pS®¡®±. C® î®±S®¡®² B¢‡®± î®±q®±Ù âN®Ê¡®± „®î®ã Yºq¯î®±pS®¡¯TŠ®±î®Š®±. „®²ï±‡®±Œµå° D š®ºš¯Š® š¯Šµ²°u®‡®±Š®± š®æS®«î®w®±Ý N¯o±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±. š®ºq®³y®ÙНTŠ®±î®Š®±. BX¯Š®ãŠ®q®ÝНu® bµ¶w® y¯î®w® £µ°q®äS®¡® š®ºŠ®£®N®Š¯u® î®±±xþä° ïu¯ãw®ºu®Š®w®²Ý, î®±±x§° X¯‹q®äX®N®äî®r« ïu¯ãš¯S®Š®Š®w®²Ý î®Ç®«NµÊ HŠ®l®± „¯‹ ‡®¾¯u®Š®² D u®ºy®rS®¡®± î®±N®Ê¡®± âN®Ê¡µ²l®wµ œµ²°T u®ý®«w® ¯m Bœ¯Š®u¯w® Nµ²h±Ô q®î®±â š®î®±ãN®ÙÉæî®w®±Ý ‹°X¯b¬« ¯m› Nµ²ºl®± …Š®±rÙŠ®±î®Š®±. î®±±xS®¡® w®±mî®±±q®Ùw®±Ý š®ºS®äŸ› y®äN®I›Š®±î®Š®± Aw®ºq®Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®  š®ºš¯Š®îµºu®Šµ ïý®æw®±N®ºy® î®±q®±Ù ïý®æîµ±¶r䇮± BS®Š®î¯Tuµ. š®î®±ãN®Ùé æu® š¯S®Š®î¯Tuµ. u®«y®ä„¯î®wµ‡®± AºS®¡®î¯Tuµ. dŒµåSµ²ºu®± Cºs® î®±wµq®w®ïu®Ûе D N®ªN¯©î®½ Eq¯éy®«p‡®¾¯S®vŠ®u®±.

 

    §°   BЬ. bµ. wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®± -q®±î®±N®²Š®± É

      Nµ²°Œ¯Š® dŒµå S¹‹†u®w®²Š®± q¯Œµ²å°N®± Š®î®¾¯y®¼Š®u®ªå þä° b¯æ©Ýy®Þ î®±q®±Ù §°î®±r Aw®ºq®î®±âw®î®Š®± Bu®ý®« u®ºy®rS®¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. C® î®±²Š®wµ‡®± î®±S® §° wµï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®±. C®± š®± 1920Š®ªå cx›u®Š®±. †. H. ¯m Bîµ±°Œµ î®±œ¯Š¯Ç®óu®ªå HŒ¬. HŒ¬. †. ¯mu®Š®± î®O°ª rÙ Ÿmš®uµ q®î®±â y®½î®«cŠ® î¯ãy¯Š® rÙ‡®±wµÝ° …©î¯T Ÿmu®Š®±. q®±î®±²N®²‹w®ªå î®±ºm y¯äŠ®º†Ã›u®Š®±. î¯ãy¯Š®u®©²å C®± u®« ¯S®« Aw®±š®‹› þä°î®±ºq®Š¯u®Š®±. HŠ®l®± HnµØ T‹p w®lµ›u®Š®±. Adq® Nµ²hÔŠ®±. DS® Bq®. †.H. ¯m „µºS®¡®²Š®ªå y¯ãN®Ô‹‡®±ªå 6000Š®². š®º…¡® y®lµ‡®±±rÙŠ®±î®w®±. vw®î®½ Dq® þä° wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®w®±Ý wµwµu®± „Â¯î® y®½bµ ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®w®±.

