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u®ý®Áw®î®S®±î®¼u®± : w¯w¯ MÇ®uµ²°y®X¯Š®S®¡® ïî®Š®oî®½ Cªå wµ²°l®©± ›S®±q®Ùuµ. S®†ÃÁ°p

›ô°‡®±Š® …‡®±Nµ, „Â®²äooe®q¯ã, w®Š®…ª, N®²äŠ® Aî®¾¯w®±™N® u®ºl®, îµ°ýµã‡®±Š® y®äOEµ²°„Â®wµ, ïïuÂ®

y®äN¯Š®u® î®¾¯ºš® š®ºš¯ÊŠ®, N®±vš®±î® ïvÃ îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±² Cu®Š®ªåuµ. Cî®¼S®¢ºu®

w®î®±Sµ y¯äY°w® N¯©u® ïïuÂ® š¯î®¾¯dN® ïuÂ¯w®S®¡®² î®¾¯w®ãqµS®¡®² AºuÂ® ïý¯æš®S®¡®±

oeµ°Tu®Ûîµº…±u®Š® y®‹X®‡®±î®¼ Xµw¯ÝT‡µ±° BS®±q®Ùuµ. D y®äN¯Š® š¯î®¾¯dN® AuÂ®ã‡®±w®u®

u®³™Ô‰±ºu® D ý®±äq¯ºS®î®¼ î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯Tuµ.

12. u®³™Ôî¯u® (vhÔî¯u®) - D ý®±äq¯ºS®î®¼ DS® ©†Ãš®±î®¼v©å. š®î®±î¯‡®¾¯ºS®u®ªå š®²Y›u®

y®äN¯Š® Cu®Š®ªå y®‹N®î®±Á, š®²q®ä y®½î®ÁS®q®, Aw®±‡µ²°S® î®±q®±Ù X®²ªN¯ Hº… Ju®±

ï„Â¯S®S®¢u®Ûî®¼. D Ju®Š®ªå‡®±² ïïuÂ® „Âµ°u® y®ä„Âµ°u®S®¡® E¡µë°Qî®½ N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.

Aî®¼S®¡®wµÝ°©å ïX¯‹›u®Šµ y®‹N®î®±Áu®ªå ªz - ïb¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù S®pq®S®¡® ïî®Š®nµ‡®±± CqµÙºu®±

š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. š®²q®ä Hº… ï„Â¯S®u®ªå aw®Ý - Zµ°u®w®‡®±, Baw®Ý - Zµ°u®x‡®±, räN®w®‡®±,

X®q®±w®Á‡®±S®¡® y®‹y¯hS®¡® ïî®Š®oïq®±Ù. aw®Ý - Zµ°u® î®±q®±Ù X®q®±w®Á‡®± y®‹y¯hS®¡®±

xS®äÁºs®î®¼ ; Zµ°u®w®‡®± î®±q®±Ù räN®w®‡®± y®‹y¯kS®¡®± Bd°î®N®Š®î¯Tu®Ûî®¼. q®Š®±î¯‡®±

Cîµ©åî®¼S®¡® š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î®¼ bµ¶w® w®‡®±î¯u®u®ªå BT oeµ²°‰±q®±. u®³™Ôî¯u®u® y®½î®ÁS®q®

ï„Â¯S®î®¼ H©åN®²Ê oeµX®±Ï ïý¯©î®½ î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî®½ BTuµ. Cu®Š®ªå Eq¯Þu®, BS¯ä‡®±p°,

ï°‡®±Áy®äî¯u® îµ²u®OE¯u® 14 y®½î®ÁS®¢u®Ûî®¼. Aî®¼S®¡® y®‹X®‡®±î®w®±Ý Ÿºuµ

î®¾¯mNµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Aw®±‡µ²°S® Hº… oeµš®‹w® u®³™Ôî¯u®u® w¯©Êwµ°‡®± „Âµ°u®u®ªå î®±²©

y®äs®î®¾¯w®±‡µ²°S® î®±q®±Ù S®ºmN¯w®±‡µ²°S® - Hº… HŠ®l®± „Âµ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ.

