Jain World
 
     
  Email this page       

Combining  JAIN aspirations..Globally...... Mission*24L*
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of DANACHINTAMANI

CHAPTER-1

CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER-4
CHAPTER-5
CHAPTER-6
CHAPTER-7
CHAPTER-8
CHAPTER-9
CHAPTER-10
CHAPTER-11
CHAPTER-12
CHAPTER-13
CHAPTER-14
CHAPTER-15
CHAPTER-16
CHAPTER-17
CHAPTER-18
CHAPTER-19
CHAPTER-20
CHAPTER-21
CHAPTER-22
CHAPTER-23
CHAPTER-24
CHAPTER-25
CHAPTER-26
CHAPTER-27

y¯ä¯w®š®º¯u®°‡®±

 

Cu®Š®ªå 75 S®oeµS®¢ºu® ý®äî®±ow® ©£®o, y®äb¯ã oe¯S®² Ey®š¯Úy®N®w¯q®âN® v°£¯, Cy®ÞqµÙºh±

î®±²© S®±oS®¡® xuµÁ°ý®, Zµ°u®u® š®æŠ®²y®, Eq®éS®Á î®±q®±Ù Ay®î¯u® ¯S®Áu® xŠ®²y®o,

b¯Ów®š¯u®w¯, ý®±„µ²°y®‡µ²°S®, š®º‡®±î®± ²°và y®ärÙS®¡® xе²°u® oe¯S®² ý¯äî®±oãu®

y®½oÁqµ‡®± î®±²©N® îµ²°£® q®q®æu® š¯u®wµ CS®¡® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯muµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±

S¯oeµ‡®±ªå, ‡®¾¯Š®± š¯S¯Š® As®î¯ Aw¯S¯Š® BX¯Š®vºu® Nµ²°mu®±Û, D ý¯š®w®î®w®±Ý

r¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ëµ²° A®± A©Þ N¯©u®ªå y®äî®X®w® š¯Š®î®w®±Ý š®ºy¯v›Nµ²¡®±ëq¯Ùе Hºu®±

oeµ°¢uµ.  

 x‡®±š¯Š®u®ªå 187 S¯oeµS®¢îµ. ‡®¾¯î®¼u®± x‡®±î®±vºu® ¯l®©Þl®±î®¼uµ²° Auµ°

x‡®±î®±î¯Tuµ. Au®± b¯Ów®, u®ý®Áw®, X¯‹q®äŠ®²y® î¯Tuµ - Cu®w®±Ý y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå‡µ±° OEµ°QN®Š®±

š®ÞÇ®ÔSµ²¢›u¯Ûе. ' š¯Š¬ ' ý®…Ûu® q¯q®Þ‡®±ÁïÇµÔ ; îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® x‡®±î®±S®¢Sµ ïy®‹q®î¯u®

š®ºS®rS®¡®w®±Ý y®‹oe¯Š® Sµ¶‡®±OE¯S®±î®¼u®±. B îµ±°OEµ S®äºs®u®ªå D î®±²Š®± š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý

ïîµ°Yš®OE¯Tuµ. 77 ‹ºu® 157 Š® µTw® 81 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå Bî®ý®ãN®S®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý

ي®î¯T r¢› Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®NµÊ î®±±xS®¡® xý®Ï‡®¾¯q®âN® X¯‹q®äu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. Cªå

Ç®l¯î®ý®ãN®S®¡® N®äî®± oe¯S®² AS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± „µ°ŠµlµTºq® †Ãw®Ýî¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå y®ärN®äî®±o,

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®, BOEµ²°X®w¯, N¯‡µ²Á°q®éS®Á, š¯î®¾¯‰±N® î®±q®±Ù y®Š®î®±„®OÙ D Aî®ý®ãN®qµS®¡®

î®oÁwµ‰±uµ. dw®î®Š® - xvÁÇ®Ô š®²q®äS®¡®ªå [S¯oeµ 89] î®pÁ›u®±Û î®±q®±Ù Au®Š® š®æŠ®²y®î®¼

y®ärN®äî®±o Hº… š®²q®äu®ªå [S¯oeµ 94] oeµ°¡®uµ° Cuµ° - Au®NµÊ°wµ° y®ärN®äî®±ou®±

oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. - Hºu®± Aî®w®± š®ÞÇ®ÔSµ²¢›u¯Ûwµ. Cªå Bî®ý®ãN®Ê x‡®±±ÁOÙ‡®± š®æŠ®²y®î®w®²Ý

 š®oe® r¢›Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. ‡®¾¯î®¼u®± q®w®Ý î®ý®îµ° 𵿰XµÏ‡®± îµ±°OEµ Bu¯‹š®uµ CŠ®±î®¼uµ²° -

 Au®± Aî®ý®ã Aî®ý®ã BT ¯l®±î® ‡µ²°S®ãN¯‡®±Á Bî®ý®ãN®î¯Tuµ. ‡®±±OÙ‡®± As®Á Ey¯‡®±

Hºvuµ. Au®wµÝ° xŠ®î®‡®±î® As¯Áq¬ š®î®±™Ô Š®²y®vºu® x‡®±±ÁOÙ Hºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

Cu®‹ºu® OEµ°QN®w® Hu®±‹Sµ Bî®ý®ãN® x‡®±±ÁOÙ Hº… oeµš®‹w® Š®X®wµ‡®±± CŠ®„µ°N®±; Aî®w®±

Au®w®±Ý y¯ä¯pN®îµºu®± î®±xÝš®±rÙu®Ûw®±. - Hº…±u®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. (S¯oeµ 142) Bî®ý®ãN®S®¡®

î®±±P¯ºq®Š®îµ° ý¯äî®±oã S®±ou® y®½rÁ‡®±± BS®±q®Ùuµ. Au®‹ºu® ‡®¾¯î® ý®äî®±ow®± Bî®ý®ãN®  

Ÿ°w®w¯TŠ®±î®wµ²° Aî®w®± X¯‹q®ä „®äÇ®Ôw¯TŠ®±î®w®±. (147 - 48) Bî®ý®ãN®S®¡®w®±Ý BX®‹›‡µ±°

y®¼Š¯o y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®± Nµ°î®ªS®¡¯Tu¯Ûе. D y®äN¯Š® S®äºs®u® …oe®±„¯S®î®¼ Aî®ý®ãN®S®¡® î®±oe®q®æ î®±q®±Ù

AS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý K¡®Sµ²ºmuµ. î®±±ºvw® 10,12 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå Nµ°î®ªS®¡® b¯Ów® , u®ý®Áw®

oe¯S®² A® N®äî®±vºu® y®Š® - y®äN¯ý®N®q®æ î®±q®±Ù š®æy®äN¯ý®N®q®æ D ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ

BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®± q®î®±â BOEµ²°X®w¯q®âN® ïX¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý y®äN®i›u¯Ûе. D y®äN®Š®o Ç®g¬

Qºl¯S®î®±u® u® i°Nµ‡®±ªå b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù u®ý®Áw®S®¡®w®±Ý ïîµ°Yš®±î® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®±¡®ë

y®äN®Š®oS®¡®ªå š®î®¾¯îµ°ý® ¯l®©± ‡µ²°S®ãî¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå îµ²°£®u® š®æŠ®²y®u® îµ±°OEµ

ïX¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý y®äN®iš®OE¯Tuµ. x‡®±î®±š¯Š®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý xc„¯î®wµ‡®± xï±q®Ù ¯l®OE¯Tuµ

Hºu®± oeµ°¢ S®äºs®î®w®±Ý š®î®¾¯y®ÙSµ²¢›uµ. D S®äºs®u® 17wµ‡®± S¯oeµ‡®±ªå î®±w®±Ç®ã w¯Š®O,

r‡®±ÁºY î®±q®±Ù uµ°î® C®ªåŠ®±î® „µu®î®w®±Ý ي®î¯T OEµ²°N®ï„¯S®vºu® r¢‡®±„µNµ°ºu®±

oeµ°¢uµ. D EOEµåQu® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå ïu¯æºš®Š®ªå î®±q® „µ°u®S®¡®± Cîµ :- Nµ©î®¼ cw®Š®±

OEµ²°N®ï„¯S® Hº… oeµš®‹w® Kºu®± ïýµ°Ç® S®äºs®u® EOEµåQïu®± Hw®±Ý®±. Cw®²Ý Nµ©î®Š®±

OEµ²°N®ï„¯S® ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® š¯î®¾¯w®ã S®äºs®Š¯þ‡®±w®±Ý Cu®± š®²Yš®±q®Ùuµw®±Ý®±. D

S®äºs®u® i°N¯N¯Š®w¯u® î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®w®± îµ±°OEµ oeµ°¢u® y®äN¯Š® d°î®S®¡® „µ°u®î®w®±Ý

OEµ²°N®ï„¯S® Hº… oeµš®‹w® y®Š®î®¾¯S®î®± u®ªå wµ²°l®„µNµ°ºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ.

