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š®î®±ãN¬q®æ Hºu®± î®±²Š®± Cîµ. X¯‹q®ä îµ²°oe®x°‡®±u®ªå Nµ²ä°u®, ¯w®, ¯‡®± î®±q®±Ù OEµ²°„®

Hº… w¯©±Ê „µ°u®S®¡®± Cîµ\. C w¯©²Ê y®äqµã°N®î¯T Aw®ºq¯w®±…ºvð, Ay®äq¯ãP¯ãw®,

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw® î®±q®±Ù š®ºcæ©w® Hº… „µ°u®S®¢Sµ Aw®±š®‹› w¯©±Ê w¯©±Ê y®äN¯Š®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Ÿ°Sµ

C Kh±Ô oe®vw¯Š®± Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± BS®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¡®ªå oe¯š®ã, Š®r, BŠ®r, Pµ°u®, „®‡®±,

 

S¯åx, oe¯S®² y®¼Š®±Ç®, ›ô° î®±q®±Ù w®y®¼ºš®îµ°u® D Kº„®q®±Ù wµ²°N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý šµ°‹›u®Šµ

îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® š®î®±š®Ù Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± Cy®ÞqµÙºh± BS®±q®Ùîµ. îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Á

H©åN®²Ê oeµX®±Ï y®ä…© oe¯S®² y®ä„¯î®ý¯ª‡®¾¯T N® N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®± y®är‡µ²ºu®±

y¯äp‡®± ¯w®›N® d°î®w®u®ªå Aq®ãºq® î¯ãy®N® î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® OEµ²°N® - X¯‹q®äu® x¯Áou®ªå

š®î®±s®Áu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. d°î®w®u® O䇵±S®¡® Bv šµ²Ù°q®ä d°î®u® î®±wµ²°î®³rÙ‡®¾¯Tuµ.

ïý®±u®Ü î®±wµ²°î®³rÙ î®±q®±Ù u®³™ÔS®¡® oeµš®Šµ° š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®îµºvuµ. D u®ý®Áw®u® ïN¯Š®u® q®Š® -

q®î®±S®¢S®w®±š®‹› AS®pq® AµÚS®¡®± Eºg¯S®±q®Ùîµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý î®±±Qãî¯T î®±²Š®± S®S®¡®ªå

Tš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. AS®¡®ªå Kºu®± î®±²l® AµÚ‡®±±. Cu®Š®ªå ®±Ùïw® ‡®±s¯s®Á

š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý S®äoe®o ¯l®±î® ‡µ²°S®ãqµ‡®±± š®î®Ás¯ CŠ®±î®¼v©å ; A©åuµ ®±Ùïw® ïy®‹°q®

„¯î®î®w®±Ý S®äoe®o ¯l®±î® š®º„®î®ïŠ®±q®Ùuµ ; Cu®± u®ý®Áw® îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® ï±s¯ãq®æ

y®äN®³r‡®¾¯Tuµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±u®±, ‡®¾¯î®¼u®Š®ªå D ï±s¯ãq®æ y®äN®³r‡®± ci©qµ‡®±± ¤°oî¯T

Au®Š®ªå š®î®±ãS¬u®³™Ô‡®±² š®oe® y¯äu®±„¯Áî® oeµ²ºvu®ÛŠµ BS® Au®± u®ý®Áw® - îµ²°oe®x°‡®±

N®î®±Áu® ï±ý®ä C©åîµ š®î®±ãTâs¯ãq®æ y®äN®³r Hxš®±q®Ùuµ. Cw®±Ý î®±²Š®wµ‡®±u®±, ‡®¾¯î®¼u®Š®ªå

ï±s¯ãq®æ ¤°oî¯T u®³™Ô‡®±± ý®±u®Üî¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²°, Bu®Š®² Au®Š®ªå Nµ©îµ½ºu®± X¯ºX®©ã,

