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N¯©vºu®©² Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ® î®±ºu®î¯S®±q®Ù oeµ²°Tq®±Ù. Bu®Šµ y®ý®±…ª‡®±± ‡®±cÓ O䇵±S®¡®

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î®±±ºvw® N¯©u®ªå ý®äî®±oŠ®ªå bµ¶w® î®±q®±Ù „¹u®Ü Hº… HŠ®l®± S®S®¡¯u®î®¼.

C®l®Š®ªå‡®±² AŸºšµ‡®± ›u¯Üºq®u® îµ±°OEµ°‡µ±° ý®OÙ‡®±wµÝ©å Nµ°ºvä°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ. Au®±

Cªå‡®± µS®² w®lµu®±…ºvuµ. Ÿ°Tu®ÛŠ®² „¹u®Ü u®Áu®ªå AŸºšµ‡®± Yºq®w®, ïîµ°X®w® î®±q®±Ù

y¯©w® …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô y®‹ï±q®î¯Tuµ. Bu®Šµ D ›u¯Üºq®î®¼ bµ¶w®u®Áu®ªå š®î®±š®Ù š®u¯X¯Š®u®

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BS®±q®Ùuµ. ‡®¾¯î¯S® w¯î®¼ AŸºš¯ y®Š®îµ²° Hº…±u®w®±Ý Kºu®± š®î®¾¯š® y®u®îµºu®± î®±xÝ›u®Šµ B

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Aå AŸºšµ‡®± š®î¯9ºS® y¯©S¯T‡µ±° Cîµ. Cuµ° rŠ®±¡®w®±Ý î®±w®±š®âȳr‡®±± (2, 159)

 

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›æ°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ.

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î®ã†ÃX¯Š®î®¼ „µ°l® î®±q®±Ù y®‹S®äoe®î®w®±Ý ¯l®vŠ®±-Hºu¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D î®äq®S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®u® …SµÌ

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y®‹Ç¯ÊŠ®î®w®±Ý š®Š®©q®î®±‹°r‰±ºu® Nµ©îµ½ºu®± xǵ°u¯q®âN® x‡®±î®±S®¢ºu®OEµ° ¯l®OE¯Tuµ.

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xoÁ‡®±î¯u¯S®OEµ° oeµ°¡®©± š¯u®ãïuµ. Ÿºšµ, N®¡®ëq®w®, š®±¡®±ë, N®±þ°© î®±q®±Ù y®‹S®äoe® C

š¯î®¾¯dN® y¯y®î®ºq®² Cîµ CS®¡®w®±Ý HÇ®±Ô Aºý®u®ªå q¯ãS® ¯l®±î®wµ²° AÇ®±Ô B î®ãOÙ‡®±±

š®„®ã î®±q®±Ù š®î®¾¯c-Ÿqµ¶™ Hºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±î®w®±. HÇ®±Ô î®ãOÙS®¡®± D î®äq®S®¡®w®±Ý

y¯ªš®±î®Šµ²° Aǵ԰ š®î®¾¯c ý®±u®Ü š®±R‡®±² î®±q®±Ù y®äS®rþ°©î®½ Bv°q®±. bµ¶w®

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d°î®w®u® ýµ²°u®w®u® y®ä‡®±q®Ýu® N®©Þwµ‡®±± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. A® îµ²hÔ îµ²u®©± q®î®±â Aw®±„®î®vºu®

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EX¯Ïªu®ï±â y¯uµ° C‹‡®¾¯š®ï±u®š®é pS®Ìî®± î®±g¯Õnµ |

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o Ÿ q®š®é q®pØï±qµ²Ù° …ºuµ²° š®±oe®±îµ½° ï uµ°›uµ²° š®î®±‡µ± |

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Ÿºšµ‡®±± Euµ²ã°T Ÿºšµ‡®±±, š®æcw® î®±q®±Ù y®Š®cw®Š® oe¯S®² u®Á, uµ°ý®, î®±q®±Ù š®î®¾¯cu®

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„¯î®wµ‡®¾¯Tuµ. 12) D y®äN¯Š® D oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± „¯î®wµS®¢ºu® š¯u®N®w®± q®w®Ý u¯ï±ÁN®

y®ärÙ‡®±ªå u®³l®qµ‡®±w®±Ý oeµ²ºu®±q¯Ùwµ ; ›Úr‡®±w®±Ý š®ºy¯vš®±q¯Ùwµ.