     þä° wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®±. 1944Š®ªå Ÿºu®²y®¼Š®u® ApN¯Š¬ uµ°î® Нc‡®±ãw®î®Š® î®±²Š®wµ‡®± y®¼rä ý¯Š®u®î®±âw®î®Š®w®±Ý î®±u®±îµ‡®¾¯u®Š®±. C®² u®« y®Š¯‡®±oНTu®ÛŠ®±. v°w®u®ªq®‹S¯T î®±Š®±N® wµ²°m› A® N®Ç®ÔS®¡®w®±Ý y®‹œ®‹š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. D u®ºy®rS®¡®±. 1965Š®ªå Š®w®Ýw® Adq®y®¼Š¯o š®ºS®äœ®î®w®±Ý y®äN®i› ý¯š®ôu¯w® ¯mu®Š®±. dw¯©‡®± ,dw®î®±±x ,bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ã CS®¢Sµ D Bu®ý®« u®ºy®rS®¡®± Hºu®² C©åîµw®Ýuµ î®±±N®Ù œ®š®ÙНT š®œ¯‡®± ¯l®±q¯Ù …ºu®Š®±. C®± Nµ²hÔÇ®²Ô C® Jý®æŠ®ã „µŒµ‡®±±q¯Ù œµ²°‰±q®±.y®ärî®Ç®«î®½. w®w®Ý (d. …䜮ây®Þ) S®äºs® y®äN¯ý®w®NµÊ Nµ²l®±Sµ¶ u¯xS®¡¯T š®œ¯‡®± ¯mŠ®±î®Š®±. q®±î®±N®²‹Sµ bµ¶w®î®±±xS®¡®±. …ºu®Šµ §°î®±r ý¯Š®u®î®±âw®î®Š®± î®±wµ‡®±w®²Ý. î®±N®Ê¡®w®²Ý î®±Šµq®± A® šµ°îµSµ x©±årÙu®ÛŠ®±. C®± y®äX¯Š® …‡®±š®uµ HŒµî®±Šµ N¯‡®¾¯T „¯¢u®Š®±. S®±y®Ù „®N®ÙНT š®u¯ y®ºX®w®î®±š¯ÊŠ® czš®±q¯Ù Bw®ºu® y®l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±.

       Nµ²wµNµ²wµSµ þä°î®±r ý¯Š®u®î®±âw®î®Š®± vw®NµÊ Kºuµ° Fh, Kºuµ° x°‹w®ªå q®³y®ÙНT „®S®î®ºq®w® N®lµ š®ºy®½o«î¯T rŠ®±Tu®Š®±. Nµ©îµ½îµ±â î®±²Š®± v® Ey®î¯š®î®w®²Ý ¯m uµœ®î®w®±Ý c³ý®T¢›u®Š®±. Bq®âî®w®±Ý ïN¯š® ¯mNµ²ºl®Š®±. î®±wµ‡®±ªåu®±ÛNµ²ºlµ° B‰±«Nµ‡®±ºqµ „¯¢u®Š®±. y®u®âþä°  î®±Ÿ¡¯ š®î®¾¯cNµÊ Au®ã¤p‡®¾¯T š¯î®¾¯dN® šµ°îµ ¯mu®Š®±. C® î®±w®›éw®ªå š®u¯ š®î®±î®š®Š®o c¯w®î¯TvÛq®±. CºS®î®± dw®ý¯š®w® uµ°ï‡®¾¯T bµ¶w® u®«y®ä„¯î®wµSµ q®î®±â „¯¡®w®±Ý î®±±my®¼ N®iÔu®Š®±.