¯ªw®ã î®±q®±Ù AS¯l®q®æS®¡®± Š®²y®¼Sµ²ºl®± xºrŠ®±q®Ùµ²° Au®NµÊ š®î®±N®ð y®äN®³r Hºu®±

oeµ°¡®±q¯ÙŠµ. u¯ï±ÁN® d°î®w®î®w®±Ý r¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ëu®N¯ÊT D î®±²Š®± ¯w®›N® AµÚS®¡® b¯Ów®î®¼

…oe®¡® Aî®ý®ãN®î¯Tuµ. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ î®±²©u®ªå Cîµ° AµÚS®¡®± X¯‹q®äî®w®±Ý š®uµ²°Ç® î®±q®±Ù

xuµ²Á°Ç®Sµ²¢š®±q®Ùîµ. X¯‹q®äu®ªå š®ÞÇ®Ô ïN¯Š®î®w®±Ý Eq®Þw®Ý ¯l®±î®ºs® ¯w®›N® „¯î®S®¡®±

Aw®ºq®î¯Tîµ. Bu®Šµ w¯î®¼ AS®¡®w®±Ý HŠ®l®± š®±š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯u® î®S®ÁS®¡®ªå Tš®©± š¯u®ãïuµ -

Kºu®± Š¯S®îµº…±u®±. Cu®± y®u¯s®ÁuµlµSµ î®±w®š®éw®±Ý BN®™Áš®±q®Ùuµ. î®±q®±Ù Bš®N®ÙSµ²¢š®±q®Ùuµ.

Cu®w®±Ý ý¯š®ôu®ªå yµcÑ ( š®ºš®öq® - yµä°‡®±š¬ ) Hºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ ; Cwµ²Ýºu®± uµæ°Ç®

Hº…±u®±. Cu®± y®u¯s®Áu® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå c±S®±yµé‡®±w®±Ý oe®±iÔš®±q®Ùuµ. Cîµ° HŠ®l®± î®±²©

N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡®± As®î¯ N®Ç¯‡®± „¯î®S®¡®±. CS®¡®± y®ä„µ°u®S®¡® Š®²y®S®¡µ° Nµ²ä°u®, ¯w®, î®±q®±Ù

OEµ²°„® D w¯©²Ê N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡µºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. CS®¡®ªå y®är‡µ²ºu®Š® r°î®äqµ î®±q®±Ù

 

î®±ºu®qµS®¢S®w®±š®‹› AS®pq® „µu®S®¡®± BS®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Šµ Aw®±N®²©qµSµºu®± w¯©±Ê „µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý

¯q®ä î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý „¹rN® u®³Ç¯Ôºq®S®¢ºu® ïš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Aw®ºq¯w®±…ºu®

Nµ²ä°u® N®ªåw®ªå Nµ²Šµu® Šµ°Pµ‡®±ºqµ …oe®¡® ›ÚŠ®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Au®Š® Ay®äq¯ãP¯ãw® Š®²y®î®¼

„®²ï±‡®±ªå Nµ²Šµu® Šµ°Pµ‡®±ºqµ CŠ®±î®u®± y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®î®¼ u®²¢w®ªå Nµ²Šµu® Šµ°PµSµ

š®î®±î¯u®±u®±. š®ºcæ©w®î®¼ c©u®ªå Nµ²Šµu® Šµ°Pµ‡®±ºrŠ®±î®¼u®±. C N®äî®± vºu® r°î®äqµ‰±ºu®

î®±ºu®î¯S®±q®Ù oeµ²°S®±q®Ùîµ. Cuµ° y®äN¯Š® ¯w®u® w¯©±Ê AµÚS®¡®± Au®Š® N®jµ²°Š®qµS®w®±š®‹›

y¯Ç¯o, A›Ú, N¯Ç®Õ î®±q®±Ù îµ°q®äS®¢Sµ š®î®¾¯w®î¯Tuµ. ¯‡µ±‡®±ªå Au®Š® î®N®äqµ, ci©qµ

î®±q®±Ù Ÿ°w®qµS®w®±š®‹›, †u®‹w® „µ°Š®±, Bmw®Nµ²°l®±, Sµ²°î®±²q®ä î®±q®±Ù N®±l®Sµ²°©±S®¡®

š®î®¾¯w® ïïu® š®æŠ®²y®u® q®Š®S®rS®¡®w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° OEµ²°„® N®Ç¯‡®±u®ªå‡®±²

ïïu® …oØS®¡® Eu¯oe®Š®nµS®¢ºu® r°î®äqµ‰±ºu® î®±ºu®qµ‡®± N®lµSµ š¯S®±î® Aw®ºq¯w®±…ºvð

îµ²u®OE¯u® w¯©±Ê w®©±Ê AµÚS®¡®±ºg¯S®±q®Ùîµ.

