y¯ä¯w®š®º¯u®°‡®±

 

bµ¶w®Š® H©å š®ºy®äu¯‡®±S®¡®ªå‡®±² š®î®±‡®± Hº… Š®²y®vºu® Cu®w®±Ý Bu®Š®vºu® N¯o±q¯ÙŠµ.

Cu®Š®ªå Bq®âw® S®±ou®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý xý®Ï‡®± î®±q®±Ù î®ãî®oe¯Š® u®³™ÔS®¢ºu® ïîµ°X®wµ ¯l®OE¯Tuµ

oe¯S®² Au®Š® š¯æ„¯ïN® î®±q®±Ù „¯ïN® y®‹prS®¡® š®±ºu®Š® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý Awµ°N® u®³Ç¯Ôºq®,

Eu¯oe®Š®nµ î®±q®±Ù Ey®îµ±S®¡® š®Ÿq® 415 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. y®äî®X®w® š¯Š®u® 275

S¯oeµS®¡®± b¯Ów®, bµÓ°‡®±, X¯‹q®ä Hº… oeµš®‹w® î®±²Š®± ý®²äq®š®Êºu®S®¡®ªå dq®î¯Tîµ.

Cu®Š®ªå BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®± Bq®âw® î®±²©S®±oî¯u® b¯Ów®u® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý š®²£®È⊮²y®vºu®

ïîµ°Y›u¯ÛŠµ. A©åuµ d°î®u® y®ärÙS®¡®± ý®±„®î¯S®±î®¼u®‹ºu® y®¼oã…ºu®w® ¯l®±î®ºs®î®½,

Aý®±„®î¯S®±î®¼u®‹ºu® y¯y®N®î®±Á …ºu®N®î®½, ý®±u®Üî¯S®±î®¼u®‹ºu® N®î®±Á…ºu®vºu®

î®±±N®ÙSµ²¢š®±î®ºs®î®½ BS®±q®Ùu®² oeµ°¢u¯ÛŠµ. bµÓ°‡®± q®q¯ævÃN¯Š®u®ªå S®±o oe¯S®²

y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±S®¡® „µ°u®, oe¯S®² î¯ãî®oe¯‹N® d°î®w®u®ªå BS®±î® Bq®â î®±q®±Ù y®¼u®Û©S®¡® š®º…ºu®u®

ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. X¯‹q¯ävÃN¯Š®u®ªå ý®äî®±oŠ® v°£µ î®±q®±Ù A® ¯w®›N® oe¯S®²

uµ¶ŸN® š¯u®wµS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý ïš®OE¯Tuµ. D y®äN¯Š® D S®äºs®î®¼ q®w®Ý oeµš®‹Sµ q®N®Êºqµ

 bµ¶w® y®äî®X®w® š¯Š®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. N®±ºu® N®±ºu®Š® Š®X®wµS®¡®ªå Cuµ²ºu®± S®äºs®u®

A„¯㚮- „¯ǯq®âN® î®±q®±Ù ïÇ®‡®¾¯q®âN® š®ºy¯u®w® î®±q®±Ù Au®ãw®S®¡®± - Bu®±xN®

š®w¯OEµ²°X®w¯q®âN® y®u®Ûr‰±ºu® Cªå‡®±î®ŠµSµ Bu®u®±Ûºh±.  

 y®ºX¯›ÙN¯‡®±u® 181 S¯sµS®¡®± HŠ®l®± ý®±äq®š®Êºu®u®ªå dq®Sµ²ºmîµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®±

ý®±äq®š®Êºu®î®¼ 111 S¯sµS®¡®ªå y®½oÁSµ²ºmuµ. Cu®Š®ªå BŠ®± u®äî®ãS®¡®ªå‡®± y®ºX¯›ÙN¯‡®±

As¯Áq¬ d°î®, y®¼u®Ì©, u®Á , Au®Á, î®±q®±Ù BN¯ý®S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý r¢›

oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®± Hºh± S¯oeµS®¡®± X®²ªN¯Š®²y®u®ªåîµ. CS®¡®ªå š¯î®¾¯w®ã Š®²y®vºu®

u®äî®ã î®±q®±Ù ïýµ°Ç®î¯T N¯©u® š®æŠ®²y®u® îµ±°OEµ‡®±± š®æ©Þ y®äN¯ý® †°Š®OE¯Tuµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±

ý®±äq®š®Êºu®î®¼ î®±oe¯ï°Š®xSµ w®î®±š¯ÊŠ® ¯l®±î® î®±ºS®© ýµ²å°N®vºu® y¯äŠ®º„®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå

Kº„®q®±Ù y®u¯s®ÁS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®u® îµ±°OEµ y®äN¯ý®î®w®±Ý †°Š®OE¯Tuµ. oe¯Sµ°‡µ±° u®ý®Áw®, b¯Ów®,

X¯‹qµäS®¢Sµ îµ²°£®î®¾¯S®Áu®± oeµ°¢, CS®¡®w®±Ý BX®‹š®±î®¼u®NµÊ KrÙ oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ.  

y®ºX¯›ÙN¯‡®±S®¡® š®î®±î¯‡®±w®NµÊ°wµ° OEµ°QN®w®± š®î®±‡®±îµºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. KiÔw®ªå q®w®Ý

Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý š®ºS®äoe® š®²q®ä (S¯oeµ 101, 180) Hºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ.  

 š®î®±š¯Š®, y®äî®X®w®š¯Š®, î®±q®±Ù y®ºX¯›ÙN¯‡®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ HŠ®l®± i°NµS®¡®±

š®±y®ä›u®Üî¯Tîµ. Kºu®± Aî®±³q®X®ºu®äš®²‹‡®±Š®u®±. Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± c‡®±šµ°w®w®u®±. Aî®±³q®X®ºu®äw®

ý®q®î®¾¯w® y®½î¯Áu®Áî¯Tuµ. c‡®±šµ°w®w®u®± oe®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Aºrî®± „¯S®îµºu®±

›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D HŠ®l®² i°NµS®¡®± …oe®¡® ïu®æq¬ y®½oÁî¯Tîµ. î®±²© S®äºs®S®¡®

Áî®w®±Ý bµ¶w® ›u¯ܺq®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® Awµ°N® ¯q®±S®¡®w®²Ý š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T r¢u®±Nµ²¡®ë©±

š®oe¯‡®±N®î¯S®±q®Ùîµ. Aî®±³q®X®ºu®ä š®î®±‡®±š¯Š® i°Nµ‡®±± ïýµ°Ç® î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ªå

A®± D S®äºs®NµÊ š®ºš¯Š®u® xcî¯u® š¯Š®î®w®±Ý y®äu®þÁš®±î® w¯hN®îµºu®± š®º„µ²vÛu¯Ûwµ.

Cu®‹ºu® D S®äºs® Kºuµ° A©å. E¢u® î®±²Š®± S®äºs®S®¢S®² š®oe® w¯hN® - q®ä‡®± Hºu®±

oeµš®Š®± y®äP¯ãq®î¯Tuµ. Bu®Šµ Š®X®wµ‡®± u®³™Ô‰±ºu® C w¯hN®S®¡¯T©å. Aî®±³q®X®ºu®äw®

š®î®±‡®±š¯Š® i°Nµ‡®±ªå …ºu® ýµ²å°N®S®¡® š®ºS®äoe®vºu® ' š®î®±‡®± š¯Š® N®©ý® ' Hº… oeµš®‹w®

š®æq®ºq®ä S®äºs®î®w®²Ý Š®²zš®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ ý®±„®X®ºu®ä N®³q® i°Nµ‡®±² Cuµ°. Cuµ°

 N®©ý®u® îµ±°OEµ Ÿºv‡®±ªå …w¯Š®›°u¯š®w®± q®w®Ý ' š®î®±š¯Š® w¯hN® ' … oeµš®‹w® Bu¯ãrâN®

 N¯î®ã‡®±w®±Ý Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ. Au®Š® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Aî®w®± ' w¯hN®' î®w®±Ý Lu®±q®Ù oeµ²u®ºqµ „¯T©î®¼

 qµŠµu®± †l®±q®Ùuµ' - Hºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. Aî®±³q® X®ºu®äŠ® HŠ®l®± š®æq®ºq®ä S®äºs®S®¡®² N®²l® Cîµ.

 Kºu®± ' y®¼Š®±Ç¯s®Á ›u®±ÜÉãy¯‡®± ' Hº…±u¯Tuµ. Cu®NµÊ y®äî®X®w® Š®oe®š®ã Nµ²°ý®îµºu®²

 oeµ°¡®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± q®q¯æs®Á š¯Š®î®¼. Cu®± q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®äu® y®u¯ãq®âN® Š®²y¯ºq®Š®î¯Tuµ.

 Cu®NµÊ „¯Ǯãu®Š®² š®©±åu®±. Nµ©îµ½ºu®± EOEµå°Q oe¯S®² Aî®q®Š®oS®¢ºu® A®uµ²ºu®±

 y¯äN®³q® y®u¯ãq®âN® S®äºs®î®¼ - …oe®±q®Š® ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®î®¼ CŠ®…oe®±uµºu®² FŸš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

 Bu®Šµ Au®± Cw®²Ý Ey®©…Üï©å.

 

 Aî®±³q®X®ºu®ä oe¯S®² c‡®±šµ°w®Š® i°NµS®¡®ªå î®±²Š®±Š¬ S®äºs®S®¡® S¯oeµS®¡® š®ºPµã‡®±²

†Ãw®Ý †Ãw®Ýî¯T N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Aî®±³q®X®ºu®äxSµ Aw®±š®‹› y®ºX¯›ÙN¯‡®±u®ªå 173  

š®î®±‡®±š¯Š®u®ªå 415 î®±q®±Ù y®äî®X®w®š¯Š®u®ªå 275 S¯îµS®¡®± Cîµ. c‡®±šµ°w®xSµ Aw®±š®‹›

AS®¡® š®ºPµã‡®±± N®äî®±vºu® 181,436 î®±q®±Ù 311 Hºvuµ.  

 D î®±²Š®± S®äºs®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ „¯©X®ºu®äuµ°î® N®³q® N®w®Ýl® i°NµS®¡®² š®oe® Cîµ. C 12

wµ‡®± 13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå …Šµ‡®±©ÞiÔîµ C c‡®±šµ°w®w® i°Nµ‰±ºu® y®ä„¯ïq®î¯Tîµ.

y®äî®X®w®š¯Š®u®ªå îµ±°OEµ y®ä„¯X®ºu®äŠ®± …Šµu® š®Šµ²°c - „¯š®ÊŠ® Hº… oeµš®‹w® i°Nµ‡®±² Cuµ.

Au®± š®±î®¾¯Š®± oe®vw¯©Êwµ°‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u¯ÛTuµ. Cu®± E¢u® i°NµS®¢Tºq® oeµX®±Ï š®º¤y®Ùî¯Tuµ.

N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® E¢u® N®³rS®¡® y®‹X®‡®±î®¼ X®Š®n¯w®±‡µ²°S® ïÇ®‡®±u® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå …Š®±q®Ùuµ.

 

 u®äî¯ãw®±‡µ²°S® ïÇ®‡®±u® š®ºš®öq® S®äºs®S®¡®± :-  

 E¯š¯ær‡®± q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®ävºu® š®ºš®öq®u®ªå u®äî¯ãw®±‡µ²°S® ïÇ®‡®±u® S®äºs®S®¡®

Š®X®wµSµ y¯äŠ®º„®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ xþÏq®ï©å . Cu®Š® îµ±°ªw® îµ²hÔ îµ²u®ªw®

i°N¯S®äºs®î®¼ Ju®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå Š®Yq®î¯u®vÛuµ. Au®‹ºu® î®±²© S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±±

Au®N®²Ê y®½î®Áu®ªå ‡®¾¯î¯S®OEµ²° Bu®vÛuµ. Cuµ²ºu®± Avæ°r‡®± S®äºs®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ

vS®º…Š® ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®î®‹…àŠ®² ïïu® y®ä­N¯Š®u® i°N¯ S®äºs®S®¡®w®±Ý Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ.

D S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±± š®²q®äŠ®²y®u®ªåuµ. Au®± oe®q®±Ù Au¯㇮±S®¡®ªå S®Sµ²ºmuµ.

