u¯ãw® - (Bq®Á î®±q®±Ù Š¹u®ä ) :-

BŠ®wµ‡®±u¯u® Aºq®Š®ºS® q®y®î®¼ u¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå Bq®Á, Š¹u®ä, u®Á î®±q®±Ù ý®±N®å

Hº… w¯©±Ê „µu®S®¡®w®±Ý î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. AxÇ®Ôu® š®º‡µ²°S®, CÇ®Ôu® ²°S®, u®±»Qu® îµ°u®wµ,

„µ²°S®u® A†ÃOE¯Çµ‰±ºu® š®ºNµå°ý® „¯î®S®¡®± Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±q®Ùîµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý AxÇ®Ô y®‹›ÚrS®¡®w®±Ý

…u®ªš®±î®¼u®N¯ÊT‡®±² ‡®¾¯î® Yºq®w®î®w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²° Auµ©å Aq®Áu¯ãw®î¯Tuµ.

š®±¡®±ë ¯q®w¯l®±î®¼u®±, N®¡®î®¼ ¯l®±î®¼u®±, u®w® - š®ºy®rÙS®¡®w®±Ý Š®¤š®±î®¼u®±, oe¯Sµ‡µ±°

d°î®S®¡®± U¯q®î®w®±Ý ¯l®±î®¼u®Š®ªå ‡®¾¯î® N®²äŠ® y®‹n¯î®±S®¡®± Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±q®Ùµ²° Au®±

Š¹u®ä u¯ãw®î¯Tîµ. C®l®² u¯ãw®S®¡®± î®ãOÙSµ š®æq®» u®±»Qî®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±q®Ùîµ. š®î®¾¯cu®ªå‡®±²

Aý¯ºr Eq®Þw¯Ýu®NµÊ N¯Š®oî¯S®±q®Ùîµ. Ÿ°S¯T Au®‹ºu® Aý®±„® N®î®±ÁS®¡® …ºu®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

Au®N¯ÊT D u¯ãw®î®¼ Aý®±„®î¯Tuµ, q¯ãcãî¯Tuµ. E¢u® HŠ®l®± u¯ãw®S®¡®± d°î®xSµ

N®OE¯ãoN¯‹‡®¾¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® ý®±„®î¯Tîµ.

u®Á u¯ãw® :-

Cºv䇮±S®¡®w®±Ý oe¯S®² Š¯S® - uµæ°ý® „¯î®wµS®¢ºu® î®±w®î®w®±Ý xŠµ²°u® ¯m Au®w®±Ý

u¯ï±ÁN® Yºq®wµ‡®± N®lµSµ oe®X®±Ïu®± u®Áu¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. D Yºq®w®u® ïÇ®‡®±î®¼ Bb¯Ó -

ïX®‡®±, Ay¯‡®± - ïX®‡®±, ïy¯N® - ïX®‡®± î®±q®±Ù š®ºš¯Úw® - ïX®‡®± Hº… w¯©±Ê

y®äN¯Š®ïuµ. ‡®¾¯î¯S® u¯ãw® ¯l®±î®î®w®± ý¯ý®ôS®¡®ªå oeµ°¢u® q®q®æS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®, N®î®±Á…ºu®

Bv b¯Ów®u® î®ãµÚ î®±q®±Ù X¯‹q®äu® x‡®±î®¾¯vS®¡® …SµÌ š®²£®Èâ Yºq®w®u®ªå u¯ãw®î®w®±Ý

oe®X®±Ïî®wµ²° BS® Au®± Bb¯ÓïX®‡®± Hº… oeµš®‹w® u¯ãw®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Bb¯Ó Hº…±u®Š® As®Á

ý¯šµ²ô°y®uµ°ý® Hºvuµ. ïX®‡®±u® As®Á ýµ²°u®, š®º„µ²°u®wµ Hºu¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D y®äN¯Š®

