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A©åuµ ›ô°‡®±Š® y®N®³r î®±q®±Ù Au®‹ºu® Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î® š¯u®±S®¡® „®‡®± îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®±Ý

ي® Š®²y®u®ªå î®pÁ›uµ. [6] š®ºš¯ÙŠ®N®u®ªå 122 sS¯oeµS®¢îµ. Cu®Š®ªå š¯u®±S®¡® Aºq®ã

š®î®±‡®±u®ªå oe®±ªåw® Bš®w®î®w®±Ý [š®ºs¯Š®] S®äoe®o ¯l®±î® ïvÇ®±w®±Ý oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. Au®Š®

 îµ±°OEµ AïX®Š® Š®²y®vºu® ›ÚŠ®î¯Tu®±Û, A®± y®ºmq® î®±Š®oî®w®±Ý oeµ²ºv, š®u®Ìr‡®±w®±Ý

 oeµ²ºu®©± š¯u®ãïuµ. D y®äš®ºS®u®ªå u®³Ç¯Ôºq®îµºu®± š®±…ºu®± î®±q®±Ù X¯oãN®Š® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®

 EOEµå°P¯ïuµ. [7] S®X¯ÐX¯Š®u®ªå 132 S¯oeµS®¢u®±Û, AS®¢ºu® î®±±x oe¯S®² B‰±ÁNµ‡®±Š®±

 S®X®Ðu®ªå CŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Au®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® ïw®‡®± î®±q®±Ù x‡®±î®± Ey®x‡®±î®±S®¡® y¯©wµ‡®±w®±Ý

Au®Š® ïvÃS®¡®w®±Ý oeµ°¢uµ. Cu®Š®ªå î®±±xS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù š¯vÃ懮±Š®± y®Š®š®ÞŠ® š®q®N®Á ‹°r‰±ºu® Cu¹Û,

 q®î®±â N¯î®±î¯š®wµ‡®±± b¯S®³q®î¯S®u®ºqµ HX®ÏŠ® š®„µ°Nµº…±u®Š® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Xµw¯ÝT

HX®Ï‹Nµ‡®±xÝrÙuµ. [8] S®pïu®ãu®ªå 86 S¯sµS®¢ºu® v®, rt, w®£®q®ä, ‡µ²°S®, N®Š®o,

î®±±oe®²s®Á îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®²Ý bµ²ãrÇ®ãu® ‹°r‡®±ªå ïX¯Š® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå

 oeµ²°Š¯ ý®…Û …ºvuµ. [9] uµ°îµºu®ä®Ùî®u®ªå 307 S¯oeµS®¢îµ. Cu®Š®ªå Cy®Þq¯Ý©±Ê

 r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š® š®±Ùr‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. š®±ÙrN¯Š®w®± Kºu®± y®äýµÝ°Sµ Eq®ÙŠ® Nµ²l®±q®Ù N®©Þ

 oe¯S®² N®OE¯Þr°q® uµ°î®Š® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯mu¯Ûwµ. D N®³r‡®±w®²Ý N®²l® ï°Š®„®u®ä N®³q®îµºu®±

 r¢‡®±±q¯ÙŠµ. [10] î®±Š®o š®î®¾¯vÇ®¾¯ªå 663 S¯oeµS®¢îµ. CS®¡®ªå BŠ¯u®w¯, BŠ¯u®N®

 BOEµ²°X®w¯, š®OEµå°Qw®, £®î®¾¯y®w® îµ²u®OE¯u® oe®vw¯©±Ê u¯æŠ®S®¢ºu® š®î®¾¯và Š®ou®

 ïvÇ®±w®±Ý r¢› oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. A©åuµ w¯w¯ u®³Ç¯Ôºq®S®¢ºu® y®‹°Ç®oe®S®¡®w®±Ý š®oe®w® ¯l®±î®

 Bî®ý®ãN®qµ‡®±w®±Ý r¢š®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± „¯î®wµS®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý š®oe®

 î®¾¯l®OE¯Tuµ. D oe®q®²Ù y®äO°Š®oS®¡® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® …SµÌ ïX¯‹›u®ªå î®±±Qãî¯T Kºu®± ¯q®±

 š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. î®±±xS®¡®± q®î®±â Nµ²wµ‡®± š®î®±‡®±u®ªå î®±w®š®éw®±Ý u¯ï±ÁN® „¯î®wµS®¡® N®lµSµ

 oe®YÏ, ý¯ºr î®±q®±Ù xŠ¯N®±©q¯ y®½î®ÁN® ý®‹°Š® y®‹q¯ãS® ¯l®±î® ïvÇ®±w®±Ý r¢› oeµ°¢uµ.