î®±²Š®± S®±zÙS®¡®± :-

îµ±°OEµ Awµ°N® š®© oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ‡®±ÇµÔ° î®±w® - î®X®w® - N¯‡®±S®¡® O䇮¾¯ Š®²y®

‡µ²°S®vºu® N®î®¾¯Áš®äî® BS®±q®Ùuµ. N®î®±Á…ºu®î®w®±Ý q®lµ‡®±±î®¼u®±, N®iÔu® N®î®±ÁS®¡®

xcÁŠµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯mNµ²¡®±ëu®±. Cu®Š®ªå D r䇵²°S®u® š¯u®wµ‡®±± r°Š® Aî®ý®ãN®î¯Tuµ.

 

‡®±s¯s®Áî¯T‡®±² š®î®±š®Ù u¯ï±ÁN® š¯u®wµ‡®± î®±²©u®ªå î®±w® - î®X®w® - N¯‡®±S®¡® y®ärÙ

xrÙS®¡µ° y®äu¯w®î¯Tîµ. Au®N¯ÊT AS®¡® š®u®š®q¬ y®ärÙS®¡®w®±Ý ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® ï›

š¯u®N®w®± AS®¡® š®º…ºu®u®ªå ïýµ°Ç® š¯î®u¯w®î¯TŠ®±î® Buµ°ý®î®w®±Ý Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. î®±w® î®±q®±Ù

î®X®w® C®l®Š® y®ärÙ‡®±± w¯©±Ê y®äN¯Š®u®î®¼S®¡µºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. A š®q®ã, Aš®q®ã, E„®‡®± î®±q®±Ù

Aw®±„®‡®± Hºvîµ. š®q®ãu®ªå ‡®±s¯s®Áqµ oe¯S®² Ÿq® C®l®² š®ºS®rS®¡®±

š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯Tµ±ºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. Cuµ° š®q®ãu® Aw®±Yºq®w®u®ªå y®äq®Ùî¯u® î®±w®›éw®

AµÚ‡®±w®±Ý š®q®ãî®±w®îµºu®², Au®NµÊ ïy®‹°q®î¯u®±u®± Aš®q®ãî®±w®îµºu®², ﱧq® „¯î®NµÊ

F„®‡®± î®±w®îµºu®² î®±q®±Ù š®q¯ãš®q®ã HŠ®l®Š®ªå‡®±² Ÿ°w® ¯w®›N® AµÚSµ Aw®±„®‡®±

Š®²y®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. D AµÚS®¡®ªå š®q®ã î®±wµ²°‡µ²°S®u® š¯u®wµSµ°wµ° î®±wµ²°S®±zÙ°

Hw®±Ý®±. ý®„¯Ûq®âN® î®X®w®î®¼ ‡®±s¯s®Áî¯T‡®±² î®±w®›éw® AµÚ‡®±w®±Ý î®ãN®Ù¯l®±î® y®är°N®

¯q®äî¯Tuµ. Au®‹ºu® îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢u® w¯©±Ê î®±w®›ÚrS®¢Sµ Aw®±N®²©î¯u® î®X®w®

y®u®ÛrS®¡®ªå‡®±² w¯©±Ê ïu®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Š®² OEµ²°N®î®ãî®oe¯Š®u®ªå š®q®ã î®X®w®î®½ oe®q®±Ù

y®äN¯Š®u® Š®²y®î®w®±Ý u®‹š®±q®Ùuµ. Kîµ²âîµ±â ý®…Û q®w®Ý î®±²© î¯X¯ãs®Áu®ªå X®±ãr‡®±w®±Ý

oeµ²ºv‡®±² cw®y®u®, š®î®±âr, š¯Úy®w¯, w¯î®±, Š®²y®, Ayµ°£¯, î®ãî®oe¯Š®, š®º„¯î®w¯, „¯î®