ý¯š®ôuµ°ý®u® š®ºýµ²°u®wµ As¯Áq¬ u®Áu® ›u¯Üºq®S®¡®w®±Ý q®N®Á, w¯ã‡®±, y®ä¯o, u®³Ç¯Ôºq®,

îµ²u®OE¯u® ‡µ²°X®wµ‰±ºu® r¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ëî® î®¾¯w®›N® y®ä‡®±q®Ý u®Á u¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. Ay¯‡®±u®

As®Á ïU®Ý, „¯uµ Hºvuµ. u®Áu® ¯S®Áu®ªå Eºg¯S®±î® ïU®Ý - „¯uµS®¡®w®±Ý

u®²Š®Sµ²¢›, u®Áu® y®ä„¯î®wµ‡®±w®±Ý oeµYÏš®±î®¼u®N¯ÊT Yºq®wµ ¯l®±î®¼u®± Ay¯‡®± - ïX®‡®±

 

u®Áu¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. b¯Ów¯î®Š®n¯v N®î®±ÁS®¡®± ‡®¾¯î® y®äN¯Š® y®© Nµ²l®±q®Ùîµ ; d°î®w®u® ïïu®

Aw®±„®î®S®¡®± ‡®¾¯î® - ‡®¾¯î® N®îµ²Á°u®‡®±vºu® y¯äy®Ùî¯u®±î®¼ ; D y®äN¯Š® N®î®±Á y®©NµÊ

š®º…ºvÛu® Yºq®w®î®¼ ïǯN® - ïX®‡®± u®Áu¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. OEµ²°N®u® š®æŠ®²y® oeµ°Tuµ, Au®Š®

Fu®æÁ, Au®», r‡®±ÁN® OEµ²°N®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±± oeµ°Tuµ, î®±q®±Ù AS®¡®ªå d°î®S®¡® ›ær‡®±± oeµ°Sµ

oeµ°Sµ N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cq¯ãvS®¡® Yºq®wµ‡®±± š®ºš¯Úw® - ïX®‡®± Hº… oeµš®‹w®

u®Áu¯ãw®î¯Tuµ. D w¯©±Ê y®äN¯Š®u® u®Á u¯ãw®S®¢ºu® u¯ãx‡®± u®³™Ô‡®±± ý®±u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

ý®äuµÜ‡®±± u®³l®Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. …±v܇®±± xî®±Á©î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. X¯‹q®ä y¯©w®î®¼ ïý®±u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ,

›ÚŠ®Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. Au®‹ºu® u®Á u¯ãw®NµÊ Bq®â N®OE¯ãou® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® …oe®¡® ¯oe¯q®âÉãïuµ.

ý®±N®å u¯ãw® :-

ý®±N®å u¯ãw®u®ªå‡®±² N®²l® y®³s®N®ð - ïq®N®Á - ïX¯Š®, IN®q®æ - ïq®N®Á, Aï°X¯Š®,

š®²£®Èâ - O䇮¾¯ - y®äry¯r° î®±q®±Ù y®Š®q® - O䇮¾¯ - xrÙ Hº… w¯©±Ê „µ°u®S®¢îµ.

Awµ°N® d°î¯v u®äî®ãS®¡®w®±Ý î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý q®î®±â î®±w® - î®X®w® - N¯‡®± D

î®±²Š®± ‡µ²°S®S®¢ºu® Yºrš®±î®¼u®± y®³s®N®ð Hxš®±q®Ùuµ. ïq®N®Áu® As®î¯ ý®±äq® As®î¯ ý¯š®ô

Hºvuµ. ï°X¯Š®u® As®Á ïX®Š®o As®î¯ ïy®‹î®q®Áw® Hºu¯S®±q®Ùuµ. u®äî®ãvºu® y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±

î®±q®±Ù y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±vºu® u®äî®ã, Kºu®± ý¯š®ôî®X®w®vºu® „µŠµ²°ºu®± ý¯š®ôî®X®w®, oe¯Sµ‡µ±° Kºu®±