' wµ²° ' Hº…±u®Š® As®Á DÇ®q¬ As®î¯ A©Þ Hºu¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Au®N®Êw®±š®‹›

x°N®Ç¯‡®±îµºu®± ‡®¾¯î® ïN¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý oeµ°¢uµ‡µ²° A îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢u® N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡®

y®ä„µ°u®S®¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®² q®î®±â ïýµ°Ç®qµ oe¯S®² d°î®w®u®ªå š®ÞÇ®Ô „µ°Šµ š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý

qµ²°‹š®±î®¼u®‹ºu® AS®¡®w®±Ý Cªå „µ°Šµ‡®¾¯T S®î®±xš®OE¯Tuµ. D wµ²°N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®¼

AS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¢ºu®OEµ° š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D y®äN¯Š® îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® Cy®ÞqµÙºh± Eq®ÙŠ®

y®äN®³rS®¡®ªå Kºu®± ïýµ°Ç® y®äN¯Š®u® î®ãµÚS®w®±š®‹› B H©å ¯w®›N® AµÚS®¡®±

š®î®±îµ°ý®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¡®w®±Ý „µ°Šµ N®lµSµ Š®š® î®±q®±Ù „Â¯î® Hº… oeµš®Š®±S®¢ºu® š®º£µ°y®î¯T

C©åîµ ïš¯ÙŠ®î¯T î®pÁ›u®±Û N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cuµ° îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® r°î®ä î®±q®±Ù î®±u®

AµÚS®¢S®w®±š®‹› AS®¡® Bu¯ãrâ°N® „®²ï±NµS®¡®± ïN®›q®Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ. CS®¢Sµ S®±o

š¯Úw®S®¡µºu®± oeµ°¡®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cu®Š® ï®nµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±±ºuµ ¯l®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

Aºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Á :-

‡®¾¯î® N®î®±Á d°î®u® „¯oe®ã y®u¯s®ÁS®¡® Bu¯w® - y®äu¯w® î®±q®±Ù „µ²°Sµ²°y®„µ²°S®

Au®Š®ºqµ‡µ±° š®æO°‡®± y®Š¯N®äî®±u® ïN¯š®u®ªå ïU®Ý C©åîµ „¯uµ‡®±w®±Ýºh± ¯l®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²°

Au®NµÊ Aºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Á Hºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± u¯w¯ºq®Š¯‡®±,

OE¯„¯ºq®Š¯‡®±, „µ²°S¯ºq®Š¯‡®±, Ey®„µ²°S¯ºq®Š¯‡®± î®±q®±Ù ï°‡®¾¯Áºq®Š¯‡®± Hºu®± Ju®±

ïu®î¯Tuµ. C N®äî®±î¯T d°î®î®¼ u¯w® ¯l®±ïNµ, OE¯„® q®Nµ²Ê¡®±ëïNµ, „µ²°Sµ²°y®„µ²°S®

y®u¯s®ÁS®¡® š®±Qî®w®±Ý Kîµ±â As®î¯ oe®©î®¼ š®© q®Nµ²Ê¡®±ëïNµ, ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° y®äN¯Š®u® y®‹›Úr‡®±w®±Ý

Hu®±‹š®©± ‡µ²°S®ã š¯î®±s®ãÁŠ®²y® S®±oS®¡® ïN¯š® CS®¡®ªå „¯u®N®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ.