   D u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®±u®ºqµ þä° BЬ. Hw¬. Cºu®äN®±î®¾¯Š¬ ,þä° BЬ, Hw¬.y¯ý®æ«w¯s¬ ,BЬ. Hw¬, Cºu®äN®±î®¾¯Š¬ ,§° AЬ. Hw¬. y¯ý®æ«w¯s¬, BЬ. Hw¬. îµ²°œ®w®N®±î®¾¯Š¬ Hº… Ay®½î®« y®¼q®äŠ®q®Ý‹Š®±î®Š®±. C®±. ‡®¾¯î® u®±î®ã«š®w®S®¢S®² …ª‡®¾¯S®uµ ¯q¯zq®Š® œµš®Š®w®±Ý E¢›Š®±î®Š®±. î¯pcã. N®±ý®©Š¯u® C®± q®î®±â î¯hw®±Ý œµYÏ› þä°î®±ºq®Š¯TŠ®±î®Š®±. þä° wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ã u®ºy®rS®¢Sµ IN¯£®‹ †°cî®±ºq®äu®ºqµ Kºu®± N®w¯ãN¹š®Ù„® Š®q®Ýcw®w®î¯‰±q®±. DNµ‡®±w®±Ý b¯æŒ¯î®¾¯© Hºu®± N®Šµu®±Š®±. DNµ‡®±w®±Ý Aîµ±°‹N¯u®ªåŠ®±î® l¯. ®ºq®N®±î®¾¯Š®äSµ Nµ²h±Ô ï® ¯mu®Š®±. DNµ š®ºy®½o«î¯T q®î®±â q¯‡®±ºqµ u®«yµä°ï±‡®¾¯T wµ²°ºzS®¡®w¯ÝX®‹š®±î®Š®±. š¯æu¯㇮± yµä°ï±‡®¾¯TŠ®±î®Š®±. BS¯S® N®n¯«hN®vºu® Aîµ±°‹N®NµÊ œµ²°S®±î® bµ¶w®î®±j®S®¡® „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®w®±Ý A®± Cu®±ÛÇ®±Ôvw® C®± Bе¶Nµ ¯m š®q®Ê‹› †°¡µ²Êl®±î® y®‹y¯I „µ¡µ›Nµ²ºmŠ®±î®Š®±.

           1996Š®ªå þä°wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š®± N¯©î¯u®Š®±. 14wµ‡®± vw® C® š®âŠ®n¯s®« q®±î®±N®²‹w® y¯‹ý®æw¯s®š¯æï±Sµ ïýµ°Ç® y®½bµ‡®¾¯u¯S® w¯w®± î®±q®±Ù þä° A. w¯. X®ºu®äO°r«S®¡®±. œµ²°TuµÛ. …ºu®±…¡®S® N®ŒµrvÛq®±. w¯w®± wµ°ï±Š¯c‡®±ãw®î®Š® S®±oS¯w®î®¾¯m ý®äu¯Üºcª Az«›uµw®±.

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    „¯äœ®âo¡¯u®Ûº‹ºu® š®N¯«Š®u®ªå ‡®¾¯î® ‹‡®¾¯‰±r‡®±² š®©åuµ Nµ°î®© y®är„µ‰±ºu® N¯Œµ°c± Au¯ãy®N®Š®u®Š®±. w®²Š¯Š®±. Œµ°Qw®S®¡®± y®äN®hî¯u®±î®¼. Bu®Šµ q®w®Ýµ° ý®q®±äS®¡®±. K¡®Tw® wµ²°î®¼ w¯ý®u® œ¯v Ÿm›q®±. ïu¯ãt«S®¢Sµ îµ±YÏw® Au¯ãy®O. ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° š®î®¾¯Š®º„®ª, š¯ºš®örN® N¯Š®ã N®äî®±S®¡®ªå î®±±Qãî¯T w®³q®ã. w¯hN®S®¡®ªå A® Nµ¶î¯l®, Nµ²lµSµ CŠ®±rÙq®±Ù.

   î®±u®±îµ‡®¾¯T œµn¬q®w®u® y®‹y®½o«qµ‡®± y®©î¯T 19-3-196 Š®ºu®± î®±S® œ®±iÔu®. KºI d°î®w®u® FŠ®±Sµ²°Œ¯T ,N®±Š®±l®±„¯¢Sµ „µ¡®N¯T …ºu®w®±.

     y®½w®, lµœ®Š¯l®²w¬S®¡®ªå „µ°›Sµ þ†Š®S®¡®ªå „¯ǯ ý¯š¯ôu®ãw®. y®är„µ‰±ºu® ïuµ°ý®S®¡®ªå œµYÏw® ïu¯ã„¯㚮NµÊ Aî®N¯ý®. ›OÊ. y¯þÏ¯q®ã y¯äu¯ãy®N®Š®± yµ½ä°q¯éœ® x°mu®Š®² š®œ® š®Ú¢°‡®± y¯äu¯ãy®N®Š®±S®¢Sµ Aš®î®¾¯u¯w®ïu®±Ûu®‹ºu® Aî®N¯ý® ›S®ª©å. Bu®Šµ î®±wµ‡®± K¡®Tw® wµ²°î®¼ BŠ®u® S¯‡®±î¯T E‹‡®±±rÙŠ®±î¯S® œµ²Š®Tw®î®Š® S¯‡®±u® wµ²°î®¼ „¯uµ Nµ²l®ª©å.