îµ²u®©wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u® 33 š®²q®äS®¡®ªå š®î®±ãS®Üý®Áw¯v Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®±S®¡® EOEµå°Q ¯m,

š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®u® y®‹„¯ǵ, I¡®± q®q®æS®¡® w¯î®±xuµÁ°ý®, y®ä¯o î®±q®±Ù w®‡®±S®¡® EOEµå°Q oe¯S®²

î®±r, ý®±äq® îµ²u®OE¯u® Ju®± b¯Ów®S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý oeµ°¢uµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå 53

š®²q®äS®¢îµ. CS®¢ºu® d°î®S®¡® „µ°uµ²y®„µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý ï›uµ. î®±²Š®wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u® 38

š®²q®äS®¢ºu® Auµ²°OEµ²°N® î®±q®±Ù î®±u®ãOEµ²°N®u® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. w¯©Êwµ‡®±

­Au¯㇮±w®u® 42 š®²q®äS®¢ºu® uµ°î®OEµ²°N®î®w®±Ý î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. Ju®wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå BŠ®±

u®äî®ãS®¡®w®±Ý 42 š®²q®äS®¢ºu® ïš®OE¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ªå‡µ±° I¡®± q®q®æS®¡®ªå‡®± îµ²u®ªw® HŠ®l®±

q®q®æS®¡¯u® d°î® î®±q®±Ù Ad°î® q®q®æu® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®²Ý N®²l® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. BŠ®wµ‡®±

Bu¯㇮±u® 27 š®²q®äS®¢ºu® Bš®äî® q®q®æu® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý y®½oÁSµ²¢š®OE¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ªå  

y®‹n¯î®±S®¢ºu® BS®±î® y®¼oã y¯y®Š®²y® N®î®¾¯Áš®äî®u® î®oÁwµ‰±uµ I¡®wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå

AŸºš¯î¯v î®äq®S®¡®± oe¯S®² Au®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® „¯î®wµS®¡®w®±Ý 36 š®²q®äS®¡®ªå î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ.

Hºhwµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå N®î®±Á…ºu®u® ï±s¯ãu®ý®Áw¯v N¯Š®oS®¡®w®²Ý y®äN®³r ›Úr Bv

ïvÃS®¡®w®±Ý b¯Ów¯î®Š®p°‡®±îµ° îµ²u®OE¯u® Hºh± N®î®±ÁS®¡®w®²Ý AS®¡® Ey®„µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý

š®ÞÇ®ÔSµ²¢š®OE¯Tuµ. Kº„®q®Ùwµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå 47 š®²q®äS®¢ºu® Ÿºvw® N®î®±ÁS®¡®w®±Ý q®lµ‡®±±î®

Ey¯‡®± Š®²y® š®ºî®Š® oe¯S®² N®iÔu® N®î®±ÁS®¡®w®±Ý ïw¯ý®Sµ²¢š®±î® xcÁŠ¯ q®q®æS®¡®w®±Ý

r¢›Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. oe®q®Ùwµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u® Kº„®q®±Ù š®²q®äS®¢ºu® N®î®±Áu® £®î®±vºu®

 Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î® îµ²°£®u® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý ïš®OE¯Tuµ. D y®äN¯Š® YN®Ê YN®Ê 356 š®²q®äS®¢ºu®

 bµ¶w®u®Áu® î®±²©„®²q® I¡®± q®q®æS®¡® ïvÃy®½î®ÁN® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý D S®äºs®u®ªå î®±muµ.

 Cu®‹ºu® D S®äºs®NµÊ š®î®±š®Ù bµ¶w® ›u¯ܺq®u® y®¼ºcu®± oeµ°¡®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cuµ° N¯Š®ovºu® D

 S®äºs®î®¼ OEµ²N®z䇮±qµSµ oe¯S®² š®±ïš®Ùȳq® y®äX¯Š®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå

 Avæ°r‡®±îµx›uµ. vS®º…Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ uµ°î®w®ºv y®½cãî¯u® N®³q® ' š®î¯Ás®Á

›vÛ ' ( 5 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ), AN®©ºN® N®³q® ' q®q¯æs®Á Š¯cî¯rÁN® ' [ Hºhwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ]

 oe¯S®² ïu¯ãw®ºv N®³q® ' q®q¯æs®Á ýµ²å°N®î¯rÁN® ' (Lº„®q®Ùwµ°‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ). Cåuµ

 ýµæ°q¯º…Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå šµ²æ°y®cӄ¯Ǯã, î®±q®±Ù ›u®Üšµ°w® S®pN®³q® i°Nµ ( 8 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®

 )Cîµ. D i°NµS®¡® î®±²P¯ºq®Š® î®±²© S®äºs®u®ªå š®²q®äS®¢ºu® š®ºS®äoe®î¯T š®²Y›u®

 ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®²Ý Xµw¯ÝT ًš®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® oeµ²Š®q¯T‡®±² N®²l® D S®äºs®u® îµ±°OEµ Awµ°N®

 YN®Ê uµ²l®Ö i°N¯ S®äºs®S®¡®± CrÙY°w® N¯©u®ªå x¯Áoî¯Tîµ. q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®äu® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý

 q®Nµ²Êºl®± Au®NµÊ „¯Ǯãîµxš®±î®ºqµ y®u®ã S®äºs®S®¡®w®±Ý š®oe® Š®Yš®OE¯Tuµ. Cºs®î®¼S®¡®ªå Aî®±³q®

X®ºu®äš®²‹‡®± N®³q® q®q¯æs®Áš¯Š®î®¼ ïýµ°Ç® EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tuµ.

 

 w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±u® y¯äN®³q® bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ã :-  

 bµ¶w® BS®î®± š®î®±âq® q®q®æb¯Ów®u® u®³™Ô‡®±w®±Ý Awµ°N® y®äN¯Š®u® w¯ã‡®± ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå

¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Au®w®²Ý š¯ãu¯æu®, Awµ°N¯ºq®î¯u®, w®‡®±î¯u® îµ²u®OE¯u® oeµš®Š®±S®¢ºu®  

š®²Yš®OE¯S®±rÙq®Ùuµ. D w¯ã‡®± ýµ¶ªS®¡® EOEµë°Q š®±Þh Š®²y®vºu® bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå A©åªå

Bu®u®±Û N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ D ïÇ®‡®±u® îµ±°OEµ š®æq®ºq®ä S®äºs®S®¡®± w¯©Êwµ‡®± Ju®wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®ªå Š®Y›vÛ uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùîµ. bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±î®w®±Ý y¯äN®³q® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå y®äry¯u®w®

¯l®±î® H©åN®²Ê îµ²u®ªw® S®äºs®î®¼ ›u®ܚµ°w® N®³q® ' š®î®±â Cš®±q® ' ( š®w®Ýr As®î¯ š®î®±âr

q®N®Á ) As®î¯ š®w®Ýr y®äN®Š®oî¯Tuµ. š®w®Ýr N®q®ÁN®²Ê N®²l® vS®º…Š® oe¯S®² ýµæ°q¯º…Š®

š®ºy®äu¯‡®±S®¡µŠ®l®Š®ªå‡®±² BX¯‡®±ÁŠ® î®±w®Ýnµ‰±uµ; y®ä¯o S®äºs®îµºu®± ›æ°N®‹›u¯ÛŠµ.

Ç®g¬ Qºl¯S®©u® u® i°Nµ‡®±ªå Cu®Š® EOEµå°Q ©†Ãš®±q®Ùuµ.; Eu®ÜŠ®oS®¡®²

uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùîµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° î¯vŠ¯cw®² q®w®Ý y¯ý®æÁw¯s® X®‹q® [ ý®N® 947 ] u®ªå Cu®Š® î®±q®±Ù

Cu®Š® îµ±°ªw® š®w®Ýr (š®±î®±ruµ°î®) N®³q® ïrÙ‡®± EOEµå°Q ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® Š®X®w¯

N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý® w¯©Êwµ‡®± Ju®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå î®±²Š®± N¯ºl®S®¢îµ. Au®Š®ªå N®äî®±î¯T

54.43 î®±q®±Ù 69 As®î¯ 70 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ A„®‡®±uµ°î® N®³q® 25000 ýµ²å°N®

y®ä¯o ' q®q®æ„µ²°u® ïu¯‰±x ' Hº… i°Nµ‰±uµ. Cu®Š®ªå bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±u® bµ²qµ‡®±ªå‡µ±°

bµ¶w® u®ý®Áw®u® š®±ºu®Š® y®äry¯u®wµ‡®±² Cuµ. Cu®N®²Ê î®±±ºYw® î®±©åî¯v N®³q® i°Nµ‡®±

EOEµå°Q uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. y¯äN®³q®u®ªå š¯ãu¯æu® î®±q®±Ù w®‡®±u® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®±î®ºs®

Cwµ²Ý…à BX¯‡®±Áw®± uµ°î®šµ°w®w¯Tu¯Ûwµ. Cî®w®± oe®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®w®±. Cî®w® HŠ®l®±

N®³rS®¡®± Ey®©…Üî¯Tîµ. Kºu®± " ©U®± w®‡®±X®N®ä ". Cu®Š®ªå 87 S¯oeµS®¢ºu® u®äî¯ãtÁN®

î®±q®±Ù y®‡®¾¯ÁtÁN® D HŠ®l®± oe¯S®² AS®¡® wµ¶S®î®¾¯v Kº…q®±Ù w®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý

„µ°uµ²°y®„µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý Eu¯oe®Š®nµ š®Ÿq® r¢›Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Cî®w® Cwµ²Ýºu®± N®³r‡®±± …³oe®w®

w®‡®±X®N®äî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå 423 S¯oeµS®¢îµ. Cu®Š®ªå w®‡®± î®±q®±Ù x£µ°y®S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý

ي®î¯T ïîµ°Yš®OE¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®u® Nµ²wµ‡®± 6 - 7 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå OEµ°Qw®± Kºu®±

î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî¯u® š®ºS®r‡®±w®±Ý oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. BŠ®º„®u®ªå Aî®w®± ; u®î®æ - š®oe¯î® - y®‡®¾¯š® '

(u®äî®ã š®æ„Â¯î® y®äN¯ý® ) Hº… oeµš®‹xºu® D S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý uµ²°oe¯ …ºu®u®ªå

¯mu®Ûw®±. Bu®Šµ Aî®w® ï±q®äw¯u® ý®±„®ºN®Š®w®± Cu®w®±Ý Nµ°¢ w®N®±Ê w®±mu®w®± - ' D ïÇ®‡®±î®¼

D Z®ºu®u®ªå ýµ²°†Ãš®±î®¼v©å ; Cu®w®±Ý S¯oeµS®¡® Š®²y®u®ªå Š®Yš®±.' Ÿ°S¯T Au®w®±Ý Aî®w®  

¯C©å - u® Hº… oeµš®‹w® þÇ®ãw®± S¯oeµS®¡® Š®²y®u®ªå y®‹î®rÁ› †hÔw®±. š¯ãu¯æu® î®±q®±Ù

w®‡®±î¯u®u® š®æŠ®²y®, AS®¡® y¯‹„¯™N® Š®²y®u®ªå î®ãî®›Úq®î¯T r¢u®±Nµ²¡®ëªNµÊ uµ°î® šµ°w®w®

D N®³rS®¡®± …oe®± Ey®‡®±±N®Ùî¯Tîµ. Cî®w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±ý® Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± Š®X®wµ‡®±± ' BOE¯y® -

y®u®Ûr ' Hº…±u¯Tuµ. Cu®± š®ºš®öq® S®u®ãu®ªå Cuµ. bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±u®ªå š®Š®¡® Š®²y®vºu® y®äîµ°ý®

oeµ²ºu®ªNµÊ D YN®Ê S®äºs® …oe®¡® š®oe¯‡®±N®îµºu®± ›u®Ûî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® Š®X®wµ‡®±± w®‡®±X®N®äu®

q®Š®±î¯‡®± w®‡®±S®¡® š®±„µ²°u® î¯ãP¯ãw® Š®²y®u®ªå BTuµ.