îµ²u®©wµ‡®±u®Š®ªå AŠ®oe®ºq®Š® S®„Â®Á, cw®â, q®y®, b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù xî¯ÁoNµÊ š®º…ºvÃ›u®

Crî®³q®ÙS®¡®± š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®Sµ²ºmîµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±u®Š®ªå N®±©ºN®Š® X®N®äî®rÁ, …©uµ°î®, î¯š®±uµ°î®,

îµ²u®OE¯u® Aw®ã î®±oe¯y®¼Š®±Ç®Š® X®‹qµäS®¢îµ. D y®äN¯Š® Aw®±‡µ²°S®S®¢Sµ y¯äY°w® bµ¶w®

y®¼Š¯oS®¡µºu®± N®Šµ‡®±OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. vS®º…Š® bµ¶w® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå D „Âµu®NµÊ š¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T

y®äs®î®¾¯w®±‡µ²°S®îµºu®± oeµš®Š®± Cu®±Ûu®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Ju®wµ‡®± „Âµ°u®î¯u® X®²ªNµ‡®±

ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå š®î®±î¯‡®¾¯ºS®u®ªå Nµ°î®© D š®²X®wµ‡®±± Cuµ :- y®äs®î®± w¯©±Ê y®½î®ÁS®¢Sµ

‡®¾¯î® X®²ªNµS®¡®w®±Ý š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®Sµ²¢š®OE¯Tuµ‡µ²° Aîµ° Cªå š®î®¾¯ïÇ®Ôî¯Tîµ°. Cw®±Ý vS®º…Š®

y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå X®²ªNµSµ c©S®q®, š®Ú©S®q®, î®¾¯‡®¾¯S®q®, Š®²y®S®q® î®±q®±Ù BN¯ý®S®q® Hº… Ju®±

„µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý oeµ°¢uµ. D oeµš®Š®±S®¢ºu® Cî®¼S®¡®ªå Cºu®äb¯© î®±q®±Ù î®±q®ä - q®ºq¯äq®âN®

ïÇ®‡®±S®¢u®Ûîµº…±u¹ r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. bµ¶w® uÂ®î®±Áu® q¯ræN® oe¯S®² š®ï±°£¯râN® u®³™Ô‡®±± î®±±ºuµ

Ey¯ºS® 12 :-

1. Kºu®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®î¯u® d°î®y¯q®N®u®ªå w¯w¯ ïX¯Š®, „Â¯î®wµ š¯uÂ®wµS®¢ºu® î®±Š®o

oeµ²ºu®±î® d°î®S®¡®± y®¼w®Š¬ cw®âî®w®±Ý oeµ°Sµ oeµ²ºu®±q®Ùîµº…±u®w®±Ý Eu¯oe®Š®nµ š®Ÿq®

ïî®‹š®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå w®S®Š®, Xµ¶q®ã Š¯c î®±q®±Ù Š¯p îµ²u®OE¯u®î®Š® îµoÁwµ‡®±± š®ºy®½oÁ

Š®²y®u®ªå CŠ®±î®¼u®± Cu®Š® ïýµ°Ç®qµ‡®¾¯Tuµ. D î®oÁwµS®¡® EOEµå°Qî®w®±Ý Aw®ã ý®±äq¯ºS®S®¡®±

î®¾¯m î®±±ºu®‹‡®±±q®Ùîµ.

2. HŠ®l®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®u® oeµš®Š®± ' Š¯‡®± y®šµ°p‡®± ' Hºvuµ. Cu®Š® š®ºš®öq® Š®²y¯ºq®î®¼ '

Š¯b¬ y®äþÝ°‡®± ' Hºu®± BS®±q®Ùuµw®±Ýî®Š®±. INµºu®Šµ Cu®Š® î®±±Qã ïÇ®‡®±î®¼ Š¯b¯y®î®›°

(y®äuµ°þ°)‡®±± î®¾¯mu® y®äýµÝ°S®¢Sµ Nµ°þ° î®±±x‡®±± oeµ°¢u® š®î®¾¯uÂ¯w®î¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®u®

' Š¯b¯ y®äšµ°w®dq¬ š®²q®ä ' HºvŠ®±î®¼u®± EYq®î¯Tq®±Ù. Cu®Š® y®äs®î®± „Â¯S®u®ªå‡®±ºq®²

š®²‡®±Á„Â®uµ°î®w® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®± „Â¯S®u®ªå B uµ°î®w® y®½î®Á„Â®î®u® î®³q¯Ùºq®ïuµ.