     1964-Iz䌬, îµ±°, c²w¬w®ªå N¯ºzÔ‡®±ªå šµ¶xN® þ£®o ! ï°Š¯và ﰊ®Š® Kl®w¯h. š¯ºš®örN® N¯Š®ãN®äî®±S®¡®ªå Ç®²iºS¬ š®Þuµ«S®¡®ªå îµ±YÏw® …œ®±î®¾¯w®. BS® …еu® Œµ°Qw® ``The Figure Eight'' m. d. ‡®±î®Š® S®î®±w® 𵡵‰±q®±.

      N¯ºzÔ‡®±ªå HŠ®l®± v® KiSµ Š®c …ºu¯S® S®±cНq¬ BzÃ°š®Š¬ N¯ãlµg¬ î®±³u®± ©Ç¯ bµ²qµ w¯S®y®¼Š®u® ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®w¯ã›x‡®±Š¯S®©± þ£®o x°l®±rÙu®Û ý¯Œµ‡®±ªå š®w¯ã›x‡®±Š® š®ºS®l® CŠ®±î® š®u®î®N¯ý® uµ²Šµ‰±q®±. î®±œ¯  þä°î®±ºq® y®¼r䇮±Š®±. Hº . H. y®u®ï°uÂ®Š®Š®± š®æš®ºqµ²°Ç®vºu® š®w¯ã›x‡®¾¯Š¯TŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý N®ºl®±  î®±w®š®±é dw®y®u®î®w®±Ý u¯ãx›q®±.

       B š®w¯ã›x‡®±Š®  î®±j®u®ªå HŠ®l®± v® N¯©N®¡µu®±u®±. m.d. ‡®±î®‹Sµ q®©z›u® S®±y®Ù š®ºuµ°ý®u®ªå Al®N®î¯S®±vÛq®±. y®‹n¯î®± î®±±ºuµ AR© „Â¯Š®q® î®±Ÿ¡¯ N¯ãlµg¬S®¡® „µ°›Sµ þ†Š® -N¯Œ¯Ê (y®ºb¯„¬) u®ªå þä°î®±r îµ²°Ÿx›ºS¬ î®±q®±Ù m. d. îµ±°cЬ cw®Š®Œ¬ ï°Šµ°ºu®ä›ºS®ä® š¹œ®u¯«‡®±q® š®º„Â¯Ç®nµ. A® Brs®ã. Cµ²ºvSµ N®w®«hN®u® N¯ãlµg¬S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù C…àŠ®± ýµæ°q¯º…Š® N¯ãlµg¬ …ºu®±S®¡®² š®œ® m. d .‡®±î®Š® Brs®ã y®lµu®Š®±.

        Hw¬. ›. › .BzÃ°š®Š¬ Bu®Û‹ºu® N®w®Ýl®u® ï°Š¯S®äp zðŒ¬Ö ¯Ç®«Œ¬ N¯‹‡®±y®Þw®î®Š® Brs®ã, y®Š®î®±ï°Š® X®N®äy®lµu® xq® N®w®«Œ¬ Нp š¯œµ°„¬ î®±q®±Ù î®±œ¯ï°Š® X®N®ä y®lµu® N®w®«Œ¬ s¯y¯ (©u®ÜN¬ ‡®±±u®Üu® y®äP¯ãq®ï°Š®) î®±±ºq¯u® ï°Š®Š®w®±Ý š®ºvÛ š®º„Â¯™š®±î® š®u®î®N¯ý® ©†Ã›q®±. y®½n¯«î®và šµ¶xN®¡¯T е²°TS®¡® þý®²äǯ S®u®ªå šµ°îµ. š®ªå𮩱 Bšµ y®iÔu®ÛŠ®±. Bu®Šµ …Š®î®pSµ. Ç®²iºS¬ ,m䌬. y®‹°£µS®¡®ªå y¯š¯u®Š®² š®œ® uµ°œ® y®‹°£µ‡®±ªå ›šµ°‹‡®±w¬ S¯‡®±u® N®Œµ N®ºl® îµ¶u®ãŠ®± bµ²°Š¯T Ll®±î®¼u®± š¯u¯ãï©åu®± N®ï±°Ç®w¬ xНN®‹›u®Š®±. ïvǵ²mu® …ŒµSµ  ›©±O wµ²ºu®± „µ°š®±q®±Ù Hw¬. ›. ›. AvÃN¯Š®NµÊ Нdw¯î®± š®ªå›u®Š®±.