 

 w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±u® š®ºš®öq® bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ã :-  

bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±u® D y¯äY°w® ýµ¶ª‡®±w®±Ý y®‹y®¼Ç®ÔSµ²¢›u® ýµä°‡®±î®¼ BX¯‡®±Á š®î®±ºq®„®u®äxSµ

(5 wµ‡®± 6 wµ‡®± ) ý®q®î®¾¯w®) Cuµ. Cî®w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® By®Ùﱰ¯ºš¯ (11

ýµ²å°N® ) S®äºs®NµÊ uµ°î¯S®î®± šµ²ô°q®äu®² oeµš®‹uµ. Cî®w® Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± N®³r‡®±± ' ‡®±±N¯ñw®±

ý¯š®w® ' (64 ýµ²å°N®î®¼) D HŠ®l®² N®³rS®¡®² Ey®©…Üïuµ. H®l®± N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý š®±ÙrS®¡®

Š®²y®u®ªå Š®Yš®OE¯Tuµ. CS®¡®ªå ïÇ®‡®±u® Foe¯yµ½°oe®î®w®²Ý Qºl®w® - î®±ºl®w®î®w®²Ý

š¯ãu®æu®u® š®y®Ù„®ºT° oe¯S®² w®‡®±S®¡® Bý®ä‡®±vºu® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. A®ªå ïýµ°Ç®î¯T

IN¯ºq®î¯u®u® Qºl®w®î®w®²Ý ¯m, Awµ°N¯ºq¯î¯u®î®w®±Ý y®¼™Ô°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ. Cuµ°

Awµ°N¯ºq®î¯u®u® Bu¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ ‡®±±N®ñw®±ý¯š®u®ªå î®±oe¯ï°Š®w® ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý š®îµ½Á°u®‡®±

r°s®Áu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. vS®º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå D S®äºs®NµÊ …oe®¡® S¹Š®î® š¯Úw®ïuµ. Cu®Š®

îµ±°OEµ ي®î¯u® i°N¯ S®äºs®S®¡®² N®±l® x¯Áoî¯Tîµ. H©åN®²Ê y¯äY°w®î¯u® i°Nµ‡®±±

„®g¯ÔN®©ºN® N®³q® AÇ®Ôý®r° Hº…±u¯Tuµ. Cu®w®±Ý Bq®âš¯q¬ ¯mNµ²¡®±ëq®Ù ïu¯ãw®ºv

BX¯‡®±Áw®± q®w®Ý AÇ®Ô š®oe®›ä° Hº… i°N¯ S®äºs®î®w®±Ý Š®Y›u®w®±. D i°NµSµ By®Ùﱰ¯ºš¯

©ºN®³r î®±q®±Ù uµ°î¯S®î®¾¯©ºN®³r Hº… oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± š®oe® N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùîµ. E¢u® Nµ©î®¼ i°NµS®¡®±

®±w®ºv N®³q¯ uµ°î¯S®î®±î®³rÙ (10 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) oe¯S®² ©U®± š®î®±ºq®„®u®ä N®³q® AÇ®Ô

š®oe®›ä° ïǮy®u® - q¯q®ÞŠ®ã i°N¯ (13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) C Cîµ. Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± Ey¯u¯㇮±

‡®±ýµ²°ïc‡®± N®³q® iy®Þnµ‡®±² Ey®©…Üïuµ. ‡®±±N®ñw®±ý¯š®w®u® îµ±°OEµ ïu¯ãw®ºv° BX¯‡®±Á  

N®³q® i°Nµ‡µ²ºu®² N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. D i°Nµ‡®± y®äš¯Ùî®wµ‡®±ªå, š®î®±ºq® „®u®äš¯æﱇ®±± "

By®Ùﱰ¯ºšµ‡®±ªå ' Aw®ã‡µ²°S® - î®ãî®XµÐ°u®' u® î®±²©N® r°s®ÁºN®Š® „®S®î¯w¬w®w®±Ý

î®ã¯Úzq®Sµ²¢›u®w®± ; B îµ±°OEµ ‡®±±N®ñw®±ý¯š®w®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±w®²Ý¯mu®w®± " - Hºu®±

oeµ°¢uµ. Cu®‹ºu® w®î®±Sµ B HŠ®l®± S®äºs®S®¡® Š®X®w¯ N®ä r¢u®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. ïu¯ãw®ºv‡®±±

Cªå ‡®¾¯î® EuµÛ°ý®vºu® Aw®ã‡µ²°S® - î®ãî®XµÐ°u® y®u®î®w®²Ý By®Ùﱰ¯ºlµ‡®± š®º…ºu®u®ªå

y®ä‡µ²°T›u¯Ûwµ‡µ²° Au®Š® y®ä„¯î®î®¼ î®±±ºvw® N¯©u®ªå …oe®¡®î¯‰±q®±. oeµ°î®±X®ºu®äw®ºq®²

q®w®Ý Kºu®± š®²ÙrŠ®²y® Š®X®wµSµ Cuµ° oeµš®Š®w®±Ý CiÔu¯Ûwµ. Au®Š® îµ±°OEµ î®±ªåǵ°ow®± š¯ãu¯æu®

î®±c‹° Hº… i°Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …Šµu®w®±. q®w®Ý Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± š®±ÙrŠ®²y® S®äºs®NµÊ oeµ°î®±X®ºu®äw®± '

A‡µ²°S® î®ãî®XµÐ°vN¯ ' Hº… oeµš®Š®w®±Ý Nµ²hÔw®±. š®î®±q® „®u®äw®± Š®Y›u® d°î®›vÜ î®±q®±Ù

q®q¯æw®±ý¯š®w® Hº… CwµÝ°Š®l®± S®äºs®S®¡®± CŠ®„µ°N®± AS®¡® oeµš®‹w® EOEµå°Q ©†Ã°š®±q®Ùuµ.

S®äºs®S®¡®± uµ²Šµr©å.  

 š®ºš®öq®u®ªå bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ š®º¤y®Ùq®î®± Š®X®wµ‡®±± ›u®Üšµ°w® N®³q® w¯ã‡®¾¯î®q¯Š®î®¼

Ey®©…Üî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå y®äq®ã£®, Aw®±î®¾¯w® îµ²u®OE¯u® y®ä¯o „µ°u®S®¡® y®äry¯u®wµ‰±ºu®

bµ¶w®w¯ã‡®±OEµå Kºu®± oeµ²š® rŠ®±î®w®²Ý Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®N®²Ê y®½î®Áu®ªå y®ä¯oŠ®²y®u®ªå

î®±r, ý®±äq®, Aî®vÃ, î®±w®» y®‡®±Á‡®± î®±q®±Ù Nµ°î®© D Ju®± b¯Ów®„µu®S®¡®w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯S®±rÙq®±Ù.

CS®¡®ªå îµ²u®ªw®îµŠ®l®± y®Šµ²°£® î®±q®±Ù E¢°u®±î®¼ î®±±Š®± y®äq®ã£® Hºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tq®±Ù.

Cu®N®Êw®±š®‹› Cºv䇮±cw®ã š®î®±š®Ù b¯Ów®î®¼ y®Šµ²°£®îµºu®± r¢‡®±±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. Bu®Šµ vN® î®±q®±Ù

„¹u®Ü y®Š®ºy®ŠµSµ Aw®±š®‹› w¯ã‡®± ý¯š®ôS®¡®ªå Cºv䇮± î®±q®±Ù y®u¯s®ÁS®¡® š®xÝN®Ç®Ávºu®

Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î® b¯Ów®N®²Ê N®²l® y®äq®ã£®îµºu®± r¢u®± î®±±w®Ýlµ‡®±OE¯Tuµ. D b¯Ów®NµÊ …oe®±q®Š®î¯T

dw®„®u®äS®p‡®±± q®w®Ý ïýµ°Ç®î®ý®ãN® „¯Ǯãu®ªå îµ²hÔ îµ²u®© š®© y®Šµ²°£® Hw®±Ýî® š¯Úw®u®ªå '

š¯ºî®ãî®oe¯Š®N® y®äq®ã£® ' u®± š®ºbµÓ‡®±w®±Ý x°mu®±Ûºh±. Cuµ° Bu¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ q®Š®±î¯‡®±

w¯ã‡®±S®äºs®S®¡®ªå y®ä¯oî®w®±Ý y®äq®ã£® Aw®±î®¾¯w® î®±q®±Ù ý®…Û D î®±²Š®± As®î¯

Ey®î®¾¯w®î®w®²Ý šµ°‹› w¯©±Ê „µu®S®¡®ªå ï„®d› ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®©± y¯äŠ®º†Ã›u®±Ûºh±.

w¯ã‡®¾¯î®q¯Š®u®ªå Kh±Ô 32 N¯‹NµS®¡®± Cîµ. CS®¢ºu® îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® î®±²Š®±

y®ä¯oS®¡®w®²Ý š®ºS®äoe®î¯T y®äry¯vš®OE¯Tuµ. Cuµ° ïÇ®‡®±u® ي®î®¼, w¯ã‡®¾¯î®q¯Š®

oe®‹„®u®ä š®²‹N®³q® ( 8 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® rÙ, ›u®Û™ÁS®p°N®³q® [ 10 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®] i°N¯,

oe¯S®² uµ°î®„®u®äš®²‹ N®³q® (12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) iy®ÞnµS®¡®ªå w®î®±Sµ N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.

ý¯ºrš®²‹‡®±± [ 11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®] w¯ã‡®¾¯î®q¯Š®u® y®äs®î®± N¯‹Nµ‡®± îµ±°OEµ š®i°N¯ y®u®ã

…ºu® î¯rÁN®î®w®±Ý Š®Y›u¯Ûwµ. Cuµ° y®äs®î®± N¯‹Nµ‡®± îµ±°OEµ dwµ°ý®æŠ®š®²‹‡®±± [ 11 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w® ] q®w®Ý y®u®ã…ºu® y®ä¯©£®o Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®î®w®±Ý …Šµu®w®± ; š®æq®» Au®Š® îµ±°OEµ

î¯ãPµã‡®±w®²Ý N®²l® xï±Á›u®Ûw®±.  

 bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±NµÊ AN®©ºN®w® Nµ²l®±Sµ‡®±± …oe®± î®±oe®q®æy®½oÁî®u®±u¯Tîµ. Awµ°N® þ°OE¯OEµ°Q

oe¯S®² y®äý®›ÙS®¡® Bu¯Š®vºu® AN®©ºN®w® N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý® Hºhwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® Eq®ÙŠ¯u®Á ;

ïýµ°Ç®î¯T Oä.ý®. 720 - 780 Hºu®± ›u®Üî¯Tuµ. Aî®w®± q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®ä oe¯S®²

By®Ùﱰ¯ºš¯ S®äºs®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ …Šµu® i°NµS®¡® EOEµå°Qî®w®²Ý îµ±°OEµ ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. B

S®äºs®S®¡®ªå w®î®±Sµ K…à …oe®± uµ²l®Ö wµ¶‡®¾¯‰±N®w® q®N®Á ýµ¶ª‡®± š®ÞÇ®Ô u®ý®Áw®î®¼ BS®±q®Ùuµ.

AN®©ºN®w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±u® w¯©±Ê N®³rS®¡®± Ey®©…Üî¯Tîµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®± N®³r‡®¾¯u®

©V°‡®±š®ô‡®±u®ªå y®ä¯o y®äîµ°ý®, w®‡®±y®äîµ°ý®, y®äî®X®w® - y®äîµ°ý® Hº… oeµš®‹w® î®±²Š®±

y®äN®oS®¢îµ C îµ²u®©± î®±²Š®± š®æq®ºq®ä S®äºs®S®¢u®Û. î®±±ºuµ î®±²Š®w®²Ý IN®räq®

S®ätq®Sµ²¢› ©V°‡®±š®ô‡®±îµº… oeµš®‹xºu® y®ä›vÜš®OE¯‰±q®±. y®ä¯o, w®‡®± î®±q®±Ù x£µ°y®

D î®±²Š®w®²Ý q¯rÁN® ýµ¶ª‰±ºu® Kq®ÙiÔSµ ïš®±î® S®äºs®î®¼ Cuµ° îµ²u®ªw®u¯Tuµ. D

S®äºs®u®ªå Aî®w®± y®äq®ã£®u® š®æq®ºq®ä ©£®oî®w®²Ý ›ÚŠ®Sµ²¢›u®w®± (1,3) q¯rÁN® µS®ªåxºu®

£®pN®î¯u®u® Qºl®w® ¯mu®w®±. (2,3) q®N®Áu® ïÇ®‡®±, š®æŠ®²y®, Ey®‡µ²°S®

îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®±Ý ›ÚŠ¯Sµ²¢›u®w®± ; Cq¯ãv. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ š®æq®» N®q®Á³xw®uµ° ïrÙ Hº…

oeµš®‹w® i°Nµ‡®±± uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±OEµ‡µ±° y®ä„¯X®ºu®äw®± ©V°‡®± š®ô‡®¾¯©ºN¯Š® Hº…

oeµš®‹w® ي®î¯u® i°Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …Šµu®w®±. Au®± w¯ã‡®± N®±î®±±u® X®ºu®ä Hºu®± y®ä›u®Üïuµ. Cu®±

bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±u® …oe®± uµ²l®Ö y¯ä¯pN® S®äºs®îµºu®± î®±w®ÝnµSµ y¯q®äî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý®.