 

X®²ªN¯ š®²q®ä 2 :-

 Nµ²wµ‡®± HŠ®l®± X®²ªN¯ š®²q®äS®¡®² w®ºv î®±q®±Ù Aw®±‡µ²°S® u¯æŠ®S®¡µºu®± Cîµ. A

î®±w®» y®½î®ÁN®î¯T‡µ±° Ÿºvxºu® Š®Y›u® N®³rS®¡¯Tîµ. w®ºvš®²q®äu® N®q®Á³î®ºq®² Kºu®±

A†Ãy¯ä‡®±N®Êw®±š®‹›, å†Ã° î¯X®w¯u® y®äu¯w® w¯‡®±N®w¯u® uµ°î®vÃÁS®p £®î®¾¯ý®äî®±oîµ°

BTu¯Ûwµ. w®ºvš®²q®äu®ªå 90 S¯oeµS®¡®² î®±q®±Ù 56 š®²q®äS®¡®² Cîµ. Cu®Š®ªå „®S®î¯w¬

î®±oe¯ï°Š® oe¯S®² Aî®w® š®ºU®u®ªåu®Û ý®äî®±oŠ®± î®±q®±Ù y®Š®ºy¯äS®q®î¯T „®u®ä„¯oe®±,

š®²Ú©„®u®ä î®±oe¯T‹ îµ²u®OE¯u® BX¯‡®±ÁŠ® š®±Ùr‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. q®Š®±î¯‡®± b¯Ów®u®

 Ju®± „µ°u®S®¡® ïîµX®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯muµ A©åuµ BX¯Š¯ºS®îµ° îµ²u®OE¯u® oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± AºS®S®¡®

š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý ï›uµ. Cu®Š®ªå „¯Š®q®, Š¯î®¾¯‡®±o, N¹i©ã, y¯q®ºc© îµ²u®OE¯u® ý¯š®ô

y®¼Š¯oS®¡®² oe¯S®² îµ°u® îµ²u®OE¯u® Hy®ÞqµÙ°Š®l®± N®OEµS®¡®² EOEµå°QSµ²ºmîµ. C

 î®±±xS®¡® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ î®cãÁu®² oeµ°¢uµ. [2] Aw®±‡µ²°S®u¯æŠ®î®¼ B‡®±Á Š®¤q® N®³q®îµºu®²

î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå y®äýµ²Ý°q®ÙŠ® Š®²y®vºu® y®OEµ²ã°y®î®¾¯v Ey®î®¾¯ y®ä¯oS®¡®

š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý r¢› oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ºqµ w®‡®±w®S®¡® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±² š®oe® Cuµ. Cu®©åuµ

 N¯î®ãNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® w®î®Š®š®, š®æŠ®, S¯äî®±, î®±²X®ÐÁw¯ îµ²u®OE¯u® ©£®oS®¡®w®²Ý oeµ°¢uµ.Cªå

 X®Š®N® S¹q®î®± îµ²u®OE¯u® Aw®ã ý¯š®ôS®¡® EOEµå°Q š®oe® …ºvuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ

 oe®‹„®u®äw®± ïrÙ‡®±w®±Ý N®±l® …Šµvu¯Ûwµ.