[OEµ²°N®ï„¯S¯†Ãu¯w® - y®Š® ¯S®îµ± u®äÇ®Ôî®ã» ] OEµ²°N®ï„¯S® Hº… oeµš®‹w® š®ºš®öq®

S®äºs®îµ½ºu®± uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® N®q®Á³î¯u® ›ºoe®š®²‹‡®±² Au®Š®ªå š®î®Áw®ºv‡®±² …еu®

- ý®N® š®ºî®q®éŠ® 340 (Oä.ý®. 458 Š®ªå Š®Yq®î¯u® - y¯äN®³q® OEµ²°N® S®u® EOEµåQî®w®±Ý

¯mu¯Ûwµ. Cuµ° OEµ²°N®ï„¯S®î®¼ x‡®±î®±š¯Š® OEµ°QN®w® u®³™Ô‡®±ªå CqµÙºu®± oeµ°¢u®Šµ

Bý®Ï‡®±Áy®l®±î® N¯Š®oï©å. Cw¯Ýî® „¯u®N® y®ä¯oS®¡®± C©åuµ Cu®Ûªå D N¯©î®¼ N®±ºu®

N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ® N¯©u® y®½î¯Áî®và Hºu®± î®±xÝ›u®Šµ Aw®±Yq®îµºu®± Hxš®OE¯Š®u®±.

 x‡®±î®±š¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ š®ºš®öq® i°Nµ‡®±± y®u®â y®ä„® î®±©u¯‹uµ°î® N®³q® ' q¯q®Þ‡®±ÁrÙ '

‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. D i°Nµ‡®± y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå oe¯S®² Ju®wµ‡®± ý®±äq®š®Êºu®u® Nµ²wµ‡®± N®q®Á³î®¼

ï°Š®w®ºv î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý v›u¯Ûwµ. X¯©±N®ã Нc rä„®±î®w®î®±©å šµ²°îµ±°ý®æŠ® uµ°î®w® N¯©u®  

ý®N® š®ºî®q®éŠ® 1107 Ь Kºu®± þOE¯OEµ°Q (Hz.Cºm.1916-17) y®u®â y®ä„® î®±©u¯‹uµ°î®

î®±q®±Ù Aî®w® S®±Š®± ï°Š®w®ºv ›u¯Üºq®X®N®äî®rÁ‡®±w®±Ý EOEµå°Rš®±q®Ùuµ. Cuµ° y®u®ây®ä„®w®± D

i°Nµ‡®± N®q®Á³îµºu®± r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ.  

 x‡®±î®±š¯Š®u®ªå 134 ‹ºu® 140 S¯oeµS®¡®î®ŠµSµ y®Š®î®± „®OÙŠ®²y® Aî®ý®ãN® O䇵±S®¡®

xŠ®²y®oïuµ. Cu®Š®ªå š®î®±ãN®ð b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù X®Š®ou®ªå „®OÙ, xî¯Áo „®OÙ, îµ²°£®S®q® y®¼Š®±Ç®Š®

„®OÙ î®±q®±Ù ‡µ²°S®„®OÙS®¡® EOEµå°Q ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå ‡µ²°S®„®OÙ‰±ºu®OEµ° G±Ç®„¯v

dwµ°ºu®äŠ®± xî¯Áo š®±Qî®w®±Ý y®lµu®Šµºu®± (S¯oeµS®¡®ªå ) oeµ°¢uµ. D y®äš®ºS®N®Êw®±š®‹›

N®±ºu®N®±ºu®‹ºu® š®æq®» y®³s®N® Š®²y®vºu® „®OÙS®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®¾¯u®u®Ûw®±Ý š¯s®ÁN®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

N®±ºu®N®±ºu® N®³q® Ey®©…Ü u®ý® „®OÙS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± Ÿ°Tîµ :- r°s®ÁºN®Š® „®OÙ (S¯oeµ 8)

›u®Û„®OÙ (S¯oeµ 11) ý®±äq®„®OÙ (S¯oeµ 11), X¯‹q®ä„®OÙ (S¯oeµ 12 ) Aw®S¯Š® „®OÙ (S¯oeµ

 23), BX¯‡®±Á „®OÙ (S¯oeµ 18), xî¯Áo „®OÙ (S¯oeµ 27), y®ºX®y®Š®îµ±°™Ô „®OÙ (S¯oeµ 7),

w®ºvý®æŠ® „®OÙ î®±q®±Ù ý¯ºr „®OÙ. D „®OÙS®¡®± AS®¡® oeµš®‹Sµ Aw®±š®‹› u®w¯q®âN® î®±q®±Ù

„¯î®w¯q®âN®î¯Tîµ. ›u®Û„®OÙ‡®± S¯oeµS®¡® š®ºPµã‡®±± Nµ©îµ½ºu®± AxþÏq®î¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±îµŠ®l®±

w®ºvý®æŠ® „®OÙ î®±q®±Ù ý¯ºr „®OÙS®¡®± DS® uµ²Šµ‡®±±î® Š®²y®u®ªå Nµ²wµ‡®± Nµ©î®¼ î¯N®ãS®¡®±

y¯äN®³q® Š®²y®u®ªå Cîµ. AS®¡® y®½oÁ y¯äN®³q® y¯j®î®¼ ©†Ã›©å. CS®¡® y¯äY°w® y®ärS®¡®w®±Ý

IN®räq®Sµ²¢› š®ºýµ²°u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®±î® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‡®±± Cuµ. D „®OÙS®¡®± y®ä„¯ X®ºu®ä N®³q®

š®ºš®öq® i°Nµš®Ÿq® ' O䇮¾¯N®OE¯y® ' Hº… oeµš®‹xºu® y®äN®iq®î¯Tîµ. (y®ä. šµ²OE¯åy®¼AŠ®

1921).  

 u®¯ÁX®Š®nµ‡®± î®±±Qã EuµÛ°ý®î®¼ îµ²°£® y¯äzÙ‡®¾¯Tuµ. îµ²°£® ¯S®Á š®î®±ãS¬

u®ý®Áw® b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù X¯‹q®äS®¡¯Tîµ. D î®±²Š®Š® y®är y¯u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý N®±ºu® N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®±

N®äî®±î¯T q®î®±â u®ý®Áw® š®²q®ä î®±q®±Ù X¯‹q®ä y¯oe®±l®S®¡®ªå ¯mu¯Ûе. A®± u®ý®Áw®

y¯oe®±l®u® 15 wµ‡®± S¯oeµ‡®±ªå "š®î®±ãN®ð vºu® (u®ý®Áw®) b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù b¯Óî®±vºu® H©å

„¯î®S®¡® Ey®©…Ü oe¯S®² ýµä°‡®± - Aýµä°‡®±S®¡® r¡®±î®¢Nµ‡®¾¯S®±q®Ùuµ. ; Au®‹ºu® þ°©î®¼  

©†Ã›, Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå xî¯Áo y¯äy®Ùî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. " Hºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûе. A®± BŠ®± u®äî®ã î®±q®±Ù

Kº„®q®±Ù y®u¯s®Á oe¯S®² Ju®± B›Ù N¯‡®± î®±q®±Ù I¡®± q®q®æS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®u®ªå ý®äuµÜ‡®±w®±Ý

Cl®±î®î®‹Sµ î®ãî®oe¯Š®vºu® š®î®±ãS®Ûȳ™Ô oe¯S®² Bq®âý®äuµÜ ‡®±±¡®ëSµ xý®Ï‡®± š®î®±ãS®Ûȳ™Ô Hºu®±

oeµ°¢u¯Ûе. (S¯oeµ 19-20)  

 š®²q®äy¯oe®±l®u®ªå Ÿ°Sµ oeµ°¢u¯Ûе :- ‡®¾¯î®¼u®Š® As®Áu® Ey®uµ°ý®î®¼ Aoe®Áq¬

(r°s®ÁºN®Š®) ‹ºu®©² S®äºs®Š®X®wµ‡®±± S®ouÂ®Š®‹ºu®©² BTŠ®±î®¼uµ²° Auµ° š®²q®äîµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

Cu®Š® î®±²©N® ý®äî®±ow®± y®Š®î®¾¯s®Áu® š¯u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®±q¯Ùwµ. (S¯oeµ 1) š®²q®äî®w®±Ý

Ÿmu®± w®lµ‡®±±î®ºs® y®¼Š®±Ç®wµ° „®äÇ®Ôw¯S®uµ š®ºš¯Š®u® BXµ‡®± u®l®î®w®±Ý šµ°Š®±q¯Ùwµ. ‡®¾¯î®

y®äN¯Š® š®²q®ävºu® (w®²ªxºu®) y®î®p›u® š®²d‡®±± š®±Š®¤q®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ ; š®²q®äï©åu®±u®±