11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u¯ÛTuµ. AN®©ºN®w® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± S®äºs®î®¼ " w¯ã‡®±ïxý®Ï‡®± " Hºvuµ. Cu®Š®  

îµ±°OEµ‡®±² N®²l® š®æq®» OEµ°QN®w®± rÙ‡µ²ºu®w®±Ý …Šµvu¯Ûwµ. î®±²©å Š®X®wµ‡®± š®æq®ºq®ä

y®är‡®±± ‡®¾¯î®¼u®² ©„®ãï©å. Bu®Šµ Au®Š® Eu¯ÛŠ®î®w®²Ý î¯vŠ¯cš®²‹‡®±± (13 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®) Š®Y›u® Au®Š® îµ±°ªw® ï®o Hº… i°N¯S®äºs®vºu® ¯l®…oe®±u¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå

y®äq®ã£®, Aw®±î®¾¯w® î®±q®±Ù y®äî®X®w® Hº… oeµš®‹w® î®±²Š®± y®äN®Š®oS®¢îµ. CS®¡® q®±©wµ‡®±w®±Ý

›u®Ûšµ°w®w®± w¯ã‡®¾¯î®q¯Š®u®ªå š¯Úz›u® y®äq®ã£®, Aw®±î®¾¯w® î®±q®±Ù ý®±äq® oe¯S®² „¹u®Û

S®äºs®N¯Š®w¯u® u®ÁO°rÁ‡®± y®äq®ã£®, š¯æs¯Áw®±î®¾¯w® î®±q®±Ù y®Š¯s¯Áw®±î®¾¯S®¡µ²l®wµ

¯l®±î®¼u®± ‡µ²°S®ãî¯Tuµ. î®±²Š®wµ‡®± N®³r‡®¾¯u® ' ›vÛïxý®Ï‡®± ' u®ªå y®äq®ã£®›vÛ ,

y®ä¯n¯ºq®Š® ›vÛ î®±q®±Ù d°î®›vÛ îµ²u®OE¯u® oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± y®äš¯Ùî®S®¢ºu® y®ä¯o, w®‡®±

x£µ°y®S®¡® ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ Aw®ºq®ï°‡®±ÁN®³q® (11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®)

ي®î¯u® i°Nµ‰±uµ. Dq®w® w¯©Êwµ‡®± S®äºs®î®¼ š®ºS®äoe® Hº…±u¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® 87 - 88

N¯‹NµS®¡®± Kº„®q®±Ù y®äš¯Ùî®S®¡®ªå dq®Sµ²ºmîµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ N®q®³îµ° Š®Y›u® rÙ‡®±²

Cuµ. Au®± S®u®ãﱧq® ýµ¶ª‡®±ªåuµ. Cu®Š®ªå y®äq®ã£®, Aw®±î®¾¯w® îµ²u®OE¯u® š®æŠ®²y®, oeµ°q®±

oe¯S®² oeµ°q¯æ„¯š®S®¡® xŠ®²y®oïuµ. A©åuµ î¯u®u® ©£®o, š®y®Ù„®ºT - î®±q®±Ù wµ¶S®î®¾¯v I¡®±

w®‡®±S®¡® N®s®w®, KiÔw®ªå y®ä¯o, w®‡®± î®±q®±Ù x£µ°y¯S®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý …oe®± y¹äl® oe¯S®²

S®º†Ã°Š® ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®w®±Ý Aî®OEµ²°O›u®Šµ Cuµ° AN®©ºN®w® Aºrî®±

N®³r‡®¾¯TŠ®„µ°Nµºu®± r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ Aw®ºq®ï°‡®±Á N®³q® ' y®ä¯oš®ºS®äoe® „¯Ǯã '

As®î¯ ' y®ä¯oš®ºS®äoe® - A©ºN¯Š®N¯ i°N¯ ' Ey®©…Üïuµ. D S®äºs®S®¢ºu® AN®©ºN®w®

bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±î®w®²Ý …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô y®¼™ÔSµ²¢›u®w®±. Au®NµÊ EX®Ï y®ärǵՇ®±w®±Ý š®ºy¯v› Nµ²hÔw®±.

 AN®©ºN®w® q®Š®±î¯‡®± bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±N® š¯Ÿq®ãî®w®±Ý ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu®

y®‹yµ½°™›u® ýµä°‡®±š®±é BX¯‡®±Á ïu¯ãw®ºvTuµ. Cî®w® N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý®. 775 ‹ºu® 840 Š®

µTw®uµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cî®w® Š®X®wµS®¡®± HŠ®l®± ïu®î¯T Cu®±Ûu®± N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ.

y®½î®ÁN¯©u® î®±oe®q®æu® šµ¶u¯ÛºrN® S®äºs®S®¡® îµ±°ªw® i°N¯ S®äºs®S®¡®± Kºu®±

y®äN¯Š®î¯u®±î¯u®Šµ Aî®w® š®æq®ºq®ä N®³rS®¡®± Nµ©î®¼. Aî®w® E¯š¯ær‡®± q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®äu®

îµ±°ªw® ' ýµ²å°N® î¯rÁN® ' Hº… oeµš®‹w® i°Nµ‡®±² š®î®±ºq®„®u®äw® ‡®±±N®ñw®±ý¯š®u® i°Nµ‡®±²  

oe¯S®² By®Ùﱰ¯ºšµ‡®± îµ±°ªw®Ý ' AǮԚ®oe®›ä° ; i°Nµ‡®±² y®ä›u®Üî¯Tîµ. CS®¡®w®±Ý Ÿºuµ

‡®±s¯š¯Úw®u®ªå EOEµå°Rš®OE¯Tuµ. D i°N¯ S®äºs®S®¡®ªå‡®±² š®oe® Aî®w® šµ¶u¯ÜºrN®

y®är„µ°‡®±² w¯ã‡®±u® q®N®Áýµ¶ª‡®± u®ý®Áw®î®¼ oeµbµÑ oeµbµÑS®² BS®±q®Ùuµ. Cî®w® w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±u®

š®æq®ºq®ä S®äºs®S®¡®± By®Ùy®‹°£¯, y®ä¯o y®‹°£¯, y®q®ä y®‹°£¯ î®±q®±Ù š®q®ãý¯š®w® y®‹°£¯ Hºu®±

w¯©±Ê Cîµ. By®Ù y®‹°£µ°‡®±w®±Ý š®î¯Ás®Á›vÛ‡®± ; îµ²°£¯ ¯S®Áš®ã wµ°ºq¯Š® ' îµ²u®OE¯u®

y®äs®î®± ýµ²å°N®S®¡® „¯Ǯ㊮²y®u®ªå …Š®‡®±OE¯Tuµ. ïu¯ãw®ºv‡®±± q®w®Ý y®ä¯o y®‹°£¯v

S®äºs®S®¡®ªå Ey®‡µ²°T›u® î®oÁw®‡®± ýµ¶©‡®±± Au®N®Êw®±š®‹› y®äry¯vš®±î® Aw®ãS®äºs®S®¡®

î¯ãP¯ã Š®²y®u®ªå C©å ; Bu®Šµ ïÇ®‡®±î®w®²Ý ïš®±î® u¯Š¯î¯Ÿ‡®¾¯u® š®æq®ºq®ä

ýµ¶ª‡®¾¯Tuµ. D H©å S®äºs®S®¡®ªå N®q®Á³î®¼ AN®©ºN®w® w¯ã‡®±î®w®±Ý î®±q®±Ù oeµX¯ÏT

y®‹î®¾¯dÁq®Sµ²¢› y®äN¯þš®±î®ºqµ ¯mu¯Ûwµ. Aî®w® Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± S®äºs®î®¼ î®±oeµ²°u®‡®±

Hº…±u®±. Cu®Š® EOEµå°Q q®q¯æs®Á ýµ²å°N®î¯rÁN®u®ªå oe¯S®² î¯vuµ°î® š®²‹‡®¾¯ '

š¯ãu¯æu® Š®q¯ÝN®Š® ; u®ªå uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ Au®± Cw®²Ý Ey®©…Üî¯T©å.  

 ïu¯ãw®ºv‡®± q®Š®±î¯‡®± ïýµ°Ç® EOEµå°Qx°‡®± wµ¶‡®¾¯‰±N®Š®± Aw®ºq® O°rÁ (10 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) î®±q®±Ù ¯pN®ãw®ºv (11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) C®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q¯ÙŠµ. Aw®ºq®O°rÁ‡®±

' …³oe®q¬ š®î®ÁcÓ ›vÜ ' î®±rÙ ©U®± š®î®ÁcÓ ›vÜ ' S®¡µº… HŠ®l®± N®³rS®¡®± y®äN®hî¯T †iÔîµ.

¯pN®ãw®ºv N®³q® y®‹°£¯î®±±Qu®ªå w®î®±Sµ Aw®±î®¾¯w® y®ärb¯Ó , oeµ°q®± , u®³Ç¯Ôºq® Ey®w®‡®±w®

î®±q®±Ù xS®î®±w® D Ju®± A®±î®S®¡® y®ä‡µ²°S®u® ›æ°N®³r‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. (3, 27-46)

Cªå Aw®±y®©†ÜSµ Kºu®± ¯q®ä y®ärǵ°u®å Bu®Šµ ïvà - xǵ°u® HŠ®l®w®²Ý š¯u®N®îµºu®±

oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. (3, 57 îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼) D S®äºs®î®¼ y®ä„¯X®ºu®äN®³q® ' y®äîµ±°‡®± N®î®±© -

¯q®Áºl® ' Hº… oeµš®‹w® i°Nµ‰±ºu® ïýµ°Ç® y®äP¯ãq®î¯Tuµ. y®ä„¯X®ºu®äN®³q® ' w¯ã‡®± N®±î®±±u®

X®ºu®ä ' Hº… S®äºs®u® EOEµå°Qî®w®²Ý DS¯S®OEµ° ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. y®ä„¯X®ºu®äw® N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý®.

11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. 12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå Aw®ºq®ï°‡®±Áw®± '

y®äîµ±°‡®±Š®q®Ý¯OE¯ ' 15 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå u®Á„®²Ç®o ' w¯ã‡®±v°zN¯ ' ïî®±©u¯š®w®±

'š®y®Ù„®ºT° q®Š®ºTp ', ý®±„®X®ºu®äw®± ' š®ºý®‡®±î®u®w® ïu¯Š®o ' oe¯S®² Awµ°N® BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®±  

Ÿºvw® S®äºs®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ i°Nµ, rÙ, iy®ÞnµS®¡® Š®²y®u®ªå š®æq®ºq®ä y®äN®Š®oS®¡®w®±Ý …Šµu®±

š®ºš®öq®u®ªå w¯ã‡®±ý¯š®ôu® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý 17 - 18 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡® µSµ

y®äX®ªq®Sµ²¢›u®Š®±; î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® Au®㇮±w® - Au¯ãy®w®S®¡®w®±Ý Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ® š®Š®¡® î®±q®±Ù

š®±„µ²°u®Sµ²¢š®©± y®ä‡®±q®Ý ¯mu®Š®±.

 

 ‡®¾¯î® y®äN¯Š® vS®º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå îµ±°OEµ ï›u®ºqµ w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±u® S®äºs®S®¡®

Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯‰±qµ²°, Auµ° ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå‡®±² ›u¯Üšµ°w®w® q®Š®±î¯‡®± š®ºš®öq®u®ªå

w¯w¯ w¯ã‡®± ïÇ®‡®±N® S®äºs®S®¡® Š®X®wµ‡®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± 18 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® µSµ w®lµu®±

…ºu®±u®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. î®±±Qã wµ¶‡®¾¯‰±N®Š®± î®±q®±Ù A® S®äºs®S®¡®± D y®äN¯Š® Cîµ :-

î®±©åî¯v‡®±± BŠ®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå ; u¯æu®ý¯Š® w®‡®± X®N®ä' Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®u®

Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯mu®w®±. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ ›ºoe®š®²‹°S®p‡®± rÙ‡®±² Cuµ. Cuµ° rÙ‡®±

Bu¯Š®vºu®OEµ° D S®äºs®u® Eu¯ÜŠ®Sµ¶‡®±OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå ›u®Üšµ°w®w® Eu®ÜŠ®oS®¡®²

N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° „®q®Á³oe®‹ î®±q®±Ù vWw¯S®Š® î®±q®S®¡® EOEµå°Q N®²l® BTuµ. D

w®‡®±X®N®äu® Nµ©îµ½ºu®± Eu®ÜŠ®oS®¡®± AN®©ºN®w® q®q¯æs®Áî¯tÁN®u®ªå‡®±² N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùîµ.

Hºhwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå oe®‹„®u¯äX¯‡®±Áw®± Nµ°î®© bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±î®w®Ýǵ԰ A©å, bµ¶w®

›u¯Üºq®î®w®²Ý š®oe® q®w®Ý ïy®¼© N®³rS®¢ºu® y®‹y®¼Ç®ÔSµ²¢›u®w®±. Au®Š®ºqµ N®s¯ š¯Ÿq®ãî®w®²Ý š®oe®

Š®Y›u®w®±. Aî®w® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå Awµ°N¯ºq® c‡®±y®q¯N¯ (šµ²æ°y®cÓ î®³rÙ š®Ÿq®) ' Awµ°N¯ºq®î¯u®

y®äîµ°ý® ' oe¯S®² š®î®ÁcÓ›vÛ ' C bµ¶w® w¯ã‡®±u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tîµ.  