îµ°u®x°‡®± N®î®±Á :-

‡®¾¯î® N®î®±Á d°î®NµÊ š®±Q As®î¯ u®±»Q Š®²y® îµ°u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý Eq®Þw®Ý ¯l®±î®¼uµ²°

Au®NµÊ îµ°u®x°‡®± Hºu®± oeµ°¡®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cu®Š® Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± š¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± î®±q®±Ù

Aš¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± Hºu®± HŠ®l®± ïu®î¯T Cîµ. š¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± d°î®NµÊ š®±Qî®w®±Ý Eºh±

¯l®±q®Ùuµ. Aš¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± u®±»Qu® Aw®±„®î®î®w®±Ýºh± î®±l®±q®Ùuµ. Cªå Aºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Áu®

„µ²°S® î®±q®±Ù Ey®„µ²°S® y®äN®³rS®¡®± oe¯Sµ‡µ±° îµ°u®x°‡®±u® š¯q¯ - Aš¯q¯ y®äN®³rS®¡®

y®OEµ²°u®‡®±S®¡®ªå „µ°u® ¯l®±î® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‡®±± Cuµ. ‡®¾¯î® î®±w®±Ç®ãxSµ Fh, A‹îµ, î®±wµ

îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®± y¯äy®Ùî¯S®±î®¼v©åîµ½° Aî®xSµ OE¯„¯ºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Á

Eu®‡®±î¯Tuµ‡µ±ºu®± oeµ°¡®…oe®±u®±. Cîµ©å ©†Ã›u®ÛŠ®² N®²l® ‡®¾¯î®¼u¯u®Šµ²ºu®± y®‹›ÚrSµ

î®ý®w¯T Aî®w®± AS®¡® „µ²°S®î®w®±Ý ¯l®©± š¯u®ãî¯S®uµ oeµ²°u®Šµ Aî®xSµ „µ²°S®

Ey®„µ²°S¯ºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Áu® Eu®‡®¾¯î®Tuµ‡µ±ºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±î®¼u®±. Cw®±Ý D H©å ®±ÙS®¡®±

©†Ã›, AS®¡®w®±Ý „µ²°Tš®©² š®±Q î¯S®uµ Cu®ÛŠµ î®±Š®¢ u®±»Qu® Aw®±„®î®îµ° BS®±rÙu®ÛŠµ

Au®± Aš¯q®îµ°u®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® y®©î¯Tuµ. Kºu®± î®ãOÙ OE¯„¯ºq®Š¯‡®± N®î®±Áu®

Ey®ý®î®±w®vºu® „µ²°S®ã ®±ÙS®¡µ©å y¯äy®Ùî¯TŠ®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Šµ AS®¢ºu® š®±Qî®w®±Ý Aî®wµºu®²

 

oeµ²ºvŠ®±î®¼v©å. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ Aî®xSµ AS® š¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® Eu®‡®±ïŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Cw®±Ý

Aš¯q¯îµ°u®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® Eu®‡®±ïu®ÛŠµ B ®±ÙS®¢ºu®©² Aî®xSµ u®±»Qîµ° BS®±q®Ùuµ.

B‡®±± N®î®±Á :-

‡®¾¯î® N®î®±Áu® Eu®‡®±vºu® d°î®NµÊ uµ°î®, w®Š®N®, î®±w®±Ç®ã As®î¯ r‡®±ÁºX® S®rS®¡®ªå

B‡®±±Ç®ã xu¯Á‹q®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²° Au®± B‡®±± N®î®±Áî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®±

uµ°î¯‡®±±, w®Š®N¯‡®±±, î®±w®±Ç¯ã‡®±±, î®±q®±Ù r‡®±ÁºX¯‡®±± Hºu®± w¯©±Ê Cîµ.

Sµ²°q®ä N®î®±Á :-

OEµ²°N® î®ãî®oe¯Š®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® BX®Š®nµSµ Sµ²°q®äu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. ‡®¾¯î® N®±©u®ªå

OEµ²°N®y®½dq® BX®Š®nµ‡®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± Cuµ‡µ²° Au®NµÊ EX®ÏSµ²°q®äu®² ‡®¾¯î®¼u®Š®ªå

OEµ²°N®xºvq® BX®Š®nµ‡®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± Cuµ‡µ²° Au®NµÊ x°X®Sµ²°q®äu®± oeµš®Š®±S®¡®w®±Ý

Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Cºs® N®±©S®¡®ªå cw®âî®w®±Ý Ku®Tš®±î® N®î®±Á Sµ²°q®ä N®î®±Áîµxš®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®NµÊ

EX®ÏSµ²°q®ä î®±q®±Ù x°X® Sµ²°q®äS®¡µºu®± HŠ®l®± ¯q®ä Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± BS®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Šµ

Sµ²°q®ä ý®…Ûî®w®±Ý vN® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå‡®±² …¡®š®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ bµ¶w® N®î®±Á ›u¯Üºq®u®ªå

Au®Š® EX®Ïqµ î®±q®±Ù x°X®qµS®¡®ªå BX®Š®nµ‡®± y®äu¯w®qµ‡®±w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ.

w¯î®± N®î®±Á :-

‡®¾¯î® y®äN¯Š® îµ²°oe®p‡®± N®î®±Ávºu® ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® y®äpS®¡® ¯w®›N® S®±oS®¡®±

x¯Áoî¯S®±q®Ùµ²°, Auµ° y®äN¯Š® Au®Š® ý¯‹°‹N® S®±oS®¡® x¯Áo w¯î®± N®î®±Áu®

ïýµ°Ç® š¯î®±s®ãÁvºu® BS®±q®Ùuµ. w¯î®± N®î®±Áu® î®±±Q㠄µu®S®¡®± 42 ; oe¯S®² AS®¡®

Ey®„µ°u®S®¡® Ayµ°£µ‰±ºu® 93 Eq®ÙŠ® y®äN®³rS®¡®± BS®±q®Ùu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. A D y®äN¯Š®

Cîµ :-

 

1) w¯©±Ê S®r ( w®Š®N®, r‡®±ÁºX®, î®±w®±Ç®ã î®±q®±Ù uµ°î® ), 2) Ju®± b¯r (

INµ°ºvä°‡®±, væ°ºv䇮±, rä°ºv䇮±, X®q®±‹ºv䇮±, y®ºXµ°ºv䇮± ), 3) Ju®± ý®‹°Š® (

Mu¯‹N®, O䉱N®, Boe¯Š®N®, qµ¶cš® î®±q®±Ù N¯î®±Áo ), 4 - 5) Mu¯‹N¯v Ju®± y®äN¯Š®u®

ý®‹°Š®S®¡® Ju®± …ºu®w® î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® Ju®± š®ºU¯q®, 6) BŠ®± ý®‹°Š® š®ºš¯Úw® ( š®î®±X®q®±Š®š®ä,

w®ãSµ²ä°u® y®‹î®±ºl®©, š¯ær, N®±…Ñ, î¯î®±w® î®±q®±Ù oe®±ºl®), 7) î®±²Š®± ý®‹°Š¯ºSµ²°y¯ºS® (

Mu¯‹N®, O䉱N® î®±q®±Ù Boe¯Š®N® ), 8) BŠ®± š®ºoe®w®w® ( î®cäǮ„¯w¯Š¯X®, î®cäw¯Š¯X®,

w¯Š¯X®, Au®Áw¯Š¯X®, O°ªq® î®±q®±Ù Aš®ºy¯äy¯Ùš®äy¯iN¯ ), 9) Ju®± î®oÁ ( N®³Ç®Ø, x°©,

Š®N®Ù, oe®‹q®, ý®±N®å), 10) HŠ®l®± S®ºu® (š®±S®ºu® î®±q®±Ù u®±S®Áºu® ), 11) Ju®± Š®š® (N¯Š®, N®Ÿ,

oe®±¢°, ›°, î®±q®±Ù Ey®¼ÈÞ), 12) Hºh± š®Þý®Á ( N®jµ²°Š®, î®±³u®±, S®±Š®±, ©U®±, ›ÝS®Ü, Š®±£®, þ°q®,

î®±q®±Ù EÇ®Ø), 13) w¯©±Ê Bw®±y®½ïÁ° ( w®Š®N®S®r‡µ²°S®ã, r‡®±ÁS®Ìr‡µ²°S®ã, î®±w®±Ç®ãS®r

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