î®±q®±Ù Ey®î®¾¯ CS®¢Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® Š®²mÃS®¢ºu® š®q®ãî®w®±Ý y®äN®hSµ²¢š®±q®Ùuµ. Aw®ã

ïu®vºu®©² î¯p‡®±ªå, Bî®±ºq®äp°, Ab¯Óy®x°, ‡®¾¯X®x°, By®³XµÐx°, y®äb¯Óy®x°,

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw® š®ºý®‡®± î®X®x°, CX¯Ðw®±OEµ²°î®±x° î®±q®±Ù Š®w®Š®£®S®q¯ Hºu®± Kº„®q®±Ù

„µ°u®S®¡¯S®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¡® š®º…ºu® š®q®ã - Aš®q®ãNµÊ Iw®² C©å. Au®N¯ÊT CS®¢Sµ Aw®±„®‡®±

î®X®w® Š®²y®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. š¯u®N®w®± D y®äN¯Š® î®±w® î®±q®±Ù î®X®w®S®¡® š®q¯ãš®q®ã

š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý ïX¯Š® ¯m, q®w®Ý î®±w® î®X®w®S®¡® y®ärÙ‡®±w®±Ý š®î®±q®²N®u®ªåh±ÔNµ²¡®ë„µ°N®±.

Au®N®Êw®±š®‹›‡µ±° N¯‰±N® O䇵±S®¡®ªå y®äq®Ùw¯S®ªNµÊ „µ°N®±. Cuµ° î®±±xS®¡® räS®±zÙŠ®²y®

BX®Š®oî¯Tuµ.

BŠ®± y®äN¯Š®u® „¯oe®ã q®y®S®¡®± :-

 

îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢°u® š®î®±š®Ù î®äq¯v š¯u®w®S®¡®± N®î®¾¯Áš®äî®î®w®±Ý xŠµ²°u® Š®²y® š®ºî®Š®

¯l®±î®ºs®î®½ N®iÔu®ºs® N®î®±ÁS®¡® £®‡®±Š®²y® xcÁŠ¯ ¯l®±î®ºs®î®½ CŠ®±q®Ùîµ. N®î®±Á

xcÁŠµS¯T ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® Ey®‡µ²°S® †°¡®±î®ºs®u®± q®y® š¯u®wµ‡µ±ºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ.

Cu®Š®ªå î®±±Qãî¯T „¯oe®ã î®±q®±Ù B„®ãºq®Š® Hºu®± HŠ®l®± „µu®S®¢îµ. Aw®ý®w®, Aî®îµ²°u®Á‡®±,

rÙ y®‹š®ºP¯ãw® ; Š®š®y®‹q¯ãS®, ïïN®Ùý®‡®¾¯ãš®w® oe¯S®² N¯‡®±Nµå°ý® C „¯oe®ã q®y®u® BŠ®±

y®äN¯Š®S®¡¯Tîµ. H©å y®äN¯Š®u® Boe¯Š®u® y®‹q¯ãS®î®¼ Aw®ý®w®î®¼ ; A©Þ Boe¯Š® ¯q®ä S®äoe®o

¯l®±î®¼u®± Aî®îµ²°u®Á‡®± As®î¯ Fwµ²°u®Š® q®y®î¯Tuµ. Kºuµ° î®±wµ‰±ºu® Fhî®w®±Ý

›æ°N®‹›‡µ±°w®±, D y®äN¯Š® Nµ²hÔ Boe¯Š®î®w®±Ý ¯q®ä q®Nµ²Ê¡®±ëîµ; Cq¯ãv Š®²y®vºu® Boe¯Š®NµÊ

š®º…ºvÛu® y®‹›ÚrS®¡®w®±Ý x‡®±ºräš®±î®¼u®± rÙ y®‹š®ºP¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ºqµ‡µ±° q®±y®Þ

îµ²u®OE¯u® ïýµ°Ç® y¹™ÔN® oe¯S®² ïN¯‹ ®±ÙS®¡®w®±Ý q®ãdš®±î®¼u®±, š®ï‡µ±° îµ²u®OE¯u®