 Awµ°N¯ºq® c‡®±y®q¯N¯u®ªå BŠ®± AvÃN¯Š®S®¢îµ. AS®¡®ªå N®äî®±î¯T š®u®š®u¬ Š®²y® -

®±Ù, xq¯ãxq®ã ®±Ù, š¯î®¾¯w®ã - ïýµ°Ç®, B†ÃOE¯y¯ã w®†ÃOE¯y®ã, ‡µ²°S¯X¯Š® î®±q® î®±q®±Ù

î®±±OÙ D ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ S®º†Ã°Š®î®½ ïš®Ùȳq®î®½ BS®±î®ºqµ w¯ã‡®±ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå ïîµ°X®w®ïuµ.

îµ±°ªw® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®ªå ‡µ²°S¯X¯Š® î®±q® Kºu®w®±Ý¢u®± E¢u® Ju®± xï±Ç®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ

oe®‹„®u®äw®± ' Awµ°N¯ºq®î¯u® - y®äîµ°ý® ' Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®î®w®±Ý š®ºš®öq®u®ªå …Šµvu¯Ûwµ.

Au®± „¯ǵ, ýµ¶ª, ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® Awµ°N¯ºq® c‡®±y®q¯N¯u® š®º¤y®ÙŠ®²y®îµºu®±  

N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. D S®äºs®î®¼ Kºu®± iy®Þnµ š®Ÿq® y®äN®hî¯Tuµ. [ y¯hw® 1912 ] Cî®w® '

AÇ®Ôy®Š®N®Š®o ' Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®u®ªå Hºgµºh² y®u®ãS®¡® 32 y®äN®oŠ®S®¢îµ. Cu®Š®ªå

Aq®âxq®ãî¯u®, £®pN®î¯u®, xq®ãxq¯ã îµ²u®OE¯u® ïǹAS®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®

îµ±°OEµ dwµ°ý®æŠ® š®²‹‡®±± [ 11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ] …Šµu® i°Nµ‰±uµ. D i°Nµ‡®±ªå Nµ©îµ½ºu®±

Aºý® y¯äN®³q®u®ªåuµ. Au®Š® š®ºš®öq® Š®²y¯ºq®Š®î®w®²Ý i°N¯N¯Š®w® þÇ®ãw¯u®

A„®‡®±uµ°î®w®š®²‹‡®±± ¯mu¯Ûwµ. Aî®w® E¢u® u¯ý®ÁxN® Š®X®wµS®¡®± Cºrîµ :- Ç®l¬u®ý®Áw®

- š®î®±±X®Ï‡®±, ý¯š®ô î¯q¯Áš®î®±±X®Ï‡®± [š®i°N® ], u®Áš®ºS®äoe®p°, q®q®æq®Š®ºTp° î®±q®±Ù

y®Š®OEµ²°N® ›vÛ îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®±. u®Áš®ºS®äoe®u®ªå 1396 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. AS®¢ºu®

u®Áu® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý x£µ°y®S®¡® î®±±P¯ºq®Š® y®äŠ®²y®n¯ ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. y®äš®ºS®î®ý®î¯T

Qºl®î®w®² š®oe® …ºvuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ î®±©‡®±T‹ N®³q® š®ºš®öq® i°Nµ‡®±² Ey®©…Üïuµ. Cî®w®

‡µ²°S® ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® ‡µ²°S®†ºu®±, ‡µ²°S®u®³™Ô, š®î®±X®Ï‡®±, ‡µ²°S® ý®q®N®,

‡µ²°S®ïºý®rN¯ [ïºþq® ïºþN¯u®ªå 17 wµ‡®± ïºþN¯ ] oe¯S®² ǵ²l®ý®N® [ 15 wµ‡®±

oe®vw¯Š®wµ‡®± ǵ²°l®ý®N® ] Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®S®¡®± y¯q®ºc© ‡µ²°S®ý¯š®ôu® q®±©w¯q®âN®î¯T

‡µ²°S® ïÇ®‡®±u® b¯Ów® ي®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® - Au®㇮±w® ¯l®©± ‡µ²°S®ãî¯Tuµ. Aw®ãî®±q®S®¡®

ïîµ°X®wµ‡®± u®³™Ô‰±ºu® Cî®w® ' væcî®u®w®X®yµ°g¯ ' Hº… oeµš®‹w® S®äºs®î®¼

EOEµå°Qx‡®±î¯Tuµ. Cî®w®± „¹u®ÜX¯‡®±Á vS¯ÝS®w® ( 5 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) w¯ã‡®± y®äîµ°ý®u®

îµ±°OEµ q¯w®± ‰±°Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …Šµu®±, î®±²©S®äºs®u® ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý ي® Š®²y®u®ªå

š®±š®ÞÇ®ÔSµ²¢›u®w®±. A©åuµ B S®äºs®vºu® bµ¶w® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå „¹u®Ü w¯ã‡®±u® Au®㇮±w®u®

y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý y¯äŠ®º†Ã›u®w®±. Cu®± ïýµ°Ç® ©£® šµ¡µ‡®±±î® š®ºS®r‡®¾¯Tuµ. î®±±ºvw® N¯©u®

Š®X®wµS®¡®ªå î¯vuµ°î® š®²‹N®³q® ( 12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) y®ä¯o w®‡®±q®q¯æOEµ²°N¯©ºN¯Š®,

š¯ãu¯æu® Š®q¯ÝN®Š®, oeµ°î®±X®ºu®äN®³q® (12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) y®ä¯o ﱰ¯ºš¯, î®±q®±Ù

Aw®ã‡µ²°S®î®ãî®XµÐ°vN¯, c‡®±›ºoe®š®²‹N®³q® (15 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) w¯ã‡®±š¯Š® v°zN¯,

ý®±„¯ïc‡®±N®³q® (17 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) š¯ãu¯æu® ¯OE¯, ïw®‡®± ïc‡®±N®³q® (17 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®) w®‡®±N®pÁN¯ C EOEµå°­Qx°‡®±î¯Tîµ.  

 š®î®±q®„®u®äw® ‡®±±N®ñw®±ý¯š®w®u® ïu¯ãw®ºv‡®±± By®Ùﱰ¯ºšµSµ ' Aw®ã‡µ²°S®

î®ãî®XµÏ°u®N® ' Hºu®± N®Šµvu¯Ûwµºu®± oeµ°¢°uµ‡®±ÇµÔ ; î®±q®±Ù Au®N®Êw®±š®‹› oeµ°î®±X®ºu®äw®± q®w®Ý '

Aw®ã‡µ²°S® î®ãî®XµÏ°vN¯ ' î®±q®±Ù A‡µ²°S® î®ãî®XµÏ°u® D HŠ®l®± u¯æräºþNµS®¡®w®±Ý …Šµu®w®±.

Aw®ã‡µ²°S® î®ãî®XµÐ°vNµ‡®± îµ±°OEµ î®±ªåǵ°o š®²‹‡®±± Kºu®± ي®î¯u® i°Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …Šµu®w®±.

Au®Š® oeµš®Š®± š¯ãu¯æu® î®±c‹ Hºvuµ. Cu®w®±Ý Aî®w®± q®w®Ý y®äý®›ÙSµ Aw®±š®‹› dw®y®ä„®š®²‹‡®±

š®oe¯‡®±vºu® ý®q® š®ºî®q®éŠ® 1214Š®ªå [ Oä.ý®. 1292] š®î®¾¯y®ÙSµ²¢šµ¶u®w®±. Cu®Š®ªå w¯ã‡®±,

ýµ°™N®, y®½î®Áﱰ¯ºš¯, îµ°u¯ºq®, „¹u®Ü î®±q®±Ù X¯î¯ÁN® î®±q®S®¡® y®‹X®‡®± î®±q®±Ù

AS®¡® îµ±°OEµ i°N¯N¯Š®Š® š®î®¾¯OEµ²X®w¯q®âN® ïX¯Š®S®¡®± ©†Ãš®±q®Ùîµ. Cuµ° N¯Š®ovºu® D

S®äºs®î®¼ bµ¶w® u®ý®Áw® oe¯S®² Cq®Š® u®ý®Áw®S®¡® q®±©w¯q®âN® Au®㇮±w®N¯ÊT ïýµ°Ç®

Ey®‡®±±N®Ùu®± ›u®Ûî¯Tuµ.  

 oe®vwµºhwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå BX¯‡®±Á ‡®±ýµ²°ïc‡®±w®± BT oeµ²°u®w®±. Aî®w®± bµ¶w®

w¯ã‡®± î®±q®±Ù ›u¯Ûºq®S®¡®w®±Ý q®w®Ý N®³rS®¢ºu® …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô y®¼Ç®ÔSµ²¢›u®w®±. w¯ã‡®±u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu®

Aî®w® ' Awµ°N¯ºq® - î®ã¯Ú ' ' bµ¶w® q®N®Á„¯ǯ ', š®y®Ù„®ºT° - w®‡®± - y®äv°y®, '

'w®‡®±y®äv°y®' 'w®‡µ²°y®uµ°ý®', 'w®‡®±Š®oe®š®ã' î®±q®±Ù 'b¯Ów®š¯Š® - y®äN®Š®o', 'Awµ°N¯ºq® y®äîµ°ý®',

'Awµ°N¯ºq® î®ã¯Ú î®±q®±Ù' î®±q®±Ù 'î¯u®î®¾¯©' C EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tîµ. q®N®Á„¯ǯ

Hº…±u®Š®ªå Aî®w®± AN®©ºN®w® ©V°‡®±š®ô‡®± oe¯S®² y®ä¯o š®ºS®äoe®S®¢Sµ Aw®±š®‹› y®ä¯o,

w®‡®±, x£µ°y®, D î®±²Š®± ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý y®äry¯v›u¯Ûwµ. „¹u®Ü y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå îµ²°£¯N®Š® N®³q®

q®N®Á„¯ǯ [12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®] î®±q®±Ù vN® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå Nµ°ý®© ï±ý®äN®³q® q®N®Á„¯ǯ [

13 - 14 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®] CS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®w®±Ý Aw®±š®‹›‡µ±° D S®äºs®u® oeµš®Š®w®±Ý '

bµ¶w®q®N®Á„¯ǯ ' Hºu®± Š®²z› Nµ²ºl®vÛŠ®„µ°N®±. Cî®w®± b¯Ów®†ºu®±, w¯ã‡®±Qºl®P¯ãu® oe¯S®²

w¯ã‡®±OEµ²°N®S®¡®w®±Ý oeµ²š® ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå …Šµu®±, bµ¶w®w¯ã‡®±u® Au®㇮±w®NµÊ w®ï°w® ¯S®Áî®w®±Ý

xï±Á›Nµ²hÔw®±. b¯Ów®†ºu®±ïw®ªå Cî®w®± y¯äY°w® î®±rb¯Ów®u® î®ãºcw¯î®S®äoe®î®w®±Ý N¯Š®n¯ºý®,

As¯Áî®S®äoe® î®±q®±Ù Doe¯î®w®±Ý î¯ãy¯Š¯ºý® y®OE¯ºý® î®±q®±Ù u¯Š®n¯î®w®±Ý y®‹y¯N¯ºý®îµºu®±

oeµ°¢, bµ¶w®y®‹„¯ǵS®¡®w®±Ý w¯ã‡®± îµ²u®OE¯u® u®ý®Áw® S®¡®ªå xvÁÇ®ÔSµ²ºl®± y®äq®ã£®b¯Ów®u®

y®äO䇵±S®¡® bµ²qµ‡®±ªåh±Ô qµ²°‹›u®w®±.  

N®Š®±n¯w®±‡µ²°S® š¯Ÿq®ã :-  

îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢u® S®N®Êw®±š®‹› u®äî¯ãw®±‡µ²°S®u® q®Š®±î¯‡®± N®Š®±n¯w®±‡µ²°S®î®¼ bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ãu®

HŠ®l®wµ‡®± ïÇ®‡®±î¯Tuµ. D S®u®ªå š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯S®±î® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå Fu®æÁ, î®±u®ã,

î®±q®±Ù Auµ²°OEµ²°N®S®¡®w®²Ý væ°y®š¯S®Š®S®¡®w®²Ý £µ°q®ä, y®î®Áq®, w®v îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡®w®±Ý

 AS®¡® y®‹î®¾¯o ي® š®Ÿq®, S®pq®u® y®äO䇵±S®¡® Bu¯Š¯vºu® š®Ÿq® î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. Cºs®

 Awµ°N® Š®X®wµS®¡® EOEµå°Qî®w®±Ý îµ±°OEµ î®pÁ›u® bµ¶w® BS®î®±S®¡®ªå ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. AS®¡®ªå

 š®²‡®±Á - y®äcÓzÙ, X®ºu®ä - y®äcÓzÙ cº…²væ°y® - y®äcÓzÙ, væ°y®š¯S®Š® - y®äcÓzÙ C Nµ©î®¼

 BTîµ.