‡µ²°S®vºu® Cwµ²Ýºu®± ‡µ²°S®u® B©º…w®u® u¯ãw®, Ÿ°Sµ u¯Š¯î¯Ÿ‡®¾¯T š¯S®±î®¼u®NµÊ y®³s®N®ð

ïq®N®Áï°X¯Š® u¯ãw®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. ‡®¾¯î¯S® B©º…w® „®²q® u®äî®ã î®±q®±Ù Au®Š®

y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±u® î®±q®±Ù ‡µ²°S®u® š®ºN®äî®±oî¯S®uµ, Kºuµ° u®äî®ã As®î¯ u®äî®ã î®±‡®¾¯Á‡®±î®¼

‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° Kºuµ° ‡µ²°S®vºu® u¯ãxš®©Þl®±rÙu®ÛŠµ Au®± IN®q®æ - ïq®N®Á - Aï°X¯Š®

u¯ãw®î¯S®±î®¼u®±. ‡®¾¯î® u¯ãw®­u®ªå ïq®N®Á As¯Áq¬ ý®±äq®î®X®w®u® Bu¯Š®ïŠ®±î®¼v©åîµ½°,

î®±q®±Ù ï°X¯Š® As¯Áq¬ ‡µ²°S® š®ºN®äî®±o CŠ®±q®Ùuµ, Bu®Šµ Nµ°î®© š®²£®ÈâN¯‡®± ‡µ²°S®

¯q®ä Aº…w®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ, BS® Au®± š®²£®Èâ - O䇮¾¯ - y®äry¯r° Hº… oeµš®‹w®

î®±²Š®wµ‡®± ý®±N®åu¯ãw®S®±î®¼u®± ý®±N®åu¯ãw®î¯S®±î®¼u®±. ‡®¾¯î® u¯ãw®u®ªå ïq®N®Á±î®¼v©å, ï°X¯Š®

 

±î®¼v©å, ‡µ²°S®u® A…ºw®ïŠ®±î®¼v©å ; BS® Au®± Èãy®Š®q® O䇮¾¯xî®rÁ Hº… oeµš®‹w®

š®îµ½Á°q®ÊÈ³Ç®Ô ý®±N®å u¯ãw®îµxš®±î®¼u®±. D u¯ãw®î®¼ Nµ°î®© b¯Ów®u® X®Š®î®± AµÚ‡®±ªå‡µ±°

BS®±q®Ùuµ. î®±w® Bq®âxºu® ý®‹°Š®u® y®‹q¯ãS®î®¼ Bu® îµ±°OEµ ›u®ÛŠ® Bq®âb¯Ów®u® Š®²y®î®w®±Ý u¯Š®o

¯m†l®±q®Ùuµ. D y®äN¯Š® ý®±N®åu¯ãw®vºu®OEµ° ‡µ²°T‡®±± N®äî®±vºu® Bq®âî®w®±Ý Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ®

N®î®±Á - î®±©vºu® u®²Š®Sµ²¢›, Nµ²wµSµ îµ²°£®y®u®î®w®±Ý y®lµ‡®±±q¯Ùwµ.

oe®vw¯©±Ê S®±o š¯Úw®S®¡®± oe¯S®² îµ²°£® :-

îµ±°OEµ îµ²°£® - y¯äzÙ‡®± oeµ°q®±ïS¯T š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®, b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù X¯‹qµäS®¡®

y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. ï±s¯ãq®ævºu® y¯äŠ®º„®î¯T îµ²°£® y¯äzÙ‡®± µSµ ‡®¾¯î®

Bu¯ãrâN® ›ÚrS®¡®ªåºu® d°î®î®¼ oeµ²Š® †°¡®±î®¼uµ²° AS®¢Sµ S®±oš¯Úw®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®±î®Š®±.

š¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T D ›Úr‡®±ªå y®‹î®q®Áw® ¯l®±î®ºs® ‡®¾¯î® N®î®±ÁS®¢îµ‡µ²°, AS®¡® w¯w¯

y®äN®³rS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý š®oe® D îµ²u®©± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. B N®î®±ÁS®¡® y®‹›ÚrS®¢S®w®±š®‹› d°î®NµÊ

‡®¾¯î® „¯î®î®¼ Eºg¯S®±î®¼uµ²° Au®Š®ªå w¯©±Ê y®äN¯Š®S®¡®± Cîµ. CS®¡®w®±Ý Mu¯‰±N®,

My®ý®ï±N®, £¯‰±N® î®±q®±Ù £¯‡µ²°y®ý®ï±N® Hºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. N®î®±Áu® Eu®‡®±vºu®

Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î® „¯î®î®¼ Mu¯‰±N®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® „¯î®S®¡®± Š¯S®, uµæ°Ç®, Ab¯Ów®, Aš®º‡®±î®±,

Š®r îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡¯Tîµ. N®î®±ÁS®¡® Ey®ý®î®±w® As¯Áq¬ Eu®‡®±Š®Ÿq® AµÚ‡®±ªå

Eºg¯S®±î® „¯î®î®¼ My®ý®ï±N®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå š®î®±ãN®ðu® y¯äzÙ, š®u¯X¯Š®, î®äq® - x‡®±î®±-

y¯©w® îµ²u®OE¯u® „¯î®S®¡®± š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ. N®î®±ÁS®¡® Ey®ý®î®±w® N¯©u®ªå d°î®î®¼ Auµ°

y®äN¯Š® ý®±u®Üî¯S®±q®Ù oeµ²°S®±q®Ùuµ. Au®NµÊ oeµ²°ªNµ‡µ±ºu®± š®ßiN®îµºu®± BS®±î® x°‹w® š®æX®Ðqµ‡®±

O䇵±‡®±w®±Ý oeµ°¡®…oe®±u¯Tuµ. x°‹w®ªå š®ßiN®îµ° îµ²u®OE¯u® ýµ²°u®N® ®±ÙS®¡® y®ä„¯î®vºu®

Au®Š® H©å î®±©î®½ q®¡®u®ªå N®²l®±q®Ùuµ, îµ±°ªw® x°Š®± xî®±Á©î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ Bq®â -

y®‹n¯î®±S®¡® ïý®±v܇®±± YŠ®š¯Ú‰±‡®¾¯TŠ®±î®¼v©å. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ Ey®ý¯ºq®î¯u® î®±©î®¼ x°Š®±

š®æ©Þ N®©Ou®Šµ š¯N®±, Au®± y®¼w®» îµ±°OEµu®±Û š®î®±S®ä c©î®w®±Ý î®±ªw®Sµ²¢› †l®±q®Ùuµ. Auµ°

y®äN¯Š® Ey®ý¯ºq®î¯u® N®î®±ÁS®¡®± þ°U®äî¯T‡µ±° y®¼w®» N®Ç¯‡µ²°u®‡®±vºu®

 

y®©u¯‡®±N®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ. d°î®u® y®‹n¯î®±î®w®±Ý y®¼w®» î®±ªw®Sµ²¢š®±q®Ùîµ. Bu®Šµ Kq®ÙiÔSµ N®²mu®

î®±©î®w®±Ý c©vºu® „µ°ŠµSµ²¢› †hÔŠµ B x°Š®± ›ÚŠ®î¯T ý®±u®Üî¯T †l®±q®Ùuµ. Auµ° y®äN¯Š®

N®î®±Áu® £®‡®±vºu® BS®±î® ý®±u娆 Bq®â - y®‹n¯î®±î®w®±Ý d°î®u® £¯‰±N® „¯î®îµºu®±

oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. CS®¡®ªå Nµ°î®© b¯Ów® - u®ý®Áw® îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼ š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ.