Š®š®S®¡®w®±Ý x‡®±î®±w®Sµ²¢š®±î®¼u®± Š®š®y®‹q¯ãS®î¯Tuµ. ý®²w®ã S®³oe¯v IN¯ºq® š¯Úw®S®¡®ªå

®î®¾¯l®±î®¼u®± ïïN®Ùý®‡®¾¯ãš®w®î¯Tuµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° †›©±, X®¢ î®±¡µ îµ²u®OE¯u® „¯uµS®¡®w®±Ý

ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® š®oe®w® ¯l®±î®¼u®±, Bš®w® ïýµ°Ç®u®ªå v°U®Á N¯©u®î®ŠµSµ ›ÚŠ®î¯T

CŠ®±î®¼u®± îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡® A„¯㚮 N¯‡®± Nµå°ý® q®y® Hxš®±q®Ùuµ.

BŠ®± y®äN¯Š®u® A„®ãºq®Š® q®y®S®¡®±:-

A„®ãºq®Š® q®y®u®ªå y¯ä‡®±þÏq®, ïw®‡®±, ‡®¾¯î®³q®ã, š¯æu¯㇮±, î®ãq®éS®Á î®±q®±Ù u¯ãw®

Hºu®± BŠ®± „µu®S®¢îµ. y®ä¯u®vºu® Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î®ºs® uµ²Ç®S®¡® y®‹oe¯Š®N¯ÊT BOEµ²°X®w®,

y®ärN®äî®±o îµ²u®OE¯u® Yq®Ùýµ²u®N® O䇵±S®¡®ªå y®äq®Ùî¯S®±î®¼u®NµÊ y¯ä‡®±þÏq® q®y®

Hw®ÝOE¯S®±î®¼u®±. b¯Ów®, u®ý®Áw®, X¯‹q®ä î®±q®±Ù Ey®X¯Š®S®¡® š¯u®wµ‡®±ªå ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu®

y®äq®Ùî¯S®±î®¼u®± ïw®‡®± q®y®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. b¯Ów® - u®ý®Áw® - X¯‹q®äS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý oeµ°¢

BTuµ : BX¯‡®¾¯Áv S®±Š®±cw®Š®±, ý¯š®ôS®¡®±, y®ärîµ±S®¡®± îµ²u®OE¯u® y®½cã y¯q®äS®¡®

ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå y®äq®ã£® oe¯S®² y®Šµ²°£®u®ªå î®±w® - î®X®w® - N¯‡®±S®¡® O䇵±‰±ºu® Bu®Š® -

š®q¯ÊŠ®, S®±n¯w®±î¯u® îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®±Ý ¯l®±î®¼u®± Ey®X¯Š® ïw®‡®±î¯Tuµ. BX¯‡®±Á,

Ey¯u¯㇮±, q®y®›æ°, þ£¯ - þ°©, Šµ²°T, S®o, N®±©, š®ºU®, š¯u®± oe¯S®² OEµ²°N® š®î®±âq® Aw®ã

 

‡µ²°S®ã cw®Š® z°l¯ - „¯uµS®¡®w®±Ý ¯l®±î®¼u®N¯ÊT šµ°îµ‡®±ªå y®äq®Ùî¯S®±î®¼u®NµÊ ‡®¾¯î®³q®ã

q®y®îµw®±Ý®±. u®Á ý¯š®ôS®¡® î¯X®w®, y®³X®Ðw®, Aw®±Yºq®w®, y®¼w®» y®¼w®» y®ärÙ î®±q®±Ù

u®Á°y®uµ°ý® Cå š¯æu¯㇮± q®y®S®¡¯Tîµ. S®³oe®, u®w® - u¯w¯ãv „¯oeµ½ã°y¯vÃS®¡®w®±Ý

oe¯S®² Nµ²ä°u¯v Aºq®Š®ºSµ²°y¯vÃS®¡®w®±Ý q¯ãS® ¯l®±î®¼u®± Èãq®éS®Á q®y®î¯Tuµ.