D y®äcÓzÙS®¡®ªå š®î®±S®ä ïý®æî®w®±Ý OEµ²°N¯N¯ý® î®±q®±Ù AOEµ²°N¯N¯ý® Hºu®± HŠ®l®± S®S®¡®ªå

ïºS®mš®OE¯Tuµ. AOEµ²°N¯N¯ý®î®¼ ïý®æu® Kºu®± Aw®ºq® „¯S®î¯Tuµ. Aªå BN¯ý®u® oeµ²Š®q¯T

Cw¯Ýî® cl® C©åîµ Xµ°q®w® u®äî®ãS®¡®± N®ºl®±…Š®±î®¼v©å. Nµ°î¯© OEµ²°N¯N¯ý®îµ° ïý®æu® Kºu®±

„¯S®î¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ªå d°î® î®±q®±Ù y®¼u®Ì© oe¯S®² CS®¡® S®î®±w¯S®î®±NµÊ š®oe¯‡®±N®î¯u® u®Á

î®±q®±Ù Au®Š®âS®¡®± Au®Š®ºqµ u®äî®ãy®‹î®q®Áw®u®ªå xï±q®Ù „®²q®î¯u® N¯© D Ju®± u®äî®ãS®¡®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. D u®äî®ãOEµ²°N®u®ªå Fu®æÁ, î®±u®ã, Auµ²°OEµ²°N®îµºu®± î®±²Š®± S®S®¢îµ.

î®±u®ãOEµ²°N®u®ªå w®î®±â D y®³t扱uµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ w¯î®¼ ®î®¾¯l®±qµÙ°îµ. D y®³t懮±±

Sµ²°OE¯N¯Š¯ Aš¯ºQã væ°y® - š¯S®Š®S®¢ºu® dq®î¯Tuµ. Au®Š® î®±u®ãu®ªå Kºu®±N®£®

‡µ²°cw® ي®î®¼¡®ë cº…²væ°y®ïuµ. Cu®w®±Ý ‡®¾¯N¯Š®u®ªå š®±rÙuµ. HŠ®l®± ©£®‡µ²°cw¯

ي®î®¼¡®ë ©î®o š®î®±±u®äïuµ. ©î®o š®î®±±u®äNµÊ w¯©±Ê ©£® ‡µ²°cw® ي®î®¼¡®ë u¯q®O°Qºl®

væ°y®î®¼ š®±q®±Ù µvuµ. î®±q®±Ù Au®w®±Ý š®±q®±Ùu® Hºh±©£® ‡µ²°cw® ي®î®¼¡®ë N¯OEµ²°u®vÃ

š®î®±±u®äïuµ. N¯OEµ²u®vÇ®¾¯ š®ï±°y®u®ªå 16 ©£® ‡µ²°cw®î®¼¡®ë ي®î¯u® y®¼š®ÊŠ®î®Š®

væ°y®ïuµ. Au®Š® î®±±ºuµ îµ±°OEµ EOEµå°R›u® N®äî®±vºu® HŠ®lµŠ®l®Š®Ç®±Ô ي®î¯S®±q®Ù

oeµ²°S®±î® Aš®ºQã š¯S®Š® oe¯S®² væ°y®S®¢îµ. y®¼Ç®ÊŠ®î®Š® væ°y®u® î®±u®ãu®ªå Kºu®± î®±oe¯w¬

 u®±©ÁºU®ã  y®î®Áq®ïuµ. Cu®NµÊ ¯w®±Çµ²°q®ÙŠ®îµºu®± oeµš®Š®±. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ Cu®w®±Ý u¯i BXµSµ

 oeµ²°S®±î® š¯î®±s®ãÁ î®±w®±Ç®ã‹Sµ C©å. D y®äN¯Š® cº…²væ°y®, u¯q®O°Qºl® î®±q®±Ù

 y®¼Ç®ÊŠ¯u®Á D HŠ®l®±î®Šµ væ°y®S®¡®± šµ°‹ î®±w®±Ç®ãOEµ²°N®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. cº…²væ°y®î®¼ I¡®±

 £µ°q®äS®¡®ªå dq®î¯Tuµ. AS®¡® ›°îµ±‡®±w®±Ý xu®Á‹›u® BŠ®± N®±©y®î®Áq®S®¢îµ. £µ°q®äS®¡®

 oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± „®Š®q®, oeµ¶î®±q®, oe®‹, ïuµ°oe®, Š®î®±ãN®, oeµ¶Š®oãî®q® î®±q®±Ù JŠ¯î®q® Hºvîµ.

 CS®¡®w®±Ý dš®±î® y®î®Áq®S®¡®± N®äî®±vºu® Ÿî®±î¯w¬, î®±oe¯Ÿî®±î¯w¬, x™u®, x°©, Š®±Oâ,

î®±q®±Ù þQ‹ Hºvîµ. CS®¡®ªå î®±u®ãî®rÁ‡µ±xš®±î® ïuµ°oe® £µ°q®ä H©åN®²Ê ي®î¯Tuµ.

 Cu®Š® î®±u®ãu®ªå îµ±°Š®± y®î®Áq®ïuµ. „®Š®q¯ £µ°q®äu®ª Ÿî®¾¯©‡®±vºu® oeµ²Š®h± S®ºS¯ w®v‡®±±

y®½î¯Á š®î®±±u®äu® N®lµS®² ›ºu®±î®¼ y®þÏî®± š®î®±±u®ä N®lµS®² oe®‹‡®±±q®Ùuµ. î®±u®ãu®ªå ïºu®ã

y®î®Áq®ïuµ. D w®v oe¯S®² y®î®Áq®S®¢ºu® „®Š®q® £µ°q®ä BŠ®± Qºl®S®¡¯Tuµ. CS®¡®wµÝ©å Sµu®±Û

q®w®Ý î®ý®NµÊ qµSµu®±Nµ²ºl® š®î®¾¯äg¬wµ° Ç®g¬Qºl® X®N®äî®rÁ Axš®±q¯Ùwµ.  

 î®±u®ãOEµ²°N®u®ªå îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® Aš®ºQã væ°y® š¯S®Š®S®¡® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± š®æ‡®±º„®²Š®î®±o

š®î®±±u®äu® oe®q®ÙŠ® š®î®¾¯zÙSµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. î®±u®ãOEµ²°N®u®ªå D Aš®ºQã ‡µ²°cw® ي®u®

y®ä¯oî®w®±Ý Kºu®± Š®c±Ñu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯Tuµ. D y®ä¯ovºu® I¡®± Š®c±Ñ îµ±°ªw®

£µ°q®äî¯u® Fu®æÁOEµ²°N¯î®¼ I¡®± Š®c±Ñ Nµ¡®Tw® £µ°q®ä Auµ²°OEµ²°N®î®¼ CŠ®±q®Ùuµ.

Fu®æÁOEµ²°N®u®ªå îµ²u®©± bµ²ã°rOEµ²Á°N®î®¼ …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®ªå š®²‡®±Á, X®ºu®ä, S®äoe®,

w®£®q®ä î®±q®±Ù q¯ŠµS®¡¬ ›Úr‡®±w®±Ý oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. AS®¡® îµ±°OEµ š¹u®Á, Dý¯w®,

 š®w®q®±Ê¯Š®, ¯oeµ°ºu®ä, …äoe®â, …äoeµ½âq®ÙŠ®, OE¯î®ºq®, N¯zÇ®Õ, ý®±N®ä, î®±oe¯ý®±N®ä,

 ý®q¯Š® š®oe®š¯äŠ®, Bw®q®, y¯äoq®, BŠ®o î®±q®±Ù AX®±ãq® D oe®vw¯Š®± š®æS®ÁS®¢îµ. CS®¢Sµ N®©Þ

 Hºu®² oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ CS®¡®ªå CŠ®±î®ºs® uµ°î®, š¯î®¾¯xN®, q¯ä‡®±›ôºý®, y¯‹Ç®u®, Bq®â Š®£® OEµ²°N®y¯©,

Ax°q®, y®äO°oÁq®, A†Ã°‡µ²°S®ã î®±q®±Ù Oªæ™N® D oe®q®±Ù Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ® Ÿ°w®

y®u®Š®²y®N®©ÞS®¡®ªå („µ°u®S®¡®ªå) S® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. D oe®vw¯©±Ê š®æS®ÁS®¡® îµ±°OEµ

 Kº„®q®±Ù Sµäȶ‡®±N® î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® îµ±°OEµ ïc‡®± c‡®±ºq®, c‡®±ºq®, Ay®Š¯dq®, î®±q®±Ù

š®î¯Ás®Á›vÛ D Ju®± N®OE¯Þr°q® uµ°î® ï¯w®S®¢îµ. š®î¯Ás®Á›vÛ‡®± îµ±°OEµ OEµ²°N®u®

AS®äq®î®± „¯S®ïuµ. Aªå î®±±N¯Ùq®âŠ®± oeµ²°T wµ©š®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cu®Š® î®±±ºuµ u®Áu®äî®ãu®

A„¯î®î¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® ‡®¾¯î® d°w® As®î¯ Aw®ãu®äî®ãS®¡®² y®äîµ°ý®î®w®²Ý oeµ²Š®OE¯Š®î®¼.

Auµ²°OEµ²°N®u®ªå N®äî®±vºu® Š®q®Ý, ý®N®ÁŠ¯, ±N¯, y®ºN®, u®²î®±, q®î®± î®±q®±Ù

î®±oe¯q®î®±y®ä„¯ Hº… oeµš®‹w® I¡®± Eq®ÙŠµ²°q®ÙŠ® Nµ¡®Sµ oeµ²°S®±î® w®Š®N®S®¢îµ.  

 cº…²væ°y®u® „®Š®q®£µ°q®äu®ªå A®zÁp î®±q®±Ù Eq®ézÁp Š®²y®vºu® N¯©X®Š®N®î®½

rŠ®±S®±rÙŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Au®NµÊ Aw®±š®‹› š®±Ç®î®¾¯ - š®±Ç®î®¾¯; š®±Ç®î®¾¯, š®±Ç®î®¾¯ - u®±Ç®î®¾¯,

u®±Ç®î®¾¯ - š®±Ç®î®¾¯, u®±Ç®î®¾¯ î®±q®±Ù u®±Ç®î®¾¯ u®±Ç®î®¾¯ C BŠ®± A®pÁ‡®± oe¯S®² Cîµ°

±u®Ü N®äî®±vºu® Eq®ézÁp‡®± ïn¯S®S®¡¯S®±q®Ùîµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®± î®±²Š®± N¯©ï„¯S®S®¡®ªå

„µ²°»S® „®²ï±‡®± Š®X®wµ‡®±± CŠ®±q®Ùuµ. BS® î®±w®±Ç®ãw®± q®w®Ý Aw®Ý , ¯ô îµ²u®OE¯u® š®î®±š®Ù

Aî®ý®ãN®qµS®¡®w®±Ý N®©Þ£®S®¢ºu®OEµ° y®¼oÁ¯lµ¶Nµ²¡®±ërÙu®Ûw®±. Aî®w®± N®³™ îµ²u®OE¯u®

 Euµ²ã°S® - î®ã¯‡®±S®¢Sµ Aw®†ÃcÓw¯Tu®Ûw®±. š®±Ç®î®¾¯ - š®±Ç®î®¾¯ N¯©u® Aºrî®± „¯S®u®ªå

 N®äî®±ý®» „µ²°S® - „®²ï±‡®± î®ãµÚ‡®±± š®î®¾¯y®Ùî¯S®±q®Ùuµ; N®î®±Á„®²ï±‡®± Š®X®wµ‡®±±

y¯äŠ®º„®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D N¯©u® N®î®±Á„®²ï±Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® ‡®±±S®u®¯Áî®w®±Ý r¢› Nµ²l®±î®ºs®

N®±©ºN®Š®Š®± oe®vw¯©±Ê cw®Š®± N®äî®±vºu® cxš®±q¯ÙŠµ. š®u®ãNµÊ w®lµ‡®±±î® A®zÁp N¯©u®

š®±Ç®î®¾¯ - u®±Ç®î®¾¯ N¯©u® Nµ²wµ‡®± „¯S®u®ªå y®ärý®±är, š®w®Ýr,£µ°î®±ºN®Š®, £µ°î®±ºu®Š®,

›°î®±ºN®Š®, ›°î®±ºu®Š®, ïî®±© î¯oe®w®, X®£®±Ç¯âw¬, ‡®±ý®›æ°, A†ÃX®ºu®ä X®ºu¯ä†Ã î®±Š®±uµ°î¯,

y®äšµ°w®dq® î®±q®±Ù w¯†ÃŠ¯c D oe®vw¯©±Ê cw¯ N®±©ºN®Š®Š®± î®±q®±Ù Aºrî®± N®±©ºN®Š®

w¯†ÃŠ¯cw®± A›, î®›, N®³™, ïu¯ã - î¯pcã, þ©Þ î®±q®±Ù Euµ²ã°S® D Ç®g¬ N®î®±ÁS®¡®

î®ãµÚ‡®¾¯w®²Ý x¯Áo ¯mu®w®±. C® q®Š®±î¯‡®¾¯ G±Ç®u® îµ²u®OE¯u® 24 r°s®ÁºN¯Š®,

12 X®N®äî®rÁ 9 …©uµ°î®, 9 ®±uµ°î® î®±q®±Ù 9 y®är®±uµ°î® D 63 cw®

ý®OE¯N¯y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®± u®±Ç®î®¾¯ - š®±Ç®î®¾¯ Hº… oeµš®‹w® w¯©Êwµ‡®± N¯©u®ªå BT oeµ²u®w®±.