N®î®±ÁS®¡® š®î®ÁU¯r° š®Þu®ÁN®S®¡® Eu®‡®± - £®‡®± î®±q®±Ù š®q¯ÙS®q® š®Þu®ÁN®S®¡® Ey®ý®î®±,

oe¯Sµ‡µ±° uµ°ý®U¯r° š®Þu®ÁN®S®¡® Eu®‡®± oeµ²ºu®±ïNµ‰±ºu® d°î®NµÊ ‡®¾¯î® y®‹n¯î®±î®¼

Eºg¯S®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²° Au®± £¯‡µ²°y®ý®ï±N® „¯î®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. D y®‹n¯î®±î®¼ £¯‰±N® î®±q®±Ù

My®ý®ï±N® „¯î®S®¡® Ayµ°£µ‰±ºu® Nµ©îµ½ºu®± î®±ªw®qµS¯T Eºg¯TŠ®±q®Ùîµ. ‡®¾¯î® y®äN¯Š®

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u®²Š®î¯S®±î®¼u®± ; E¢u® Nµ© î®±pØw®ºý®î®¼ y¯q®äu® q®¡®NµÊ N®²q®± †l®±î®¼u®± ; Nµ©î®¼ „¯S®

x°‹w®ªå‡µ±° N®²m E¢u®± †l®±î®¼u®± ; Ÿ°S¯T BS® x°Š®± A©Þ î®±ªw®qµ‰±ºu®

N®²mu¯ÛS®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®± š¯î®¾¯w®ã î®±r - ý®±äq® b¯Ów® Ao±î®³q® y¯©w® îµ²u®OE¯u®

£¯‡µ²°y®ý®ï±N® „¯î®S®¡®± Eu¯oe®Š®nµ‡®¾¯Tuµ. D w¯©±Ê „¯î®S®¡® oeµ²Š®q¯T d°î®u® d°î®q®æ,

„®î®ãq®æ, u®äî®ãq®æ îµ²u®OE¯u® š¯æ„¯ïN® S®±oS®¡®± y¯‹n¯ï±N®„¯î®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

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Au®Šµ ïýµ°Ç®î¯T îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±ÁS®¡® N®²l® oeµX¯ÏTuµ ; î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® w¯w¯

AµÚS®¢S®w®±š®‹› d°î®u® B oe®vw¯©±Ê Bu¯ãrâN® „®²ï±Nµ‡®± Eq®Þw¯Ýî¯S®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¢Sµ

S®±oš¯Úw®îµºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. îµ²°oe®x°‡®± N®î®±Áu® ï±s¯ãq®â y®äN®³r‡®± Eu®‡®±vºu® d°î®u® B

š®î®±š®Ù ï±s¯ã„¯î®î®¼ Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Au®Š®ªå oeµX®±Ï d°î®S®¡®± Aw¯v N¯©vºu®

ïu®ã¯w®î¯Tîµ. Cu®± d°î®u® ï±s¯ãq®æu®± oeµš®‹w® y®äs®î®± S®±o š¯Úw®î¯Tuµ. xï±q®Ù

©†Ã›uµ²l®wµ ‡®¾¯î¯S® d°î®NµÊ My®ý®ï±N®, £¯‰±N® î®±q®±Ù £¯‡µ²°y®ý®ï±N® „¯®²y® š®î®±ãN®ðu®

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š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. CS®¡®ªå £¯‰±N® š®î®±ãN®ð q®² š¯Ú‰±‡®¾¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ. My®ý®ï±N®

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CŠ®±q®Ùuµ ; A©Þ N¯ª°w®î®½ CŠ®…©åu®±. Bu®Šµ CS®¡®ªå ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° š®î®±ãN®ðu® ©†Ã›u®Š®² N®²l®

Kºu®± x‡®±ï±q® N¯© î®±‡®¾¯Áuµ‡®±ªå B d°î®î®¼ xý®Ï‡®±î¯T‡®±² îµ²°£®NµÊ

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