Š¯b¯ y®äuµ°þ‡®±± y®½î®Á„Â®î®îµ½ºu®Š®ªå š®²‡®¾¯Á†Ã‡®¾¯Tu®Ûw®± BS® y¯ý®æÁw¯s®w® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±

î®±±x‡®¾¯u® Nµ°þ î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý š®ºvÃ›u®Ûw®±. BS® Bq®âw® š®qµÙ î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® š®æŠ®²y®S®¡® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå

w¯w¯ y®äN¯Š®vºu® q®w®Ý „Â¹rN®î¯u®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® y®äýµÝ°S®¡®w®±Ý Nµ°¢u®Ûw®±. Nµ²wµSµ Nµ°þ

î®±±x‡®± Ey®uµ°ý®vºu® Aî®w®± š®î®±ãS¬ u®³™Ô‡®¾¯u®w®±. Cu®Š® y®ä„Â¯î®vºu®OEµ° HŠ®l®wµ‡®±

cw®âu®ªå î®±oe¯š®î®±³vÃÜý¯ª‡®¾¯u® š®²‡®¾¯Á„Â®uµ°î®w¯u®w®±. D S®äºs®î®¼ cl®î¯u® î®±q®±Ù

AuÂ¯ãq®âî¯u® Cî®¼S®¡® y¯äY°w® y®Š®ºy®ŠµS®¡¬ AuÂ®ã‡®±w®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî®ºq®²

š®ºš®ÊŠ®ou®ªå Kº„Â®q®±Ù y®äry®rÙS®¡®± y®äN®Š®oS®¡®± î®¾¯q®ä Cîµ Au®Š®ªå 272 š®²q®äS®¢îµ.

Cu®Š®ªå Cu®Š® oeµš®‹Sµ Aw®±š®‹› d°î® - Ad°î®S®¡® „Âµ°u® - y®ä„Âµ°u®S®¡® ïî®Š®oî®¼ î®±oe¯ï°Š®

oe¯S®² S¹q®î®±Š® w®l®±îµ y®äýµ²Ýq®ÙŠ® Š®²y®u®ªå …Š®±q®Ùuµ. î®±²Š®wµ‡®± y®äy®rÙ‡®±ªå væ°y®š¯S®Š®

ïš¯ÙŠ®î¯u® î®oÁwµ‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cªå y®äš®ºS®î®ý® OEµ²°Nµ²°q®éî®S®¡®±, ‡®¾¯w®S®¡®±,

OEµ²°N® d°î®w® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯Tuµ.

Cîµ. Cî®¼S®¡®ªå N®äî®±vºu® d°î®uµ²l®wµ š®º…ºuÂ® …Š®±î® y®äb¯Óy®w¯ š¯Úw®, …oe®±î®N®Ùî®ã, ›Úr

oe¯S®² N®Ç¯‡®±, Cºvä‡®±, OEµ°ýµã, N®î®±Á, Ey®‡µ²°S®, îµ°u®w®, š®î®±±u¬U¯q® îµ²u®OE¯u®

ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±± Cuµ. bµ¶w® u®ý®Áw®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® D Š®X®wµ‡®±± w®oe®±

î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯Tuµ. AºS®S®¡®ªå „Â®S®î®r° š®²q®äNµÊ ‡®¾¯î® š¯Úw®ïuµ‡µ²° Auµ° š¯Úw®î®¼

Ey¯ºS®S®¡®ªå D š®²q®äNµÊ Cuµ. Cu®NµÊ bµ¶w® ›uÂ¯Ûºq®u® b¯Ów® Nµ²°ý®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±rÙuµ. D

Š®X®wµ‡®±ªå Cu®Š® N®q®Á³î¯u® B‡®±Áý¯ãî®±w® EOEµå°Qî®½ N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cî®w® š®î®±‡®±î®¼

š®±uÂ®î®±š¯æï±‰±ºu® Cy®Þq®±Ù î®±²Š®wµ‡®± q®OEµî®¾¯‹w®u®±. Au®± ï°Š®xî¯ÁoŠ® q®Š®±î¯‡®± 376

5. Ju®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ š®²‡®±Áy®äcÓzÙ (š®²‹‡®±y®oØrÙ) Cu®Š®ªå Cy®Þq®±Ù y¯oe®±l®S®¢îµ.