 

 Au®Á ¯S®v𠄯ǵ :-  

 îµ±°OEµ ï›u® 45 BS®î®± S®äºs®S®¡® „¯ǵ‡®±± Au®Á¯S®vð Hºu®± r¢‡®±OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

' Au®Á¯S®vð ' Hº…±u®Š® As®Áî®w®±Ý ïïu® ‹°r‰±ºu® ¯l®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Kºu®±, ‡®¾¯î®

„¯ǵ‡®¾¯ î®±S®u®u® Au®Á „¯S®î®w®±Ý ¯q®w¯l®±î¯ „¯ǵ‡®¾¯Tqµ²Ù° Au®± Au®Á¯S®vð

„¯ǵ‡®±±ã. Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± As®Áu®ªå ‡®¾¯î® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå î®±S®và „¯ǵ‡®± Au®Á y®ärÙS®¡®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±rÙvÛîµ½° Au®± Au®Á¯S®vÇ®¾¯Tuµ. xcî¯T‡®±² D HŠ®l®² Eq®ÞrÙS®¡®²

š¯s®ÁN®îµx›îµ. D „¯ǵ‡®± Jroe¯›N® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý C š®²Yš®±q®Ùuµ. î®±S®v𠄯ǵSµ

î®±±Qãî¯T î®±²Š®± ïýµ°Ç®qµS®¢u®±Û : (1) Au®Š®ªå ' Š® ' EX¯ÏŠ®î®¼ ' © ' Hºu¯S®±rÙq®±Ù.  

(2) î®±²Š®± y®äN¯Š®u® EÇ®â Ç®, š®, ý®, î®oÁS®¡® š¯Úw®u®ªå ' ý® ' îµ° N®ºl®± …Š®±rÙq®±Ù. (3)

AN¯Š¯ºq® N®q¯ÁN¯Š®N® IN® î®X®w®u® Š®²y®î®w®²Ý ' L ' u® š¯Úw®u®ªå ' I ' y®äq®ã‡®±î®w®²Ý oe®YÏ

Š®²zš®OE¯S®±rÙq®±Ù. D î®±²Š®± î®±±Qã y®ärÙ‰±ºu®OEµ° Au®Á¯S®vÇ®±ªå N®q®Á³ïw® N¯Š®N®NµÊ '

H ' N¯Š®u® y®ä‡µ²°S®îµ° oeµX¯ÏT Cuµ. ' Š® ' u® ' © '  N®æYq®Ùîµ° BS®±q®Ùuµ. î®±²Š®±

š®N¯ÁŠ®S®¡® š¯Úw®u®ªå q¯©î®ã ' ý® ' N¯Š®î¯Tuµ. u®ºq®ã ' š® ' N¯Š®îµ° BS®±q®Ùuµ. D y®äN¯Š® D

„¯ǵ‡®±ªå ¯S®vÇ®± Au®Á y®ärÙS®¡®± Cµ±ºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® E¢u®

 y®ärÙS®¡®± ý¹Š®šµ°x° y¯äN®³q®N®ÊNµÊ oeµ²ºu®±q®Ùîµ. D „¯ǵ‡®± y®äX¯Š®î®¼ î®±S®u®u® y®þÏî®±

 „¯S®u®ªå CqµÙºu®± Cu®‹ºu® Aw®±î®¾¯xš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. î®±²©u®ªå î®±oe¯ï°Š® oe¯S®² …±u®Û

 C…àŠ® Ey®uµ°ý®u® „¯ǵ‡®±± B N¯©u®ªå Au®Á ¯S®vǵ±° CvÛŠ®„µNµ°ºu®± ïu¯æºš®Š® î®±q®î®½

 Cuµ. Au®‹ºu® B Ey®uµ°ý®S®¡®± y®½î®Á oe¯S®² y®þÏî®±u® cw®qµSµ š®î®¾¯w® Š®²y®vºu®

 š®±„µ²°u®î¯S®©± š¯u®ã±q®±. Bu®Šµ D îµ²u®©± ï›u® Ey®©…Û BS®î®±S®äºs®S®¡®ªå w®î®±Sµ

 y¯äY°w® Au®Á¯S®v𠄯ǵ‡®± š®æŠ®²y¯ wµ²°l®ªNµÊ ›N®±Êv©å. B N¯©u® î®±u®㇮±±S®u® B‡®±Á

„¯ǵ‡®±ªå š®º‡®±±N®Ù î®ãºcw®S®¡® š®ï±°N®Š®ou® As®î¯ š®æŠ® - „®OÙ îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡® ïvɱºu®

„¯ǵ‡®±w®±Ý š®Š®¡®Sµ²¢š®±î®¼u®ºq®± y¯äŠ®º„®î¯T oeµ²°Tq®±Ù. Bu®Šµ AS®¡®ªå N® - S®, q® - u®