N®¡µu®± oeµ²°S®±q®Ùuµ. oe¯Sµ (S¯oeµ 3-4) î®±±ºuµ dwµ°ý®æŠ®w®± oeµ°¢u® š®²q®äu® b¯Ów® vºu®OEµ°

K¡µë‡®± u®³™Ô‡®± Eq®ÞrÙ‡®±², Au®‹ºu®OEµ° î®ãî®oe¯Š® y®Š®î®¾¯s®ÁS®¡® š¯u®wµ‡®±² š¯u®ãu®±

oeµ°¢uµ. š®²q¯äs®Á y®s®vºu® „®äÇ®Ôw¯u® š¯u®N®w®w®±Ý ï±s¯ãu®³™Ô‡µ±ºu®± r¢‡®±©mÖ‰±©å (S¯oeµ

5-7) š®²q®äNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® D EOEµå°QS®¢ºu® N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® Hu®±‹Sµ dw¯S®î®±

š®²q®äS®¢u®Ûu®² AS®¡® Au®㇮±w®, Au®N®Êw®±š®‹›u® î®oÁwµ, C î®±±xS®¢Sµ Aî®ý®ãN®îµºu®±

r¢‡®±±rÙu®Ûеºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. î®±±ºvw® S¯oeµS®¡®ªå î®±±xS®¡® w®S®Ýq®æ, A¡®ëÇ®²Ô š®ºS®äoe®

CŠ®vŠ®±î®¼u®±, CS®¡®w®±Ý y®äry¯v›, ›ô°‡®±‹Sµ y®äbµã‡®±w®±Ý xǵ°vÚ®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®‹ºu®

N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® N¯©u®ªå vS®º…Š® - ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±S®¡®± ›ÚŠ®Sµ²ºmu®Û…±u®±

›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ.  

 X¯‹q®ä y¯oe®±l®u® y®äŠ®º„®u®ªå‡µ±° Ÿ°Sµ oeµ°¢uµ :- ‡®¾¯î®¼u®± r¡®±î®¢N®‡µ²° Au®±

b¯Ów®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ. ‡®¾¯î®¼u®± N¯pš®±î®¼uµ²° Au®± u®ý®Áw®î®¼. C®l®Š® š®º‡µ²°S®vºu® Eq®Þw®Ý

î¯S®±î® „¯î®îµ° X¯‹q®ä. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° b¯Ów® u®ý®Áw® î®±q®±Ù O䇵±‡µ±° š®î®±ãN¬ X¯‹q®äîµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

d°î®u® D î®±²Š®± „¯î®S®¡µ° A£®‡®± î®±q®±Ù Aw®ºq®î¯Tîµ. CS®¡® ýµ²°u®w®N¯ÊT‡µ±° dwµ°ºu®ä

uµ°î®w®± HŠ®l®± y®äN¯Š®u® X¯‹q®äS®¡®w®±Ý oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ ; Kºu®± u®ý®Áw¯q®âN® š®î®±ãN®ð X¯‹q®ä,  

Cwµ²Ýºu®± š®º‡®±î®± X¯‹q®ä (S¯oeµ 3-5). î®±±ºuµ š®î®±ãN®ðu® x»ý®N® îµ²u®OE¯u® Hºh± AºS®

(S¯oeµ 7), š®º‡®±î®± X¯‹q®äu® š¯S¯Š® î®±q®±Ù Aw®S¯Š® Š®²y®u® HŠ®l®± „µ°u®S®¡®± (S¯oeµ 21),

u®ý®Áw®, î®äq® îµ²u®OE¯u® uµ°ý®î®är‡®± oe®wµ²Ýºu®± y®ärîµ±S®¡®± (S¯oeµ 22), Ao±î®äq®,

 S®±oî®äq® î®±q®±Ù þ£¯î®äq®, CS®¢ºu¯u® oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± y®äN¯Š®u® š¯S¯Š® u®Á (S¯oeµ 27)

 oe¯S®² y®ºXµ°ºv䇮± š®ºî®u® î®±q®±Ù Ju®± î®äq®S®¡®² AS®¡® î®±²î®qµÙȶu®± O䇵±S®¡®± š®Ÿq®,

 Ju®± š®ï±r î®±q®±Ù î®±²Š®± S®±zÙŠ®²y® Aw®S¯Š® š®º‡®±î®±u® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯muµ. (S¯oeµ 28

Bv) ý¯äî®N®Š® oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq®S®¡® š®º…ºu®u®ªå S®î®±xš®q®N®Ê š®ºS®r‡®±² Cºruµ :- Cªå vý¯ -

ïvý¯ y®ä¯o, Aw®s®Áu®ºl® î®cÁwµ, „µ²°Sµ²°y® „µ²°S® y®ä¯o D î®±²Š®± S®±oî®äq®S®¡®±

; oe¯S®² š¯î®¾¯‰±N® yµ½ä°Ç®u®, Arty®½b¯ î®±q®±Ù š®OEµå°Qw¯ Cw®± w¯©±Ê þ£¯î®äq®S®¡µºu®±

oeµ°¢uµ. D xuµÁ°ý®î®¼ q®q¯æs®Á š®²q®äu®ªå (7,21) xvÁÇ®ÔSµ²¢›u® î®äq®S®¢ºu® î®±²Š®±

š®ºS®rS®¡®ªå †Ãw®Ýî¯Tuµ. Kºu®wµ‡®±u¯T Cªå „µ²°Sµ²°y®„µ²°S® y®‹î®¾¯oî®w®±Ý Aw®s®Áu®ºl®

î®äq®u® bµ²qµ‡®±ªå S®±oî®äq®S®¡®ªå N®²mš®OE¯Tuµ. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±u¯T uµ°ý®î®äq®î®w®±Ý EOEµå°R›‡µ±°

C©å. î®±q®±Ù î®±²Š®wµ‡®±u¯T þ£®î®äq®u®ªå š®OEµå°Qw® xuµÁ°ý®î®¼ r°Š® oeµ²š®u¯Tuµ. Cªå

Cwµ²Ýºu®± š®ºS®r‡®±w®±Ý w¯î®¼ ©£®Èãu®ªå Cl®„µ°N®±. q®q¯æs®ÁŠ®²y®u®ªå (7-12) vS¬uµ°ý¯v

I¡®± î®äq®S®¡®w®±Ý Kºuµ°š®î®±wµ xuµÁ°þš®OE¯Tuµ. Au®Š®ªå S®±oî®äq® î®±q®±Ù þ£¯î®äq®S®¡®w®±Ý

ï„®d› ï›©å. CS®¡®w®±Ý T› xuµÁ°þ›u¹Û, N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ® D y¯oe®±l®u®ªå

îµ²hÔ îµ²u®ªw®u¯T N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. oe®‹„®u®ä N®³q® ' ý¯äî®N® - y®äcÓzÙ ' ‡®±ªå S®±oî®äq®S®¡®

xuµÁ°ý®î®¼ N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š®ºqµ Cuµ. Bu®Šµ þ£¯î®äq®S®¡®ªå Aªå š®OEµå°Qw®u® EOEµå°Qî¯Tuµ.

uµ°ý®î®N¯þN®uµÛ° xuµÁ°ý®ïuµ. Aw®S¯Š® š®º‡®±î®±u® š®ºu®„®Áu®ªå Cy®ÞqµÙȶu®± O䇵±S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù

î®±²Š®± S®±zÙS®¡®² Cªå š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®Sµ²ºl®±u®±u®± ïýµ°Ç® EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tuµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±°

Cu®Š®ªå OEµ²°X® îµ²u®OE¯u® I¡®± ïýµ°Ç® S®±oS®¡® xuµÁ°ý®î®¼ N®ºl®±…Š®±î®¼v©å. Aºu®Š®²

y®äî®X®w®š¯Š® (S¯oeµ 3,8) u®ªå D I¡®± EOEµå°Rš®©ÞiÔîµ ; Bu®Šµ î®±²Š®± S®±zÙS®¡® EOEµå°Q

¯q®äï©å.  