Aºrî®± r°s®ÁºN®Š®w¯u® „®S®î¯w¬ î®±oe¯ï°Š®w® x¯Áou® q®Š®±î¯‡®± y®ºX®î®±N¯©î®¼

u®±Ç®î®¾¯ - y¯äŠ®º„®±q®±. Au®± DS® w®lµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Cuµ° š¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T N®Š®±n¯w®±‡µ²°S®u®

S®äºs®S®¡®ªå î®pÁq® ïÇ®‡®±u® š®º¤y¯Ù y®‹X®‡®±î¯Tuµ. Nµ©îµ½ºu®± S®äºs®S®¡®ªå D š®ºy®¼oÁ  

ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý î®pÁ›uµ. Nµ©î®¼S®¡®ªå oe®© Nµ©î®¼ ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®± ¯q®ä Cîµ. Bu®Šµ D ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®

ï®nµ‡®±ªå S®pq®u® y®äO䇵±S®¡®w®±Ý …¡®›u®±Û ïýµ°Ç® š®ºS®r‡®¾¯Tuµ. Au®‹ºu® D S®äºs®S®¡®±

y¯äY°w® S®pq®u® š®²q®äS®Qw®²Ý AS®¡® N®äî®± - ïN¯š®î®w®²Ý r¢u®± Nµ²¡®±ëu®±NµÊ …oe®¡®

š®oe¯‡®±N®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D ïÇ®‡®±u® î®±±Qã S®äºs®S®¡®± Ÿ°Tîµ -  

 vS®º…Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå D ïÇ®‡®±u® y®äs®î®± S®äºs®î®¼ OEµ²°N¯ï„¯S® Hº…±u¯Tuµ.

Bu®Šµ D î®±²© S®äºs®î®¼ Ey®©…Üï©å. Bu®Šµ Au®± Cu®Š® q®Š®±î¯‡®¾¯ N¯©u®ªå Š®²y®¼Sµ²ºl®

š®ºš®öq® y®u¯ãq®âN® Š®²y¯ºq®Š®î¯u® ›ºoe®š®²‹ N®³q¯ OEµ²°N®ï„¯S®u®ªå uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ.

›ºoe®š®²‹‡®±± q®w®Ý y®äý®›Ù‡®±ªå " r°s®ÁºN®Š® î®±oe¯ï°Š®w®± cS®rÙw® ïu¯w®î®w®±Ý oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ.

Au®w®±Ý š®±u®Á š¯æï± îµ²u®OE¯u®î®Š®± r¢›u®Š®±. Au®wµÝ° BX¯‡®±Á y®Š®ºy®Šµ‰±ºu®

š®ºy¯v›, ›ºoe®š®²‹ G±™‡®±± „¯ǯq®âN® y®‹î®q®Áw®Sµ²¢› Š®Y›u®w®± " - Hºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T

oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. Aî®w®± ‡®¾¯î® î®±²© S®äºs®u® „¯ǯ y®‹î®q®Áw® ¯mu®wµ²° Au®Š® y®‹X®‡®±î®w®±Ý

š®oe® Aî®w®± ¯mNµ²iÔu¯Ûwµ. " B S®äºs®î®¼ N¯ºY‡®±Š¯cw¯u® ›ºoe®î®î®±Áw® Cy®ÞqµÔŠ®l®wµ‡®±

š®ºî®q®éŠ®u®ªå - Au®N®Êw®±š®‹› ý®N® š®ºî®q®éŠ® 380 wµ‡®± î®Ç®Áu®ªå š®î®Áw®ºv î®±±x‡®±±

y¯ºl®ãŠ¯Ç®óu® y¯hªN® S¯äî®±u®ªå …Šµ›u®Ûw®±." ý®N® š®ºî®q®éŠ®u® 380 Š®ªå y®©åï ý®u®

Š¯cw®± Š¯cã®±rÙu®Ûwµºu®± Croe¯š® ›u®Ûïuµ. Cî®w® Š¯cu¯x‡®±± N¯ºY ‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. D

î®±²© S®äºs®î®¼ …oe®±ý®» y¯äN®³q®u®ªå‡µ±° CŠ®„µ°N®±. N®±ºu® N®±ºu®Š® x‡®±î®±š¯Š®u® 17 wµ‡®±

S¯sµ‡®±ªå "OEµ²°‡®±ï„¯S®îµ° š®±n¯u®î®æ " Hº… Š®²y®u®ªå EOEµå°Qïuµ. Cu®± š®î®Áw®ºv

N®³q® OEµ²°N®ï„¯S®u® š®²X®wµ‡µ±° BTŠ®„µ°N®± . î®±±ºvw® N¯©u® rOEµ²°î®± y®oØrÙ‡®±ªå

OEµ²°N®ï„¯S® S®äºs®u® EOEµå°Q oe®©îµlµSµ …ºvuµ.  

 ›ºoe®š®²‹‡®±± q®w®Ý Š®²y¯ºq®Š®î®¼ OEµ²°N®ï„¯S®u® š¯Š® š®ºS®äoe® Š®²y® u®ªåuµ - Hºu®²

oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. DS® ‡®¾¯î® Š®²y®u®ªå D N®³r‡®±± ©†Ã›uµ‡µ²° oe¯Sµ Cu®Š®ªå 2230 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. Au®± cº…²væ°y®, ©î®o š®î®±±u®ä, ¯w®±Ç®£µ°q®ä, væ°y®-š®î®±±u®ä, N¯©,

bµ²ã°rOEµ²Á°N®, „®î®w®î¯›° OEµ²°N®, Auµ²°OEµ²°N®, î®ãºq®Š®OEµ²°N®, š®æS®ÁOEµ²°N® î®±q®±Ù

 îµ²°£® D  oe®wµ²Ý°ºu®± S®u®ªå ïš®OE¯Tuµ. S®äºs®u®ªå A©åªå rOEµ²°‡®±y®oØrÙ,

 Bvy®¼Š¯o, räOEµ²°N®š¯Š® î®±q®±Ù cº…²væ°y® y®äcÓzÙ D S®äºs®S®¡® EOEµå°QS®¡®²,

 Aî®q®Š®oS®¡®² ©†Ã°š®±q®Ùîµ. Au®‹ºu® D S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±± 11 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®

 q®Š®±î¯‡®±uµÛ°ºu®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.  

 î®±²Š®± OEµ²°N®S®¢Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® š®î®±š®Ù ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®²Ý y®‹y®½oÁ oe¯S®²

š®±î®ãµÚ‰±ºu® y®äry¯vš®±î® Ey®©…Ü y®äs®î®± S®äºs®î®¼ rOEµ²°‡®±y®oØrÙ‡®¾¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®u®

Š®X®wµ‡®±± y¯äN®³q® S¯s¯Š®²y®u®ªåuµ. A©åªå y¯äN®³q® S®u®ã š®oe® N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô

AºN¯q®âN® š®ºu®³™Ô‡®±± Cu®Š®ªåuµ. D S®äºs®î®½ š¯î®¾¯w¯ãOEµ²°N®, w¯Š®N®OEµ²°N®,

„®î®w®î¯›°OEµ²°N®, î®±w®±Ç®ãOEµ²°N®, r‡®±ÁN¬OEµ²°N®, î®ãºq®Š®OEµ²°N®, bµ²ã°rOEµ²Á°N¯,

 uµ°î®OEµ²°N® î®±q®±Ù ›u®ÛOEµ²°N® D Kº„®q®±Ù î®±oe¯vÃN¯Š®S®¡®ªå S®Sµ²ºmuµ . S®äºs®u®ªå

 Kh±Ô S¯oeµS®¡® š®ºPµã‡®±± 5677 Cuµ. w®l®± - w®l®±îµ Cºu®äî®b¯ä, š®äS®ÜŠ¯, Ey®b¯r, uµ²u®N®

ý¯u®²Á©ïOä°mq®, ®ºq®r°©N¯ î®±q®±Ù ¯ªx° Z®ºu®š®±éS®¡® y®ä‡µ²°S®î®½ š®oe® Cu®±Ûu®±Û

r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. S®äºs®S®¡® EOEµå°QS®¡®ªå AS¯Ì‡®±p°, š®ºSµ²°‡®±p°, š®ºS¯oe®x°, vgµÔî¯u®,

y®‹q®î®±â, î®±²OE¯‡®¾¯Š®, OEµ²°‡®±ïpX®Ï‡®±, OEµ²°S¯Cp° î®±q®±Ù OEµ²°N® S®S®¡®

 oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. î®±w®±Ç®ã OEµ²°N¯ºq®S®Áq® rÇ®™Õ ý®OE¯N¯ y®¼Š®±Ç®Š® Jroe¯›N®

 oe¯S®² Š¯cþ°‡®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý î®±oe¯ ï°Š® xî¯Áou® w®ºq®Š® 1000 î®Ç®Áu® îµ±°OEµ

 Bu® X®q®±î®±±ÁQ N®ªÊ‡®± N¯©u®î®ŠµSµ î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. Ç®g¬ Qºl¯S®î®±u® ï°Š®šµ°w®N®³q¯

 u®î®OE¯ i°Nµ‡®±ªå rOEµ²°‡®±y®oØrÙ‡®± EOEµå°Q Awµ°N® š®© …Š®±q®Ùuµ. D

 EOEµå°QS®¢ºu® D S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±± î®±²©u®ªå Oä.ý®.500 ‹ºu® 800 î®±u®ãu®ªå Bu®±u®±,

 ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ Ey®©…Ü S®äºs®u®ªå Nµ©îµ½ºu®± y®äN®Š®oS®¡®± ï°Š®šµ°w®w® u® i°Nµ‰±ºu®

 HrÙNµ²ºl®ºs®î®½ š®oe® N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. D S®äºs®u® N®q®Á³î®¼ ‡®±r Ǯ„¯X¯Š®w¯Tu¯Ûwµ. Cî®w®±

 N®Ç¯‡®± y¯ä„®³q®u® X®²pÁ‡®± OEµ°QN®wµ° BTu¯Ûwµºu®± Sµ²q¯ÙS®±q®Ùuµ.

 wµ°ï±X®ºu®ä ›u¯ۺq® X®N®äî®rÁ N®³q® räOEµ²°N®š¯Š®u®ªå 1018 y¯äN®³q® S¯oeµS®¢îµ.