      xq®Ù¡¯u® w®ºq®Š® š®æš®ºqµ²°Ç®N¯ÊT ``N®w®Ýl® w¯mSµ bµ¶w® î®±Ÿ¡µ‡®±Š® Nµ²l®±Sµ'' ïÇ®‡®±u® îµ±°Œµ î®±œ¯y®ä…ºu® …凮±©± qµ²l®Tu®Š®±. vS®Ûý®«N®Š®± l¯. Hº. m. ®ºq®Š¯b¬, î®±±Q㚮ڊ®±, bµ¶w®z°j®, ¯w®š®S®ºSµ²°rä, îµ±¶š®²Š®±. š®±î®¾¯Š®± BŠ®± w®²Š®± y®¼hS®¡®± gµ¶y¬ Bu® w®ºq®Š® l¯. Hº. m. ®ºq®Š¯b¬Š®î®Š®± î®±u®Š¯š®± ïý®æïu¯ãx©‡®±NµÊ œµ²°u® w®ºq®Š® AvÃN¯Š®u® Nµ¶ …u®Œ¯u¯S® ïý®æïu¯ãx©‡®± `y®ä…ºu®î®w®±Ý N¯©u® x‡®±î®±NµÊ K¡®y®m›©å'  u®± B£µ°y®îµrÙq®±Ù. Ÿ°S¯T y®ä…ºu®î®w®±Ý ïu®æïu¯ãx©‡®±NµÊ š®ªåš®ª©å.      

   D î®±œ¯y®ä…ºu®u® ïÇ®‡®± š®ºS®äœ®nµS¯T w¯mw¯u®ãºq® š®ºX®‹› w®²Š¯Š®± î®±ºv bµ¶w®Š®w®±Ý, š¯ïНЮ± î®±±‹u®±, œ¯¡¯u® dw¯©‡®±S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù y®äš®±q®Ù y®½bµ w®lµ‡®±±rÙŠ®±î® î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®±, î®±j®S®¡®w®±Ý š®ºu®þ«› š®œ¯‡®± y®lµvu¯Ûе. l¯. „¯. Н. Sµ²°y¯©Š®î®Š®± q®î®±â Aw®U®ã« ý¯š®w® š®ºS®äœ®S®¡®w®±Ý A„¯㚮 ¯l®©± wµŠ®î®¼ x°mu¯Ûе. H©å Jrœ®›N® š®î®±šµãS®¢Sµ Eq®Ù‹›u¯Ûе.

    wµŠ®î¯u® î®±±Qã š®ºšµÚS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù î®±j®S®¡®± : 1. þä° þä° þä° X¯Š®±O°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± -ý®äî®o„µ¡®±Sµ²¡®. š®±î®¾¯Š®± œ®vw¯©±Ê v® Bý®ä‡®± x°m î®±r°‡®± š®º…ºu®î¯u® H©å š®î®±šµãS®¡®w®±Ý y®‹œ®‹›u®Û‹ºu® î®±±ºuµ ‡®¾¯Š® …¢‡®±² Iw®w®²Ý Nµ°¡®„µ°N¯S®ª©å.

2.     þä° þä° þä° X¯Š®±O°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®± -î®±²l®±†u®Šµ. HŠ®l®± v® Bý®ä‡®± x°mu¯Ûе.

3.     u®¯«vÃN¯‹S®¡®±, u®«y¯Š¯‡®±p Š®q®Ý⠜µS®Ìmr‡®±î®Š®± Jw®²Š®± Kºu®± Š®²y¯‰± š®œ¯‡®±u®w® x°mu¯Ûе. î®±q®±Ù y®äP¯ãq® ‡µ²°uµ šµ²°î®±©uµ°ï‡®± î®±wµ²°ïýµå°Ç®nµ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ°¢ q®³zÙ y®iÔu¯Ûе.