 „µ²°u®y¯oe®±l®u®ªå (S¯oeµ 62) B‡®±q®w® Xµ¶q®ãS®³oe®, y®är¯, u®ý®Áw®, †º…,

dw®î®±±u¯ä, b¯Ów® uµ°î® r°s®Á, Aoe®Áq¬ î®±q®±Ù y®äb¯ã D oe®wµ²Ýºu®± xcš®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý

ïš®OE¯Tuµ. A©åuµ y®ºX®î®±oe¯ î®äq®u¯‹ î®±oe®™ÁS®¢Sµ xcî¯u® B‡®±q®w®, ASµ°wµ°

 Xµ¶q®ã - S®³oe® u®x°‡®± y®är¯ ; š®î®±ãN®ð, b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù š®º‡®±î®±Š®²y® îµ²°£®

 î®¾¯S®Áu®ý®Áw® ¯mš®±î® xcî¯u® u®ý®Áw® ; CSµ° q®y® î®±q®±Ù î®äq®S®±oS®¢ºu® N®²mu® xcî¯u®

 Aoe®Áºq® î®±±uµä ; Aî®w®uµ° u¯ãw® ‡µ²°S®S®¡®ªå N®²mu® b¯Ów®NµÊ°wµ° xcî¯u® b¯Ów® ; Aî®wµ°

 As®Á, u®Á, N¯î®± î®±q®±Ù y®äcãS®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î®ºs® xcî¯u® uµ°î® ; Aî®w® xî®±Á© u®Á,

š®î®±ãN®ð š®º‡®±î®±, q®y® î®±q®±Ù b¯Ów®S®¢Sµ xcî¯u® r°s®Áu®± oeµ°¢uµ. Aî®w®± î®±±y®¼„µ°wµ,

oe®±h±Ô, š¯î®¼, w¯©±Ê S®rS®¡®ªå š®±q®±ÙïNµ, y®¼oã î®±q®±Ù y¯y® KiÔw®ªå š®î®±š®Ù uµ²°Ç® oe¯S®²

N®î®±ÁS®¡®w®±Ý w¯ý® ¯m q®w®Ýw®±Ý b¯Ów®î®±‡®±î®w¯ÝT ¯mNµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ. Aî®wµ° î®±wµ î®±q®±Ù

y®‹S®äoe®S®¡® îµ²°oe®vºu® î®±±OÙ, Cy®ÞqµÙ°Š®l®± y®‹°Ç®oe®S®¡®² oe¯S®² oe®vw¯Š®± N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡®

 îµ±°OEµ ïc‡®±, Au®Š®ºqµ y¯y®Š®º„®vºu® ïî®±±OÙ‡®±± N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùîµ. Cîµ° y®äb¯ã BTîµ.

 Cî®w®ªå ý®q®±ä î®±q®±Ù ï±q®ä oeµ²S®¢Nµ î®±q®±Ù xºuµ, OE¯„® î®±q®±Ù AOE¯„®, q®³o î®±q®±Ù

 N¯ºX®w® CS®¡® …SµÌ š®î®±„¯î®î®¼ î®ãN®Ùî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Eq®Ùî®± As®î¯ î®±u®ãî®±, u®‹u®ä As®î¯

 ›‹î®ºq® C®ªå xŠ®yµ°£® „¯î®vºu® Boe¯Š®î®w®±Ý ›æ°N®‹š®±q¯Ùwµ. oe®±iÔu¯TŠ®±î®ºs® [ w®S®Ý

 vS®º…Š® ] î®±±uµä‡®±w®±Ý u®‹š®±î®w®±. ý®‹°Š® š®ºš¯ÊŠ®S®¡®w®±Ý †iÔŠ®±î®w®±. £®y®o, ¯u®Áw®

 îµ²u®OE¯u® „¯î®S®¡®w®±Ý uÂ¯Š®o ¯mŠ®±î®w®±. D y¯oe®±l®u® N®q®Á³î®¼ Z®N¯Ê‡®± š®±oe®º N®Š®º [

 Ç®g¬N¯‡®± d°î®S®¡® 𮩱î¯T š®±QN®Š®î®½ Ÿq®N®Š®î®½ ] Hºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. …oe®¡® ¯m Cuµ°

 y¯oe®±l®u® N®q®Á³î®¼ Cu®NµÊ ChÔ xvÁÇ®Ô oeµš®Š¯TŠ®„µ°N®±. Cu®w®±Ý Aî®w®± „®î®ã cw®Š®

 „µ²°u®w¯s®Áî¯T Š®Y›u®w®±. D y¯oe®±l®u®ªå y®äŠ®²z›u® D oe®wµ²Ýºu®± ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý Lvu®Ûªå

 B N¯©u®ªå w¯w¯ y®äN¯Š®u® B‡®±q®w®S®¡®± Š®²mÇ®±ªåu®±Û. ïïu® y®äN¯Š®u® Xµ¶q®ãS®¡®±,

 î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®±, î®±²rÁS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù †º…S®¡® y®½bµS®OE¯S®±rÙu®Û. E¢u® î®±±uµäS®¡® š¯u®±S®¡®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. Au®Š®ºqµ uµ°î®, r°s®Á î®±q®±Ù y®äcãS®¡®ªå‡®±² ïïu® y®äN¯Š®S®¡®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±rÙu®Ûu®± r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. D OEµ²°N® y®äX®ªq® š®î®±š®Ù ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ y®äN¯ý®  

†°Š®±î® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‰±uµ‡µ±ºu®± N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®± r¢vu®ÛŠ®±. Cu®wµÝ° D y¯oe®±l®vºu®

A®± ¯mu®Š®±.  

 „¯î®y¯oe®±l® :- [S¯oeµ 165] Cu®Š®ªå u®äî®ã ªºT î®±q®±Ù „¯ºT ý®äî®±oŠ®ªå „µ°u®

¯l®OE¯Tuµ. î®±±x‡®± îµ°Ç®î®w®±Ý u®‹›î®¼u®±, î®äq® î®±q®±Ù q®y®S®¡® A„¯㚮 ¯l®±î®¼u®±,

ý¯š®ôb¯Ów®î®w®±Ý y¯äy®Ù¯mNµ²¡®±ëu®‹ºu® ¯q®äîµ° Bq®âw® N®OE¯ãoî¯S®±î®¼v©å… ¯rw®

îµ±°OEµ N®q®Á³î®¼ …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô bµ²°Š®± ¯m y®äy¯v›u¯Ûwµ. y®‹n¯î®±S®¡®ªå ý®±v܇®±±

Eºg¯u®ªå‡µ±° Bq®â N®OE¯ãoî¯S®±î®¼u®± ; BS® НS®, uµæ°Ç¯v N®Ç¯‡®± „¯î®S®¡®± qµ²©TŠ®±î®î®¼

; Bq®â Bq®âu®ªå Š®î®±î®¾¯oSµ²¡®±ëu®± DS®OEµ° Bq®â N®OE¯ãoî¯S®±î®¼u®± [S¯oeµ 56 - 59]

 D ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Aî®w®± y®½î®ÁN¯©u® Awµ°N® u®äî®ã î®±q®±Ù „¯î®ý®äî®±oŠ® EOEµå°Qî®w®±Ý

 î®¾¯mu¯Ûwµ.

„¯oe®±…ª‡®±± ý®‹°Š¯vS®¢ºu® N®Ùw¯u® îµ±°OEµ‡®±± ¯w® N®Ç¯‡®±u® N¯Š®ovºu® vðU®Á

N¯©u®î®ŠµS®² ›v܇®±w®±Ý oeµ²ºu®ª©å, oeµ²ºu®±î®¼u®± š¯u®ãî¯S®ª©å [S¯oeµ 44]. î®±u®±zºS®

oe¯S®² î®þÇ®Ô î®±±xS®¡®± Boe¯Š¯vS®¡®w®±Ý q¯ãS®î®±m‡®±² N®²l® Yq®Ùu®ªå xu¯w® (ý®©ã)

CŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® ý®äî®±pq®æî®w®±Ý oeµ²ºu®ªNµÊ BS®ª©å (S¯oeµ 45 - 46) dw®ªºT‡®¾¯u®

„¯oe®±î®±±x‡®±± Bºq®‹°N® uµ²°Ç®u® N¯Š®ovºu® š®î®±š®Ù u®ºl®N® w®S®Š®î®w®±Ý „®š®â ¯m йЮî®

w®Š®N®î®w®±Ý oeµ²ºvu®w®±. (S¯oeµ 49). u®äî®ã ý®äî®±ow¯u® væ°y¯‡®±w®w®± š®î®±ãS¬ u®ý®Áw¬, b¯Ów®

î®±q®±Ù X¯‹q®äS®¢ºu® „®äÇ®Ôw¯T Aw®ºq® š®ºš¯‹‡®¾¯u®w®±. „®î®ãšµ°w®w®± oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± AºS® î®±q®±Ù

oe®vw¯©±Ê y®½î®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý Lv, š®N®© ý®±äq®b¯Óx‡®¾¯u®w®±. Bu®Š®² Aî®w®± „Â¯î® ý®äî®±oq®æî®w®±Ý

š®ºy¯vš®ªNµÊ š®î®±s®Áw¯S®ª©å (S¯oeµ 52). Cu®NµÊ ïy®‹°q®î¯T „Â¯î® ý®äî®±ow¯u®

þî®N®±î®¾¯Š®w®± ‡®±±î®r‡®±‹ºu® š®±q®±Ù‡®±©ÞiÔu®ÛŠ®² š®oe® ïý®±u®Ü y®‹n¯î®±vºu® š®ºš¯Š®

š®î®±±u®äî®w®± u¯h©± š®î®±s®Áw¯u®w®±. oe¯Sµ‡µ±° þ®²r î®±±x‡®±± EvÛw®šµ²yµÞ oe¯S®²

Au®Š®ªåŠ®±î® „µ°¡µS®¡®± †Ãw®Ý±î®ºqµ uµ°oe® î®±q®±Ù Bq®âS®¡®² †Ãw®Ý †Ãw®Ýu®± „Â¯î® ïý®±v܇®±w®±Ý

oeµ²ºv Nµ°î®© b¯Óx‡®¾¯u®w®±. y®äš®ºS®î®ý® 180 O䇮¾¯î¯v, 84 AO䇮¾¯î¯v, 97 Ab¯Óx

32 îµ¶x‰±N® D y®äN¯Š® 363 y¯Ç®ºm° î®±q®S®¡® EOEµåQ …ºvuµ (S¯oeµ 137 ‹ºu®

142). D y¯oe®±l®u®ªå š¯ŸrãN® S®±o š®oe® Aw®ã y¯oe®±l®S®¢Tºq® oeµX¯ÏT N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.  