Cu®Š®ªå Au¯㇮±S®¡® cwµ‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±î®¼v©å Bu®Šµ ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý BŠ®º†Ãš®±î¯S® B‡®¾¯

ïÇ®‡®±S®© š®²X®wµ‡®±±¡®ë y®ärb¯ÓS¯oeµS®¡®± y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªåîµ. Au®N®Êw®±š®‹› î®oÁwµ‰±uµ Cu®w®±Ý

x‹¤›u®ªå OEµ²°N® - š¯î®¾¯w®ã oe¯S®² „®î®w®, î®ãºq®Š®, bµ²ã°rÇ®ã, ¯xN® î®±q®±Ù î®±Š® -

r‡®±ÁN® OEµ²°N® D y®äN¯Š® BŠ®± AvÃN¯Š®S®¡®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùîµ. ïÇ®‡®± î®oÁwµ‡®±± …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô

räOEµ²°N®y®äcÓzÙSµ Aw®±š®‹› š®º¤y®Ù Š®²y®u®ªå Cuµ. D S®äºs®u® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý®. 11 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®î¯Tuµ.  

 y®u®âw®ºv N®³q® cº…²væ°y® y®oØrÙ‡®±ªå 2389 y¯äN®³q® S¯oeµS®¢îµ. Cu®Š® Š®X®wµ‡®±±

rOEµ²°‡®± y®oØrÙ‡®± Bu¯Š®vºu® Bu®u®±Û š®ÞÇ®Ô N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® oe®vî®±²Š®± EuµÛ°ý®S®¡®±

Ÿ°Tîµ - Cyµ½°u¯Íq®; „®Š®q® - JŠ¯î®q® î®Ç®Á; ýµ¶© - w®ºv° - „µ²S® „®²ï±; š®±u®ý®Áw®

îµ±°Š®±, î®±ºu®Š® dw®„®î®w®, uµ°îµ½°q®ÙŠ® N®±Š®±, N®£¯ ïc‡®±, y®½î®Á ïuµ°oe®, Ay®Š® ïuµ°oe® ,

©î®o š®î®±±u®ä, væ°y® š¯S®Š® - Au®Á» Fu®æÁ ›u®ÛOEµ²°N® ; bµ²ã°rOEµ²Á°N® î®±q®±Ù y®ä¯o

y®‹XµÏ°u®, S®äºs®u® Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå N®q®Á³î®¼ q¯w®± dw¯S®î®±u® G±™ ïc‡®± S®±Š®±ïw® š¯ºxu®ãu®ªå

Nµ°¢Nµ²ºl®±, Aî®w® y®äš¯u®vºu® D Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯U®w®ºv‡®± y®äþÇ®ã oe¯S®² š®N®©X®ºu®äw®

þǮ㧰w®ºv S®±Š®±ïw® xï±q®Ùvºu® ¯muµ - Hºu®² oeµ°¢Nµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ. Aî®w®± š®æq®» q®w®Ýw®±Ý

ï°Š®w®ºv‡®± y®äþÇ®ã î®±q®±Ù …©w®ºv‡®± þÇ®ãwµºu®± oeµ°¢Nµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ ; oe¯S®² S®äºs® Š®X®wµ‡®±

š¯Úw®î®¼ y¯‹‡®¾¯q¯ä uµ°ý¯ºq®S®Áq® ¯w®S®Š® oe¯S®² Aªå‡®± Š¯cw¯u® š®ºr As®î¯ š®rÙ‡®±

EOEµå°Qî®w®±Ý ¯mŠ®±î®w®±.  

 ýµæ°q¯º…Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±ªå D ïÇ®‡®±u® AS®î®¾¯ºq®S®Áq® š®²Š®ã, X®ºu®ä, î®±q®±Ù cº…²væ°y®

y®äcÓzÙS®¡®©åuµ dw®„®u®äS®p° N®³q® HŠ®l®± N®³rS®¡®± £µ°q®ä š®î®¾¯š® î®±q®±Ù š®ºS®äoe®p° C

EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tîµ. D HŠ®l®² Š®X®wµS®¡® y®‹î®¾¯ou®ªå N®äî®±vºu® …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô

y®‹î®u®Áw®S®¡¯Tîµ; î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® ©U®² oe¯S®² …³oe®u¬ Š®²y® š®ºš®ÊŠ®o EOEµå°Qî®w®²Ý

i°N¯N¯Š®Š®± î®±±ºviÔu¯ÛŠµ. Ey®©…Ü …³oe®q¬ £µ°q®äš®î®¾¯š®u®ªå - Cu®Š® Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± oeµš®Š®±  

qµäȶOEµ²°N®ã v°zN¯ Hºvuµ. - 656 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®± Ju®± AvÃN¯Š®S®¡®ªå S®Sµ²ºmuµ.

cº…²væ°y®, ©î®nµ²°u®vð, u¯q®O°Qºl®, N¯OEµ²°u®vð î®±q®±Ù y®¼Ç®ÊŠ¯u®Á Hºu®± B

S®S®¢îµ. Cu®Š® y®äN¯Š® Cu®Š®ªå î®±w®±Ç®ã OEµ²°N®u® î®oÁwµ‡®±± ¯q®ä Cuµ. Ey®©…Ü

…³oe®q¬ š®ºS®äoe®p‡®± š®ºN®©w® N®q®Á³î®¼ î®±©u¯‹° oeµ°î®±X®ºu®äš®²‹‡®± þÇ®ãw¯u® X®ºu®äš®²‹

(12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) ‡®±± BTu¯Ûwµ. Cu®Š®ªå 346 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. A uµ°î®, w®Š®N®, î®±w®±Ç®ã,

î®±q®±Ù r‡®±ÁºX® D w¯©±Ê S®rS®¡µº… oeµš®‹w® AvÃN¯Š®S®ªå‡®±± oe¯S®² AS®¡® w¯w¯

ïN®©ÞS®¡®± - ›Úr, Aî®S¯oe®w¯ îµ²u®OE¯u® y®äŠ®²y®N®S®¡®± - Ÿ°Sµ w¯w¯ S®S®¡®ªå

Tš®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå OEµ²°N®S®¢Tºq® oeµX¯ÏT B‡®¾¯ OEµ²°N®S®¡®ªå x©±åî® d°î®S®¡®

ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå‡µ±° oeµX¯ÏT ïš®OE¯Tuµ: ي®î¯T î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ; Cwµ²Ý°ºu®± ©U®± £µ°q®ä

š®î®¾¯š®îµº…±u®± Š®q®Ýýµ°QŠ®š®²‹° N®³q® (14 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) 262 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå‡®±² …³oe®q¬

£µ°q®ä š®î®¾¯š®îµº…±u®± šµ²°î®±ýµ°QŠ®š®²‹°N®³q® (14 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) 486 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå‡®±²

Cu®±Ûu®± N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. CS®¡®ªå‡®±² HŠ®l®±î®Šµ væ°y® y®ä¯o î®±w®±Ç®ãOEµ²°N®u®

î®oÁwµ‰±uµ. ïX¯š®š¯Š® - y®äN®Š®ou® N®q®Á³î®¼ uµ°î®š®²‹‡®± þÇ®ãw¯u® y®äu®±ãݚ®²‹ (12

wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) ‡®¾¯Tu¯Ûwµ. Cu®Š®ªå 900 S¯oeµS®¢ºu® N®î®±Á„®²ï±, „µ²°S®„®²ï±, BŠ®ã î®±q®±Ù

Aw¯‡®±Á uµ°ý®, Š¯cu¯xS®¡®±, r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š® y®½î®Á„®î®, q®ºuµ - q¯‰±ºvŠ®± š®æy®Ý, cw®â,

š®î®±î®š®Š®o, S®ou®Š®, AÇ®Ôî®±oe¯y¯äroe¯‡®±Á, N®ªÊ, ý®N® î®±q®±Ù ïN®äî®±N¯©S®owµ, u®ý®xw®êî®,

84 ©£® ‡µ²°xS®¡®² î®±q®±Ù ›u®Ü D y®äN¯Š® w¯w¯ ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ

¯pN®ã š¯S®Š® N®³q® š®ºš®öq® „¯ǵ‡®±± Ey®©…Üïuµ. (B.š®. „¯î®w®S®Š® - 1983)  

 îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® š®î®±š®ÙŠ®X®wµS®¢Tºq®©² y¯äY°w®î¯u® bµ²ã°rÇ®ã N®Š®ºl®N® Hº… oeµš®‹w®

S®äºs®î®¼ Cuµ. Cu®Š® î®±±väq® y®är‡®±ªå ' y®½î®Á „®³u¬ „®ã y¯äY°w® q®Š¯X¯‡®±ÁN®³q® '

Hºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. (y®ä. Š®q®OE¯î®± 1928) Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ y¯u®ªy®Ùš®²‹ N®³q® i°Nµ‡®±

 EOEµå°Q N®²l® Cuµ. Ey®©…Ü bµ²ãrÇ®ã N®Š®ºl®N® - y®äO°oÁN®u®ªå 376 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ.

 Cu®Š® „¯ǵ î®±q®±Ù ýµ¶ªS®¡®± bµ¶w® î®±oe¯Š¯™ó° y¯äN®³q® S®äºs®S®¡® N®²l® oeµ²°©±q®Ùîµ. S®äºs®u®

 Bv‡®±ªå š®²‡®±Á y®äcÓzÙ‡®±ªå ي®vºu® î®pÁ›u® ïÇ®‡®±î®w®²Ý Cªå š®ºS®äoe® Š®²y®vºu®  

y®³s®N¬î¯T î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. Hºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. S®äºs®u®ªå N¯©y®ä¯o, ¯š®, AvÃN®î®¾¯š®, xÇ®ÞrÙ,

rt - xÇ®ÞrÙ, Lî®±Š®q®Ù (Ÿ°w®Š¯rä) w®£®q®ä y®‹î®¾¯o; X®ºu®ä - š®²‡®±Á- y®‹î®¾¯o, w®£®q®ä -

X®ºu®ä š®²‡®±Á - S®r, w®£®q®ä‡µ²°S®, î®±ºl®© S®, A‡®±w®, BrÙ, î®±±oe®²q®Á S®r, G±q®±

ïÇ®±î®q¬ (Aoeµ²°Š¯rä š®î®±q®æ), î®ãry¯q®, q¯y®, v®î®³vÛ, A¯î¯š¯ - y¹pÁ¯›°

y®äw®Ç®Ô î®±q®±Ù y¹Šµ²°™ D Cy®Þqµ²Ùºu®± y¯oe®±l®S®¢îµ.  

 š®ºš®öq® î®±q®±Ù Ay®„®³ºý® y®¼Š¯oS®¡®ªå oe®‹î®ºý®y®¼Š¯o, î®±oe¯y®¼Š¯o räÇ®™Õ

ý®OE¯N¯y®¼Š®±Ç® X®‹q®ä, rš®iÕ î®±oe¯y®¼‹š® S®±n¯©ºN¯Š®S®¡®ªå - š®oe® räOEµ²°N®u® î®oÁwµS®¡®±

N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùîµ. CS®¡®ª ïýµ°Ç®î¯T dw®šµ°w® N®³q® š®ºš®öq® oe®‹î®ºý® y®¼Š¯o ( 8 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®) D ïÇ®‡®±N¯ÊT y¯äY°w®qµ î®±q®±Ù ïÇ®‡®± ي®u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tîµ.

Cu®Š®ªå w¯©Ê‹ºu® I¡®wµ‡®± š®S®Áu®î®ŠµSµ N®äî®±î¯T Auµ²°OEµ²°N®, r‡®±ÁS¬OEµ²°N®, Fu®æÁ

OEµ²°N®, î®±q®±Ù N¯©S®¡® ي®î¯u® î®oÁwµ‰±uµ. Cu®± rOEµ²°‡®± y®oØrÙ‡®± ïÇ®‡®±î®w®±Ý

oeµ²°©±q®Ùuµ.  

 X®Š®n¯w®±‡µ²°S® - š¯Ÿq®ã  

 bµ¶w® š¯Ÿq®ãu® X®Š®n¯w®±‡µ²°S® S®u®ªå …Š®±î¯ S®äºs®S®¡µ²¡®Sµ BX¯Š® u®Áu®

y®äry¯u®w®ïuµ. u¯æu®ý¯ºS® BS®î®±S®¡®ªå‡µ±° y®äs®î®± BX¯Š¯ºS®u®ªå î®±±xu®Áu® oe¯S®²

I¡®wµ‡®± AºS®u®ªå - Ey¯š®N¯u®㇮±u®ªå S®³oe®š®ÚŠ® BX¯Š®u® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯muµ‡µ±ºu®±

Ÿºuµ oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. q®Š®±î¯‡®±u® N¯©u®ªå Š®²y®Sµ²°ºl® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå D HŠ®l®² y®Š®N¯Š®u®

BX¯Š®î®w®²Ý ïš®±î® Awµ°N® S®äºs®S®¡®± x¯Áoî¯Tîµ.  

î®±±x BX¯Š® - y¯äN®³q® :-  

îµ²hÔ îµ²u®©± N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå w®î®±Sµ î®±±x î®±q®±Ù ý¯äî®N®Š® BX¯Š®S®¡®

†Ãw®Ý - †Ãw®Ý xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±± wµ²°l®ªNµÊ ›S®±q®Ùuµ. A® y®äî®X®w®š¯Š®u®ªå î®±²Š®wµ‡®±

ý®±äq®š®Êºu® xcî¯T‡®±² î®±±x BX¯Š®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® Kºu®± š®æq®ºq®ä Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå

Cu®ÜŠ®±, r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š®± î®±q®±Ù ý®äî®±oŠ®± CSµ w®î®±š¯ÊŠ® ¯m, ý¯äî®±ou® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý

¯l®OE¯Tuµ.