4.   þä° þä° þä° ©ªq®O°r°« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± -N¯N®«¡®.

5.   þä° þä° þä° ©¤®â°šµ°w® „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®±-›ºœ®w®S®uµÛ.

6.   þä° þä° þä° uµ°îµ°ºu®ä O°r« „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š®± -œµ²º…±c (HŠ®l®± v®)

7.       œ®©î¯Š®± ýµæ°q¯º…Š® î®±j®S®¡®±. î®±œ®x°‡®±Š®±.

8.       þä° þä° þä° ïu¯ãw®ºu® î®±±xS®¡®± -îµ²°Š¬œ¯î¬ …¢ q®ºTu¯ÛS® î®±Šµ‡®±Œ¯S®u® Нb¯rs®ã, Нb¯w®Ý x°m š®q®Ê‹›u®Š®±. Kºu®± Œµ°Qp‡®±w®±Ý q®w®Ý …¢ Ch±ÔNµ²¡®ëu® vS®º…Š® š®w¯ã›‡®± Bu®Š® š®q¯ÊŠ®S®¡®w®±Ý. îµ¶„®î®î®w®±Ý N®ºl¯S® A® î®±w®›éw®ªå `þ vS®º…Š®º, Aî®u®²q®º vS®º…Š®º' Hº… y®½cã „Â¯î® î®±²m î®±w®š®±é dw®y®u®î®w®±Ý wµwµ‰±q®±.

9.     ‡®±±S® y®äî®q®«N® Crœ¯š®q®cÓ þä°Š¯î®¾¬ š¯jµ‡®±î®Š®w®±Ý îµ±¶š®²‹w®ªå „µ°I ¯mu®Š®±. A® A†Ãy¯ä‡®±u®ªå „®u®ä„¯œ®±S®¡®± uµ°œ®q¯ãS® ¯mu¯S® î®±œ¯N¯‡®± y®lµvŠ®…œ®±u®±. N®©±å š®º„Â®äï±› ›mu®± y¯u®u® S®±Š®±q®± î®±²mŠ®…œ®±u®±. î®±ºl®ã dŒµå‡®± dw¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý Klµu®± w®Š®›ºœ® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý ¯mŠ®…œ®±u®± Cq¯ãv „¯î®wµS®¡®w®±Ý î®ãN®Ùy®m›u®Š®±.

10.         Ecщ±x „¯g¯î®¾¯S®« -„®u®ä„¯œ®± î®±œ¯î®¾¯S®«u®ªå w®lµ‡®±±q®ÙÉýµæ°q¯º…Š® î®±ºvŠ®NµÊ …ºu¯S® Aªåw® AX®«N®Š®± „®u®ä„¯œ®±S®¡® š®î®¾¯và wµ°y¯¡®u®ªåuµ. Hºu®± r¢›u®Š®±. „®u®ä„¯œ®± u®¤oNµÊ …ºu® u¯‹-Нb¬ w®ºu®w¬S¯î¬, w®ºu¬S¯î¬, îµ²°Š¬S¯î¬, w¯S®±c±«w¬ š¯S®Š¬ , N®w®«iN® -Kºu®± Ey¯y®s®.

11.           w¯S®Š® Nµ°‹‡®± y¯¡®± dw¯©‡®±S®¡®ªå AŒµ‡®±±rÙŠ®±î¯S® î®±¡µ …ºu®± xºq® w®ºq®Š® î®±u¯㜮ݠ î®±²Š®²î®Šµ            š®î®±‡®±u®ª y¯ý®æ«w¯s® ïS®äœ®u® îµ±°Œµ w¯S®Š®œ¯î®¼ œ®‹u¯m u®ý®«w® x°mq®±. D u®³ý®ãî®w®±Ý œ®©î¯Š®± î®±ºvwµ²°mu®w®ãНu®Š®±.