‡®¾¯Š® î®±rŠ®²z°u®w®±Ç®ã ý®±äq®Š®²z° S®±o Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®±Š®²z° „¯oS®¡®² ›ÚŠ®î¯TŠ®±î®îµ½°

Aî®w®± y®Š®î®¾¯q®â Š®²z° T‹‡®±w®²Ý Hºu®± q®©±y®uµ CŠ®±î®¼v©å (S¯oeµ 23). Au®N¯ÊT

dw®u®Á HOE¯å u®ÁS®¡®ªå ýµä°Ç®Õî¯Tuµ. Š®q®ÝS®¡®ªå î®cä, £®S®¡®ªå X®ºu®w®

ýµä°Ç®Õ±î®ºqµ [S¯oeµ 82]. S®„®ÁS®³oe®u®ªå v°y®î®¼ ›ÚŠ®vºu® E‹‡®±±î®ºqµ НS®uµæ°Ç®Š®²z°

S¯¢‡®± oeµ²lµq®vºu® u®²Š® ±î® u¯ãw®Š®²z° v°y®î®¼ y®äv°y®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ. [S¯oeµ 123].

‡®¾¯î® y®äN¯Š® †°c u®S®Üî¯T oeµ²°u®îµ±°OEµ Au®‹ºu® AºN®±Š®î®¼ rŠ®±T oe®±hÔN¯Š®uµ²°

oe¯Sµ‡µ±° „Â¯î® ý®äî®±ow® N®î®±Á u®S®Üî¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® „¯®²z° BºN®±Š®î®¼ [y®¼w®Š¬ cw®â]

Eq®Þw®Ýî¯S®±î®¼v©å. D y¯oe®±l®u® Aî®OEµ²°N®w®vºu® Cu®Š® N®q®Á³ïw® N¯©u®ªå š¯u®±S®¡®±

„¯oe®ãîµ°ý® oe¯Sµ‡µ±° cy®, q®y®, î®äq® îµ²u®ªu®Û „¯oe®ã O䇵±S®¡®ªå oeµX®±Ï

 q®w®â‡®±Š¯TŠ®±rÙu®ÛŠ®±. xcî¯u® Bºq®‹°N® ý®±v܇®± N®lµSµ u¯ãw®ï°‡®±±rÙŠ®ª©åu®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.

 D „¯oe¯ãl®º…Š®vºu® „¯î®ý®±v܇®± N®lµSµ š¯u®±S®¡® Yq®ÙrÙ‡®±w®±Ý oeµ²Š®¢š®±î®¼u®N¯ÊT‡µ±° D

„Â¯î® y®oe®±l®î®w®±Ý …еu®Š®±. Cuµ° A†Ãy¯ä‡®±vºu® A®± „µ°Šµ‡®¾¯T ªS®y¯oe®±l®î®w®±Ý š®oe®

Kºu®w®±Ý Š®Y›u®Š®±.  

 ªºS®y¯oe®±l® :- [S¯oeµ 22] î®±±xS®OE¯ ý®äî®±oq®æî®¼ ‡®¾¯î® BX®Š®nµ‰±ºu®

u®²™q®î¯S®±î®¼uµ²° Aºs® BX®Š®nµS®¡®w®²Ý y®ärÙS®¡®w®²Ý Cu®Š®ªå xºvš®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ©î®¼

ý®äî®±oŠ®± N®±p‡®±±î®Š®±, oe¯l®±î®Š®± î®±q®±Ù î¯u®ã S®¡®w®±Ý „¯‹š®±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 4) Nµ©î®Š®±

š®ºS®äoe®î®¾¯l®±î®Š®±, N¯‡®±±Û Cl®±î®Š®± î®±q®±Ù Bq®Áu¯ãw®u®ªå î®±S®ÝНS®±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 5). Nµ©î®Š®±

î¯u®, u®²ãq®, N®©oe®S®¡®ªå Aw®±Š®N®ÙНTŠ®±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 6). Cw®±Ý Nµ©î®Š®± ïî¯oe®î®w®±Ý

oeµ²ºvš®±î®Š®±, N®³™N®î®±Á, î¯pcãS®¢ºu® Ÿºšµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®±î®Š®±. (S¯oeµ 9). Nµ©î®Š®± N®¡®ë

N¯N®Š®Š®, ©ºy®hŠ® S®²l®î¯u® - ïî¯u®Sµ¶‡®±±ã®± (S¯oeµ 10). Nµ©î®Š®± Fhu®ªå

Š®š®y®u¯s®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý Ayµ°¤š®±î®Š®±, N¯î®±Oä°lµ‡®±ªå‡®±² y®äq®ÙНS®±î®Š®±. (S¯oeµ 12). Nµ²l®uµ

Cu®Û ®±ÙS®¡®w®±Ý š®oe® Nµ©î®Š®± HrÙ oe¯N®±î®Š®±. (S¯oeµ 14). D‡®¾¯Áy®s® š®ï±r‡®±w®±Ý

E©åºV› Nµ©î®Š®± wµ©î®w®±Ý AT‡®±±î®Š®±, Ll®±î®Š®±, †°¡®±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 15). oe®© - Nµ©î®Š®±

„µ¡µS®¡®w®±Ý Nµ²‡®±±ã®±. N®v‡®±±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 16). Nµ©î®Š®± î®±Ÿ¡µ‡®±‹Sµ Bý®ä‡®± Nµ²l®±î®Š®±,  

y®äb¯ãŸ°w® S®³oe®š®Ú þǮ㊵²l®wµ Aq®ãºq® šµÝ°oe®î®w®±Ý „µ¡µ‰±š®±î®Š®± (S¯oeµ 18). Cºs®

 ý®äî®±oŠ®± …oe®± b¯ÓxS®¡¯Tu®ÛŠ®² š®oe® „¯î®î®¼ w®Ç®Ôî¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® ý®äî®±oеxš®±î®¼v©å.

 C®± î®±Š®ou® q®Š®±î¯‡®± š®æS®Áu® AvÃN¯‹S®¡¯S®±î®¼v©å. w®Š®N®u®ªå †°¡®±î®Š®±. r‡®±ÁºX®

 ‡µ²°x‡®±ªå cxš®±î®Š®±. Cºs® „¯î®î®¼ w®Ç®Ôî¯TŠ®±î® ý®äî®±oŠ®w®±Ý y¯š®q® (y¯ý®æÁš®Ú) ‹Tºq®©²

 xN®³Ç®Ôu®± oeµ°¡®±q¯Ùwµ. [S¯oeµ 20]. Nµ²wµSµ „¯î®y¯oe®±l®u®ºqµ D ªºS®y¯oe®±l®î®½ N®²l®

 xcî¯u® …±u®Üxºu® [š®î®ÁcÓ] Ey®uµ°þš®©ÞiÔuµÛºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. N®q®Á³ïw® N¯©u®ªå

 î®±±xš®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® uµ²°Ç®S®¡®± N®ºl®±…Š®±rÙu®±Û. Au®‹ºu® S®äºs®N®q®Á³î®¼ D

 N®³r‰±ºu® Aºs®î®Š®w®±Ý b¯S®³q®Sµ²¢š®„µ°N¯‰±q®±. Au®± Aî®ý®ãN®î®½ BTq®±Ù.  

 þ°© y¯oe®±l® :- S¯oeµ (44) Cu®² š®oe® Kºu®± y®äN¯Š®vºu® „Â¯î® î®±q®±Ù

ªºS®y¯oe®±l®S®¡® ïÇ®‡®±S®¢Sµ°wµ° y®½Š®N®î¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®ªå u®Á š¯u®wµ‡®±ªå þ°©u®

î®±oe®q®æî®w®±Ý KrÙ oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. þ°©ï©åuµ Cu®Ûе ïý¯© b¯Ów®u® y¯äzÙ‡®±² î®ãs®Áî¯Tuµ.