Aî®¼S®¡®ªå CŠ®±î® 108 š®²q®äS®¡®ªå š®²‡®±Á X®ºu®ä î®±q®±Ù w®£®q®äS®¡® S®rS®¡®± Cî®w®±Ý î®pÁ›uµ.

î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯Tuµ.

6. BŠ®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ cº…²væ°y® - y®äcÓzÙ (cº…²v°î® y®oØrÙ ) Hº…±vuµ. Cu®Š®ªå

[y®‹XµÐ°u®] cº…²væ°y® î®±q®±Ù „Â®Š®q® £µ°q®ä oe¯S®² Aî®¼S®¡® y®î®Áq®, w®vS®¡® î®oÁwµ Cuµ.

î®oÁwµS®¡®± …Š®±q®Ùîµ.

7. I¡®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ X®ºu®äy®äcÓzÙ [X®ºu® y®oØrÙ] Cu®± q®w®Ý ïÇ®‡®± ï„Â®cwµ oe¯S®²

q®î®±â ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå †Ãw®Ý †Ãw®Ýî¯T‡µ±° CŠ®„µ°N®±. î®±±ºuµ Aî®¼S®¡® ï±ý®äoî¯T Cî®½ …oe®±q®Š®

Kºu¯TŠ®„µ°N®±.

8. Hºhwµ°‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ N®ªÞN¯ (N®zÞ‡®¾¯) Cu®Š®ªå oe®q®±Ù AuÂ®ã‡®±w®S®¢îµ. Aî®¼S®¡®ªå N®±pN®

Ab¯q®ý®q®±äî®¼ q®w®Ý q®ºuµ‡®¾¯u® ýµä°pN® †º…š¯Š®w®w®±Ý N¯Š¯S®³oe®u®ªå oe¯Ou®±Û. ýµä°pN®w® Bq®â

oe®qµã oe¯S®² N®±pN®w®± îµ¶ý¯ª‡®± Š¯cw¯u® Xµ°hN®wµ²l®wµ î®¾¯mu® ‡®±±uÂ®Ü Cî®¼S®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±±

Cuµ. Cu®‹ºu® î®±S®uÂ®u® y¯äY°w® Croe¯š®u® îµ±°OEµ ïýµ°Ç® „µ¡®N®± †°¡®±î®ºqµ Cuµ.

9. Kº„Â®q®Ùwµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ N®OE¯Þî®q®º›N¯ (N®y¯Þî®l®º›‡®¾¯L) Cu®Š®ªå ýµä°pN®w® oe®q®±Ù cw®

10-11. oe®q®Ùwµ‡®± î®±q®±Ù oe®wµ²Ý°ºu®wµ‡®± Ey¯ºS®S®¡®² y®¼™ÞN¯ (y®¼™ß‡®¾¯L ) î®±q®±Ù

y®¼Ç®ÞX®²OE¯ (y®¼Ç®ÞX®²OE¯L) Cî®¼S®¡®ªå oe®q®±Ù oe®q®±Ù AuÂ®ã‡®±w®S®¢îµ. uÂ¯ï±ÁN®

š¯uÂ®wµS®¢ºu® š®æS®ÁS¯ï±S®¡¯u®ºs® ›ô°y®¼Š®±Ç®Š® N®sµS®¡®± Cî®¼S®¡®ªå Cîµ. D uÂ¯ï±ÁN® î®ãOÙS®¡®

uµ°î®qµS®¡¯T q®î®±â ïî®¾¯w®S®¡® î®±±P¯ºq®Š® î®±oe¯ï°Š®xSµ î®ºu®wµSµ …ºu®Š®±.

12. oe®wµÝ°Š®l®wµ°‡®± Ey¯ºS®î®¼ î®³™Øu®ý¯ (î®pØu®š¯) Cu®Š®ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± AuÂ®ã‡®±w®S®¢îµ.