12.          ¯q®w¯l®±î® î®±ºc±w¯s®, î®±ºc‡®±ãœµS®ÌlµS®¡®w®±Ý 1954Š®ªå u®«š®Ú¡®NµÊ „µ°i x°m N®ºmu®ÛŠ®±. (BS® wµ°q¯äî®r‡®±w®±Ý uµ²°p‡®±ªå u¯h„µ°Oq®±Ù œµS®ÌlµS®¡® î®±wµ‡®±ªå „µ¢ë Œµ²°h, q®gµÔS®¡®ªå N¯zà rºm Nµ²l®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. „¯äœ®âoŠ® AmSµ uµ°î®uµ°î®w® y®ärxvà u®¯«š®w®u®ªå î®±ºm›u¯S® œ®°¢u® „®ïÇ®ãî¯p –î®±u®±îµ‡®¾¯u®î®‹Sµ©å š®±Qåuµ ? î®±u®±îµ‡®¾¯S®±q®Ùuµ. AmÖ By®q®±Ù S®¡µ²ºvTw® „¯¡®±' B „®ïÇ®ã N®oN®o š®q®ã±q®±. (life with encumbarences ) Š®q®Ýî®î®±« œµS®Ìlµ‡®±î®Š®± q¯î®¼ w®lµš®±rÙu®Û š¯Ÿq®ã š®îµ±â°¡®w®u®ªå î®±²Š®± „¯‹ Aî®N¯ý® x°m š®w¯âx›u®Š®±.

13. bµ¶w®¡¯S®±î® ï±mq® Š®²y®q¯¢q®±. …䜮ây®Þw®î®Š®± N¯Œµ°dw® Nµ²j®m‡®±ªå Cu®Û ›Úr‡®±ªå (Ay®ïq®ä» y®ïqµ²ä°î®.. . 𮄝œ¯ã„®ãq®Š® ý®±Y» ) y®ºX®w®î®±š¯ÊŠ® î®±ºq®ä v°£µ x°mu®Š®±.

 AqµÙ Œµ°Qw® …凮±±rÙu¯ÛS® š®ºT°q®, w¯hãu® š®ºS®rS®¡®wµÝ©å ïš®±rÙu¯ÛS® xºq® îµ±iÔw®ªå‡µ±° šµ²šµ S¯‡®±rä w¯hãî¯l®±rÙu®Û¡®±. Au®Û N®lµ Š®›N®qµ‡®± š®±¢S¯¢ ,w®Sµ‡®± œµ²w®©±, š®±Qu® š®±TÌ, K©ïx Y©±îµ±, šµ²šµ‡®±©å. K¢u®± …ºu® yµä°‡®±›‡®¾¯u®¡®±. N®±©y®¼q®äw®w®±Ý AqµÙSµ x°m Kºu®± šµNµºmw®ªå N®o⊵‡®¾¯u®¡®±. Š®w®Ýw® S®u¯‡®±±u®Ü î®±ºS®¡® ýµ²å°N® þä°‡®±±î®r° z䇮±º' y®u®ãNµÊ r°s®«ºN®Š® y®Š®î¯T As®« œµ°¢ AqµÙ ï›u®ºqµ A†Ãw®‡®± œ¯O w¯hãî¯mu®±uµ° N®lµ‡®¾¯‰±q®±. ý®äî®o„µ¡®Sµ²¡®u® y®g¯ÔX¯Š®ãŠ®± b¯qµä‡®±ªå Aî®N¯ý® x°mu®ÛŠ®±.

 D N®Ç®Ôu®ªå Nµ¶Ÿmu®± w®lµ›u® „µ¡®N®± Bq®âœ®qµã‰±ºu® Š®¤›u® vî®ãý®OÙ y®ºX®w®î®±š¯ÊŠ® y®j®o

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    HŠ®l®wµ‡®± Au¯㇮± `„®S®Ý dw¯©‡®±S®¡®±' ArÙî®±„µà y®äN¯ý®w® þä°î®¾¯w¬ A. w®. X®ºu®äO°r«S®¡®± y®äN®iš®±rÙu¯Ûе. y®äN®hw® N¯Š®ã î®±±Tvuµ.

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 þä° Š¯î®±X®ºu®äy®Þ š¯ãu¯æv –q®±î®±N®²Š®±

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