 Cªå š®X®ÏCy®¼q®Ù (š¯q®ãO y®¼q®ä) w® u®³Ç¯Ôºq®î®w®±Ý D ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. Aî®w®±

 u®ý®y®½î®ÁS®¡® b¯Óx‡®¾¯T‡®±² N®²l® ïÇ®‡®± ©ºy®hw¯u®±u®‹ºu® w®Š®N®S¯ï±‡®¾¯u®w®±. [S¯oeµ 30-

31]. î¯ãN®Š®o Z®ºu®, îµ¶ýµ°™N®, î®ãî®oe¯Š® î®±q®±Ù w¯ã‡®±ý¯š®ôu® b¯Ów®u® š¯s®ÁN®qµ‡®±±

 þ°©ïu®Ûе°wµ° AS®±q®Ùuµ. [S¯oeµ 16]. þ°©u® y®½oÁqµ‡®±± š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®u® bµ²qµ‡®±ªå b¯Ów®,

 u¯ãw®, ‡µ²°S®, ïÇ®‡®±S®¢ºu® OÙ î®±q®±Ù q®y® CS®¡® š¯u®wµ‡®±ªå‡µ±° oeµ°¢°uµ. Cºs® þ°©

 Š®²y®u® c©vºu® š¯Ýw® ¯mu®ºs®î®w®± ›u¯Ü©‡®±î®w®±Ý šµ°Š®±î®w®± [S¯oeµ 37- 38].  

 îµ±°OEµ EOEµå°R›u® N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå ' „¯Š®oe® Ao±îµ£¯ ' ªºS® î®±q®±Ù þ°©

y¯oe®±l®S®¡®w®±Ý¢u®± „µ°Šµ S®äºs®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ i°NµS®¡®± ©†Ãš®±q®Ùîµ. u®ý®Áw® îµ²u®OE¯u® BŠ®±

y¯oe®±l®S®¡® îµ±°OEµ ý®±äq®š¯S®Š® N®³q® š®ºš®öq® i°NµS®¡®± uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. CS®¡® IN®räq®

 y®ärS®¡®w®±Ý N®ºl®ªå AS®¡® š¯î®±²ŸN® oeµš®Š®± Ç®g¬y¯ä„®±äq® (Z®y¯Þoe®±l®) Hºu®²

 y®ä›u®Üî¯Tuµ. ý®±äq®š¯S®Š®w®± uµ°îµ°ºu®äO°rÁ‡®± y®äþÇ®ã oe¯S®² ïu¯ãw®ºv‡®± þÇ®ãw¯Tu®Ûw®±.

 Aºq®² Aî®w® N¯©î®¼ Oä.ý®. 15 - 16 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ.  

 Š®‡®±oš¯Š® :- (S¯oeµ 162) Cu®ªå ý¯äî®N® oe¯S®² î®±±xS®¡® BX¯Š®u® î®oÁwµ‰±uµ.

y¯äŠ®º„®u®ªå š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®u® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‡®±w®±Ý oeµ°¢ Au®Š® 70 S®±oS®¡®w®²Ý 44 uµ²°Ç®S®¡®w®²Ý

xuµÁ°ý®Sµ²¢›uµ. (S¯oeµ 7 - 8) u¯w® î®±q®±Ù y®½bµS®¡®± S®³oe®š®ÚxS¯T‡®±² u¯ãw® î®±q®±Ù

š¯æu¯㇮±S®¡®± î®±±xS®¢S¯T‡®±² Bî®ý®ãN®îµºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. (S¯oeµ - 11 Bv ) ; oe¯Sµ‡µ±°

š®±y¯q®äu¯w®u® î®±Ÿîµ±‡®±w®±Ý ï›uµ. (S¯oeµ - 17 Bv). î®±±ºuµ ý®±„® oe¯S®² Aý®±„®

„¯î®wµS®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‰±uµ. S®±Š®±„®OÙ‡®± îµ±°OEµ bµ²°Š®± Nµ²h±Ô oeµ°¢uµ. Bq®â q®q®æ y¯äzÙS¯T

ý®±äq¯Ð„¯㚮 ¯l®±î® Buµ°ý®î®w®±Ý x°l®OE¯Tuµ. q®Š®±î¯‡®± 𵿰X¯ÐX¯‹ î®±±xS®¡® xºuµ‡®±w®±Ý

¯l®OE¯Tuµ. A©åuµ …ŸŠ¯q®â„¯î®vºu® u®²Š® E¢‡®±©± Ey®uµ°ý® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå

S®oS®Z®ÐS®¢Sµ°wµ Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®± Š®²y®, š®ºU®NµÊ°wµ° w¯w¯ S®±o Š®²y®, ý®±u¯Üq®âNµÊ°wµ° š®î®±‡®± Hºu®±

oeµ°¢uµ. D y¯oe®±l®î®w®±Ý Cªå‡®± µSµ š¯î®u¯w®vºu® š®ºy¯u®w® ¯l®OE¯T©å Cu®Š®ªå

 Kºu®± uµ²°oe¯ oe¯S®² BŠ®± y®u®ãS®¡®± Ay®„®äºý® „¯Çµ‡®±ªåîµ. Cªå C y®ä¤y®Ùî¯TŠ®„µ°N®±.

 C©åîµ D Š®X®wµ‡®±± N®±ºu®N®±ºu® N®³q®î¯TŠ®uµ q®Š®±î¯‡®±u® N¯©u® ‡®¾¯î®wµ²° K…à OEµ°QN®w®u®²

BTŠ®oe®…±u®± S®oS®X¯ÐvS®¡® EOEµå°Q š®oe® Au®w®±Ý Ÿºvw® Š®X®wµ‡µ±ºu®± ›u®Ü ¯l®±q®Ùîµ.  

 î®hÔNµ°Š® š¯æï±°N®³q® î®±²OE¯X¯Š®î®¼ vS®º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå î®±±xu®Áî®w®±Ý

ïš®±î® š®î®Á y®äs®î®± S®äºs®î¯Tuµ. Nµ© Nµ©îµlµS®¡®ªå Cu®± N®±ºu®N®±ºu® N®³q®îµºu®² oeµ°¢uµ.

Bu®Šµ D ¯q®± ›u®Üî¯S®±î®¼v©å. Bu®Š®² D S®äºs®u® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå š®î®¾¯cu® Au®Š® …±v܇®±±

Cu®‹ºu® î®ãN®Ùî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. u®î®OE¯N¯Š®w¯u® ï°Š®šµ°w®w®± Cu®w®±Ý BX¯Š¯ºS® Hº… oeµš®‹xºu®

Eu®Üȳq® ¯mu¯Ûwµ. Cu®Š®ªå Kh±Ô 1243 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. A î®±²©S®±o, …³oe®q¬

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®, š®º£µ°y® y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®, š®î®¾¯X¯Š® y®ºX¯X¯Š®, zºl®ý®±vÜ, Ç®l¯î®ý®ãN®,

u¯æu®ý¯w®±yµä°£¯, Aw®S¯Š® „¯î®w¯, þ°©S®±o y®äš¯Š® î®±q®±Ù y®‡®¾¯ÁzÙ D oe®wµÝ°Š®l®±

AvÃN¯Š®S®¡®ªå S®Sµ²ºmuµ. Cå î®±±x‡®± Cy®ÞqµÙºh± S®±oS®¡® ïš®Ùȳq® Š®²y®îµ° BTîµ.

îµ²u®©wµ‡®± AvÃN¯Š®u®ªå AS®¡®w®±Ý š®ºS®äoe® Š®²y®u®ªå î®pÁ›‡®±² BTuµ. Ç®l¯î®ý®ãN®

AvÃN¯Š®u® 80 S¯oeµS®¡®± Aî®ý®ãN® x‡®±±ÁOÙ î®±q®±Ù Au®ä „¯Ǯãvºu® Cu®ÛOÊu®Ûºqµ …ºu®ºrîµ.  

Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ ®±w®ºv N®³q® i°Nµ‡®±² š®oe® uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ. …oe®±q®Š® i°N¯N¯Š®w®± y¯äN®³q®

Ey¯š®N¯u®㇮±w® (ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®) i°N¯N¯Š®wµ° BTu¯Ûwµ.  