Cu®Šµ²°¡®Sµ u¯æŠ¯î®r (u¯æŠ®N¯) ‡®± Š¯cw¯u® N®³Ç®Ø î¯š®±uµ°î® oe¯S®² Cy®ÞqµÙŠ®l®wµ°‡®±

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Hºh‹ºu® oe®wµÝ°Š®l®Š® î®ŠµTw® Ju®± Ey¯ºS®S®¡®w®±Ý š¯î®±±ŸN® Š®²y®vºu® xŠ®‡®¾¯î®ª‡®¾¯L

Hºu®² oeµš®Š®w®±Ý oeµ²ºvîµ. Aî®¼S®¡®ªå Ey¯ºS®S®¡µºu®± Aî®¼S®¡®w®±Ý xvÁÇ®Ôî®w®²Ý î®¾¯mu®±Ûºh±.

y¯äŠ®º„Â®u®ªå Cîµ¶uµ° Ey¯ºS®S®¡®± CŠ®„µ°N®±. Aî®¼ q®î®±â q®î®±â ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ Aw®±š®‹› AºS®S®¡®

u¯æu®ý¯ºS®S®¡®w®±Ý N®ºl®± Ey¯ºS®S®¡® š®ºPµã‡®±w®²Ý oe®wµÝ°Š®l®Š® î®ŠµSµ I‹›†iÔŠ®„µ°N®±.

Zµ°u® š®²q®ä 6 :-

BŠ®± Zµ°u® š®²q®äS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± N®äî®±vºu® Ÿ°Tîµ :- (1) xþ°s® (x›°oe®) (2)

î®±oe¯xþ°s® (î®±oe¯x›°oe®) (3) î®ãî®oe¯Š® (ïî®oe¯Š®) (4) BX¯Š®u®ý¯ (BX¯Š®u®š¯) (5)

…oe®± ïš¯ÙŠ®î¯T bµ¶w® î®±±xS®¡® „¯oe®ã oe¯S®² B„Â®ãºq®Š® š¯uÂ®wµS®¡®w®±Ý ïî®Š® ïî®Š®î¯T

ïî®‹›uµ. y®äš®ºS®N®Êw®±š®‹› Cªå w¯w¯ r°s®ÁºN®Š® oe¯S®² S®ouÂ®Š®Š® d°î®w®NµÊ š®º…ºvÃ›u®

š¯uÂ®±S®¡®ªå Cu®Š® y®j®w® - y¯j®w® S®¡® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± Cºvw®î®ŠµS®² š®±y®äX®ªq®ïuµ. î®±±xS®¡®

îµ¶‡®±OÙN® î®±q®±Ù š¯î®±²ŸN® d°î®w® oe¯S®² Aî®Š® š®î®±šµãS®¡® š®î®±±Yq®æ b¯Ów®î®w®±Ý

oeµ²ºu®±î®¼u®NµÊ D N®³rS®¡®± …oe®±q®æy®½oÁîµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

š®²q®äS®¡®± î®±±xS®¡® AuÂ®ã‡®±w® î®±q®±Ù Yºq®w®NµÊºu®± ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® î®±oe®q®æî®w®±Ý oeµ²ºvuµ.

y®äry¯u®w®ïuµ. Bî®ý®ãN® š®²q®äu®ªå š¯uÂ®±S®¡¬ xqµãOä‡µ±S®¡¯u® š¯î®¾¯‰±N®, X®q®±ïÁºý®rÙš®Ùî®,

î®ºu®w¯, y®ärN®äî®±o, N¯‡µ²°q®éS®Á, î®±q®±Ù y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®S®¡®w®±Ý r¢°›Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ.

š®æŠ®²y®u® …SµÌ ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý î®¾¯muµ. Cu®Š®ªå Hºh± AvÃN¯Š®S®¢îµ - Eu®ãî®±, Eq¯Þu®w®,

IÇ®n¯, š®º‡µ²°cw¯, y®äî®¾¯o, AºS¯Š®, uÂ®²î®± î®±q®±Ù N¯Š®o Cî®¼S®¡® î®±±P¯ºq®Š®

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xcî¯T‡®±± u®ý®îµ¶N¯ªN®u®ªå šµ°‹u® zºl® IÇ®n¯ Hº… oeµš®‹w® Ju®wµ‡®± AuÂ®ã‡®±w®u®

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