S®¡®ºs® î®oÁS®¡® OEµ²°y®u® y®äO䇵±‡®±± BŠ®º„®î¯S®ªªå. D y®äO䇵±°‡®±± î®±u¯㇮±±S®u®

B‡®±Á „¯ǵ‡®± HŠ®l®wµ‡®± š®ÙŠ®vºu® BŠ®º„®±qµºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±rÙuµ. D N¯©î®¼ š®±î®¾¯Š®±

Oä.ý®. HŠ®l®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Ey®©…Ü BS®î®± S®äºs®S®¡®² Cîµ° š®ÙŠ®u®

y®ärÙ‰±ºu® y®ä„¯ïq®î¯u®u®±Û N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. D y®ärÙS®¡®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T‡®±² N¯©N®äî®±vºu®

AS®¡® ¹RN® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡µ±° N¯Š®oî¯T AS®¡®ªå š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯T oeµ²°u®±î®¼.

 

š®²q®ä C©åîµ š®²N®Ù :-  

 D BS®î®±S®¡® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Cw®²Ý Kºu®± š®ºS®r‡®±± ïX¯Š®p°‡®±î¯Tuµ. CS®¡®w®±Ý

…oe®¡®Ç®±Ô š®²q®ä Hº… oeµš®‹ºu® EOEµå°Q ¯l®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Eu¯oe®Š®nµSµºu®± BX¯Š¯ºS®

 š®²q®ä, Eq®ÙŠ¯u¯㇮±u® š®²q®ä îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®²Ý wµ²°l®…oe®±u®±. Bu®Šµ š®ºš®öq®

 „¯ǵ‡®±ªå ‡®¾¯î® As®Áu®ªå š®²q®ä ý®…Ûu® y®ä‡µ²°S®î®¼ N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²°, B As®Áu®ªå D

 Š®X®wµS®¡®± š®²q®äu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±v©å. š®²q®äu® î®±²Qã ©£®o š®º¤y®Ù î¯N®ãu®ªå oeµYÏSµ

 oeµX®±Ï As®Áu®ªå î®ãN®Ù ¯l®±î®¼uµºvuµ. A©åuµ AS®¡®ªå y®¼w®Š¯î®³rÙ‡®±± uµ²°Ç®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ,

 Aºu® îµ±°OEµ D bµ¶w® ý®±äq¯ºS®S®¡®± Aºs® š®º¤y®Ù Š®X®wµS®¡®T©å. CS®¡®ªå ïÇ®‡®± î¯N®ãS®¡®

 y®¼w®Š¯î®³rÙ‡®±² ïýµ°Ç®î¯Tuµ. Ÿ°S¯T CS®¡®w®±Ý š®²q®äu®± oeµ°¡®±î®¼u®± Aw®±Yq®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

 q®î®±â y¯äN®³q® oeµš®‹S®w®±š®‹› D Š®X®wµS®¢Sµ š®±q®Ùu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. ¯u®‹S¯T

 B‡®¾¯Š®ºS® š®±q®Ù, Eq®ÙŠ®u®㇮±w® š®±q®Ù, Cq¯ãv. D š®±q®Ùî®w®±Ý š®ºš®öq®u®ªå š®²q®äu®±

 oeµ°¡®±î®¼u®± Kºu®± „®äîµ±‡®¾¯Tuµ. Au®Š® EYq®î¯u® š®ºš®öq® Š®²y®î®¼ š®²N®Ù…±uµ° oeµX®±Ï

 š®‡®±±OÙN®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. î®±oe¯ï°Š®w® N¯©u®ªå š®²q®ä ýµ¶ª‡®± y¯äŠ®º„® N®²l® BTŠ®ª©å. BS®

 îµ°u®S®¡® š®²N®ÙS®¡® y®äX¯Š®îµ° ïýµ°Ç®î¯Tq®±Ù. Au®‹ºu® …oe®¡® ¯m Auµ° oeµš®Š®w®±Ý î®±²©u®ªå

 D Š®X®wµ S®¢Sµ oe¯S®² „¹u娆 š¯Ÿq®ãu® š®±q®ÙS®¢Sµ y¯äN®³q® Š®²y®u®ªå Nµ²l®OE¯‰±q®±.