 î®±±x BX¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ þî¯X¯‡®±Áw®± Š®Y›u® BНu®w¯ Hº… S®äºs®ïuµ. Cî®w®±

S®äºs®u® Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå , q¯w®± B‡®±Ádw®w®ºvS®p, š®î®ÁS®±y®ÙS®p î®±q®±Ù ï±q®äw®ºv‡®± š¯xu®ãu®ªå

š®²q®ä î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® As®Áî®w®±Ý Xµw¯ÝT A„¯㚮 ¯m, b¯Ów® š®ºy¯v›uµ. y®½î¯ÁX¯‡®±Á

x…u®Ü Š®X®wµ‡®±± Bý®ä‡®±vºu® q®w®Ý ý®OÙSµ Aw®±š®‹› D BНu®wµ‡®±w®±Ý Š®Y›u®w®±. - Hºu®²

oeµ°¢Nµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ. Cu®‹ºu® ‡®¾¯î®¼u¯u®Šµ²ºu®± D ïÇ®‡®±u® y¯äY°w® S®äºs®î®¼ CvÛŠ®„µNµ°ºu®±

Sµ²q¯ÙS®±q®Ùuµ. N®©Þ š®²q®äu® š®Ú‡®±ªå K…à þ®²r‡®± EOEµå°Q …ºvuµ. oe¯Sµ‡µ±°

Bî®ý®ãN® î®±²©„¯Ǯãu®ªå þ®²r‡®±± ï°Š® xî¯Áou® q®Š®±î¯‡®± 609 î®Ç®ÁS®¡® îµ±°OEµ

vS®º…Š® š®ºU®u® š®ºš¯Úy®N®wµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁŠ®± q®î®±â „¯î®y¯oe®±l®u®ªå

þ®²r‡®±± „®î®ý®±u®±Ü‰±ºu® Nµ°î®© b¯Ów®î®w®±Ý š®ºy¯v›u®wµºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. dw®šµ°w®w®± q®w®Ý

oe®‹î®ºý® y®¼Š¯ou®ªå OEµ²°oe¯‡®±Áw® q®Š®±î¯‡®± Bu® BX¯‡®±ÁŠ®ªå þî®S®±y®Ù î®±±x‡®±w®±Ý

EOEµå°R›u¯Ûwµ. Aî®w®± q®w®Ý S®±oS®¢ºu® Aoe®Áu¬ …ª‡®± š¯Úw®æw®±Ý y®lµvu¯Ûwµ. Bvy®¼Š¯ou®ªå

þî®Nµ²°i î®±±xý®æŠ® î®±q®±Ù Aî®w® X®q®±Ç®Ô‡®± îµ²°£®î®¾¯S®Áu® AНu®w¯ Š®²y® Ÿq®N®Š® î¯p‡®±

EOEµå°Qïuµ. y®ä„¯X®ºu®äw® BНu®w¯ N®s¯Nµ²ý® î®±q®±Ù uµ°î®X®ºu®äw® ' Нb¯î®¢ N®sµ ' S®¡®ªå

þî®Nµ²°i š¯æï±‡®±w®±Ý š®î®±ºq®„®u®äw® þÇ®ãwµºu®± oeµ°¢°u¯Ûwµ. D H©å EOEµå°QS®¡®± „®S®î®r°

BНu®w®u® N®q®Á³î¯u® þî®Nµ²°i‡®±wµÝ° N®±‹q®± Cµ±ºu®Šµ Bý®Ï‡®±Á y®l®±î® N¯Š®oï©å. D

S®äºs®î®¼ …oe®±q®Š® Oä.ý®. y¯äŠ®º„®u® ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¢Sµ šµ°‹u®±u¯TŠ®„µ°N®±. D S®äºs®u®ªå vS®º…Š®

š®ºy®äu¯‡®± AXµ°©N®q®æ oe¯S®² ýµæ°q¯º…ЮЮ ›ô° î®±±OÙS®¡®w®±Ý î®±xÝš®±î®¼u®‹ºu® Cu®±

‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®ºU®u® Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯TŠ®„µNµ°ºu®± Nµ©î®Š® î®±q®î¯Tuµ. D S®äºs® u®ªå 2166

S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®Š®ªå …oe®± ي®î¯T‡®±² ïý®u®î¯T‡®±² u®ý®Áw®, b¯Ów®, X¯‹q®ä î®±q®±Ù

q®y® D w¯©±Ê BНu®wµS®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. Cu®Š® EOEµå°Q N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå

oe®©îµlµSµ …ºvuµ. y®äš®ºS®N®Êw®±š®‹› bµ¶w®u®ÁNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® H©å ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®± Cu®Š®ªå

š®º£µy®î¯T‡®±² ي®î¯T‡®±² î®pÁq®î¯Tuµ. vS®º…Š® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®± „µ°Šµ S®äºs®S®¡®ªå  

wµ²°l®ªNµÊ uµ²Šµ‡®±u®ºs® î®±±xS®¡® š¯u®wµ oe¯S®² rÙS®¢Sµ š®º…ºvÛu® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®± Cu®Š®ªå

…ºvîµ. 1621 ‹ºu® 1891 Š® µTw® 271 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå Bq®Á, йu®ä, u®Á î®±q®±Ù ý®±N®å D

w¯©±Ê u¯ãw®S®¡®w®±Ý ي®î¯T î®pÁ›uµ. Bî®ý®ãN® x‡®±±ÁOÙ, …³oe®q¬N®©Þ „¯Ǯã î®±q®±Ù xþ°s®

îµ²u®OE¯u® y¯äY°w® S®äºs®S®¢ºu® Cu®Š®ªå Awµ°N® S¯sµS®¡®² q¯Ùºq®S®¡®± ©†Ãš®±q®Ùîµ. Cu®Š®

îµ±°OEµ Ay®Š¯dq® 𮲋N®³q® ïc‡µ²°u®‡®¾¯ î®±q®±Ù y®ºmq® Bý¯uÂ®Š® N®³q® î®±²OE¯Š¯u®w¯y®Áo

Hº… HŠ®l®± i°NµS®¡®± ي®î¯Tu®±Û, š®±y®ä ›u®Üî¯Tîµ. Ay®Š¯dq® 𮲋‡®± š®î®±‡®±î®¼

š®±î®¾¯Š®± Oä.ý®. 7 wµ‡®± 8 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®î¯Tuµ. y®ºmq® Bý¯uÂ®Š®w®± Oä.ý®. 13 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®î®wµºu®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ Kºu®± y®ºOb¯ oe¯S®² „¯î¯s®Áv°zN¯ Hº…

oeµš®‹w® HŠ®l®± i°NµS®¡®± š®oe® ©†Ãš®±q®Ùîµ.  

 î®±±x BX¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå oe®‹„®u®ä𮲋‡®±± Š®Y›u® ( 8 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) y®ºX®î®q®±ÚS® (y®ºX®î®š®±ÙN®) Hº… S®äºs®î®¼ Ey®©…Üïuµ. Cu®Š®ªå 1714 y¯äN®³q®

S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. AS®¡®w®±Ý ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ Aw®±š®‹› (1) î®±±xv°£¯, (2) ‡®±r vw®N®³q®ã, (3)

S®X¯ÐX¯Š®, (4) Aw®±b¯Ó î®±q®±Ù (5) š®OEµå°Qw¯ Hº… Ju®± AvÃN¯Š®S®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®Š®ªå

î®±±xu®ÁNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® š¯u®wµS®¡®w®±Ý ي®î¯T Foe¯yµ½°oe®y®½î®ÁN® î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ.

(y®äN¯ý®w® 1627 ; S®±cНt Aw®±î¯u® Š®q®OE¯î®±, 1932). D S®äºs®u® îµ±°OEµ 𵲿°y®cÓ

i°Nµ‡®±² Cuµ. oe®‹„®u®äN®³q® š®î®±N®ð š®y®Ùr‡®±ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± AvÃN¯Š®S®¢îµ. AS®¢ºu® š®î®±N®ðu®

š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý r¢› oeµ°¢uµ. A©åuµ š®î®±N®ð y®ä„¯î®wµ‡®±w®±Ý oeµYÏš®±î®î®Š®ªå î®c䚯æï±,

î®±©åî¯v, „®u®ä„¯oe®±, y¯u®ªy®Ù, ›u®Üšµ°w® îµ²u®OE¯u®î®Š® X®‹qµäS®¡®w®±Ý î®pÁ›uµ.

 dî¯w®±ý¯š®w®u®ªå 323 S¯oeµS®¢ Cîµ. î®±±xš®ºU®, ¯š®N®©Þ, u®w¯ îµ²u®OE¯u®

î®±±xX¯‹q®äNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® îµ±°OEµ ïX¯Š® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. y®äš®ºS®N®Êw®±š®‹› †º…

y®ärǵՇ®± î®oÁwµ‡®±² N®²l® …ºvuµ. D S®äºs®u® Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ï°Š®X®ºu®ä𮲋‡®± þÇ®ãw¯u®

uµ°î®š®²‹‡®±± ï.š®. 1162 (Oä.ý®. 1105 ) Š®ªå ¯mu®w®±.  

 wµ°ï±X®ºu®ä𮲋 (13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ) N®³q® y®äî®X®w¯š¯Šµ²°u¯ÜŠ®u®ªå š®±î®¾¯Š®± 1600