 

BS®î®±S®¡® i°N¯ š¯Ÿq®ã :-  

 îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢u® BS®î®± S®äºs®S®¢Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® Awµ°N® S®äºs®S®¡®± q®Š®±î¯‡®±u® N¯©u®ªå

x¯Áoî¯Tîµ. AS®¡® EuµÛ°ý®î®½ BS®î®±u® ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý š®º£µz› C©åîµ ïš®Ù‹› r¢›

oeµ°¡®±î®¼u¯Tuµ. Cºs® Š®X®wµS®¡®± x‡®±±ÁOÙ (pc±Ñq®±Ù,) „¯Ǯã („¯š®), X®²pÁ (X®±pØ) î®±q®±Ù

i°N¯ Hºu®± w¯©±Ê ïu®î¯Tîµ. D Š®X®wµS®¡®w®±Ý BS®î®±u® AºS®S®¡µºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

CS®¡® š®Ÿq® D š¯Ÿq®ã y®ºX¯ºT BS®î®±îµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. CS®¡®ªå x‡®±±ÁOÙS®¡®±

q®î®±â „¯ǵ, ýµ¶ª ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® š®î®Á y¯äY°w®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. C y¯äN®³q®

y®u®ãS®¡®ªåu®±Û, ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý š®ºS®äoe® Š®²y®vºu® xŠ®²zš®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¡®ªå y®äš®ºS®N®Êw®±š®‹› ïïu®

N®sµ î®±q®±Ù u®³Ç¯Ôºq®S®¡® š®ºNµ°q®î®¼ uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. AS®¡® ïš®Ùȳq®Š®²y®î®¼ w®î®±Sµ i°N¯

S®äºs®S®¡®ªå uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. š®u®ãNµÊ BX¯Š¯ºS®, š®²q®äN®³q¯ºS®, š®²‡®±Áy®äb¯ÓzÙ, î®ãî®oe¯Š®, N®©Þ,

u®ý¯ý®±äq®š®Êºu®, Eq®ÙŠ¯u®㇮±w®, Aî®ý®ãN® î®±q®±Ù u®ý®îµ¶N¯ªN® D Lº„®q®±Ù BS®î®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ

x‡®±±ÁOÙS®¡®± Ey®©…Üïîµ. C „®u®ä„¯oe®±N®³q®îµºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. oe®q®Ùwµ‡®±u¯u® '  

G±™„¯™q® x‡®±±ÁOÙ ' ‡®± EOEµå°Qïuµ. Bu®Šµ Au®± Ey®©…Üï©å CS®¡®ªå zºl®x‡®±±ÁOÙ.

LU® x‡®±±ÁOÙS®¡®ºs® Nµ©îµ½ºu®± y®äN®Š®oS®¡®²¡®ë x‡®±±ÁOÙS®¡®±. CS®¡®w®±Ý î®±±xS®¡® AX¯Š®u®

ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå …oe®¡® î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯u®î®¼S®¡µºu®± r¢u®±, š®æq®ºq®ä Š®²y®u®ªå BS®î®± š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå

š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®Sµ²¢›Nµ²¡®ëOE¯‰±q®±.

 

 „¯ǵãS®¡®² N®²l® y¯äN®³q® S¯sµS®¡®ªå Š®Y›u® š®º¤y®Ù y®äN®Š®oS®¡¯Tîµ, C q®î®±â

ýµ¶ª‰±ºu® x‡®±±ÁOÙS®¡® N®²l® …oe®¡® oeµ²ºvNµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ. …oe®±q®Š®î¯T C®l®²

Kºu®Šµ²¡®Sµ²ºu®± ï±ý®äoSµ²ºmîµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý y®äs®N®ÊŠ®o ¯l®±î®¼u®± Aš®º„®î®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

N®©Þ, y®ºX®N®©Þ d°q®N®©Þ, Eq®ÙŠ¯u®㇮±w®, Bî®ý®ãN®, u®ý®îµ¶N¯ªN®, xþ°s® î®±q®±Ù î®ãî®oe¯Š® CS®¡®

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