S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. C 176 u¯æŠ®S®¡®ªå S®Sµ²ºmîµ. Cu®Š®ªå u®w¯, y®ärN®äî®±o

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®, N¯‡µ²°q®éS®Á, î®±oe¯î®äq®, y®‹°Ç®oe® Cîµ° îµ²u®OE¯u® oe®©î®¼ î®±±xX®‹q®NµÊ

š®º…ºvÛu® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. y®½bµ AX®ÁwµS®¡® š®º…ºu®u®ªå r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š®

OE¯ºZ®w®, ‡®±£® - ‡®±¤p, Arý®‡®±, dw®N®©Þ î®±q®±Ù š®ÚN®©Þ îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡® ï®o

Cu®Š®ªå BS® y®äX¯Š®u®ªå Cu®Ûºqµ …ºvuµ. bµ¶w® O䇮¾¯N¯ºl®î®w®±Ý r¢u®±Nµ²¡®±ëu®N¯ÊT D

S®äºs®î®¼ ïýµ°Ç® Š®²y®vºu® Ey®‡®±±N®Ù î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ uµ°î®„®u®äw® þÇ®ãw¯u®

›u®Üšµ°w®š®²‹‡®±± ( 13 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) ' q®q®æb¯Ów®ïN¯›x°' Hº… oeµš®‹w® š®ºš®öq®

i°Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …еvÛu¯Ûwµ.  

 dw®î®©å„Â®š®²‹N®³q® (11 - 12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®) u¯æu®ý®N®±©u®ªå š®î®±N®ãÉæ î®±q®±Ù

ï±s¯ãq®æu® oe¯S®² Nµ²äu¯v N®Ç¯‡®±S®¡® y®‹q¯ãS® CS®¡® Ey®uµ°ý®î®¼ N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®

îµ±°OEµ dw®y¯©N®³q® rÙ‰±uµ. Cu®± ïN®äî®± š®ºî®q®éŠ® 1293 Š®ªå (î®±±º„µ¶, š®w¬ 1236)

y®½oÁSµ²ºmuµ.

 

î®±±x BX¯Š® - š®ºš®Êȳq® :-  

 y®äý®î®±Š®r y®äN®Š®o E¯š¯ær N®³q®îµºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®ªå 313 y®u®ãS®¡®±

Cîµ. AS®¢ºu® bµ¶w®q®q®æb¯Ów®, N®î®±Á›u¯Üºq®, š¯u®± î®±q®±Ù S®äoe®š®ÚŠ® BX¯Š®, Axq¯ãv

oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± „¯î®wµS®¡®±, Eq®Ùî®± £®î®¾¯v u®ý®u®ÁS®¡®±, u®Áu¯ãw®, Nµ°î®© b¯Ów®, A‡µ²°T

î®±q®±Ù ›u®ÜŠ® š®æŠ®²y® CS®¡®wµÝ©å š®Š®¡® oe¯S®² š®±ºu®Š® ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ.

i°N¯N¯Š®w¯u® oe®‹„®u®ä𮲋‡®±± Cu®w®±Ý ïÇ®‡®±u® u®³™Ô‰±ºu® 22 AvÃN¯Š®S®¡®ªå

ï„®cwµSµ¶vu¯Ûwµ. (š®i°N® Ÿºv Aw®±î¯u® y®äN¯ý®w® î®±±º„µ¶ 1950 )  

 î®±±x BX¯Š®u® îµ±°OEµ Kºu®± X¯‹q®äš¯Š® Hº… oeµš®‹w® š®ºš®öq® S®äºs®ïuµ. D S®äºs®u®

y®¼™ÞNµ‡®±ªå Ÿ°Sµ oeµ°¢uµ : " D S®äºs®î®w®±Ý Adq®šµ°w® „®g¯ÔŠ®N®Š® X®Š®o N®î®±©S®¡®

y®äš¯u®vºu® w¯©±Ê Aw®±‡µ²°S® Š®²y® š®î®±±u®äu® y¯Š®S¯ï±‡®¾¯u® u®Á ïc‡®±

X¯î®±±ºl®Š¯‡®±w®± Š®Y›u®w®±. " Cuµ° y®¼™ÞNµ‡®±ªå D š®ºS®r‡®± y®½î®Áu®ªå D ï®ïuµ : "

Cu®Š®ªå Aw®±‡µ²°S®îµ°v° Š®oŠ®ºS® ›ºS®w® q®q¯æs®Á ›u¯Üºq®, …oe®±q®Š® q®q¯æs®Á

(Нcî¯rÁN®), î®±oe¯y®¼Š¯o oe¯S®² BX¯Š® ý¯š®ôS®¡®ªå ي®vºu® î®pÁ›u®

X¯‹q®äš¯Š®î®w®±Ý š®ºS®äoe® Š®²y®u®ªå Cªå î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. " N®q®Á³ïw® D y®‹X®‡®±vºu®

ý®äî®o„µ¡µ²Ì¡®u®ªå „¯oe®±…ª î®±²rÁ‡®±w®±Ý y®ärǯÕz›u® X¯î®±±ºl®Š¯‡®±wµ° Cq®wµºu®±

š®±š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Dq®w® xï±q®Ùvºu®OEµ° wµ°ï±X®ºu®ä ›u¯Üºq® X®N®äî®rÁ‡®±± Sµ²î®±âhš¯Š®u®

Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯mu®Ûw®±. D X¯‹q®äš¯Š®î®¼ X¯î®±±ºl®Š¯‡®±w® Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯TŠ®ª As®î¯ Aî®w®

oeµš®‹xºu® Cw¯ÝНu®Š®² š®ºS®äŸ›vÛŠ®ªå CŠ®„µ°N®±. Cu®Š® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ 11 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®îµºu®± xþÏq®ïuµ. S®äºs®u® y®¼™ÞNµ‡®± Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå Ÿ°Sµ oeµ°¢uµ : ' ' „¯î®w¯š¯Š®

š®ºS®äîµ° X¯‹q®äš¯Šµ° Aw®S¯Š® u®Á» š®î®¾¯y®Ù» ' Cu®Š® îµ±°ªºu® S®äºs®u® Cwµ²Ýºu®± oeµš®Š®± '

„¯î®w¯ š¯Š® š®ºS®äoe®' u®² Sµ²q¯ÙS®±q®Ùuµ.  

 BX¯Š® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå S®äºs®S®¡®ªå Aî®±³q®X®ºu®ä 𮲋N®³q® ' y®¼Š®±Ç¯s®Á ›u®±ÛÉãy¯‡®±' 

Cu®Š® Cwµ²Ýºu®± oeµš®Š®± ' dw® - y®äî®X®w® - Š®oe®š®ã - Nµ²°Ç® vuµ. - Nµ©îµ½ºu®±

š®ºS®rS®¡®ªå q®w®Ý îµ¶þÇ®ÔÉãî®w®±Ý N¯‡®±±ÛNµ²ºmuµ. Cu®± 226 š®ºš®öq® y®u®ãS®¡®ªå Š®q®Ýq®ä‡®±u®

î¯ãP¯ãw® ¯l®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š®ªå N®äî®± î¯T X¯‹q®ä ïÇ®‡®±u® AŸºš¯v Ju®± î®äq®S®¡®±, I¡®±

þ°© [3 S®±oî®äq®, 4 þ£¯î®äq®], š®OEµå°Qw¯ š®î®±ãN®ð î®±q®±Ù š®OEµå°Qw® š®Ÿq® oe®vw¯©±Ê

î®äq®þ°©S®¡® 70 ArX¯Š® oe¯S®² AS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý r¢› oeµ°¢uµ. A©åuµ 12 q®y®, 6

Bî®ý®ãN®, 3 u®ºl®, 5 š®ï±r, 10 u®Á, 12 „¯î®w¯ î®±q®±Ù 32 y®‹°Ç®oe® D H©åS®¡®

xuµÁ°ý® ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå Ÿºšµ î®±q®±Ù AŸºšµS®¡® š®æŠ®²y®u® …SµÌ 𮲣®Èâ î®±q®±Ù

ي®î¯u® ïîµ°X®wµ‡®±² Cuµ. Cºs® ï®î®¼ „µ°ŠµlµSµ wµ²°l®©± ›S®±î®ºr©å. Cvǵ԰ A©å,

E¢u® î®äq® oe¯S®² þ°©S®¡®ªå‡®±² N®²l® î®±²©u®ªå AŸºš¯ „¯î®wµ‡®±wµÝ° š¯Úzš®OE¯Tuµ.

BŠ®º„®u®ªå Bq®âxSµ°wµ° y®¼Š®±Ç® î®±q®±Ù y®‹n¯ï±° xq®ãwµºu®± oeµ°¢, Aî®w® î®±±P¯ºq®Š® š®î®±š®Ù

ïî®q®ÁS®¡®wµÝ©å u¯i, y®½oÁ š®æXµ¶q®ãî®w®±Ý y®lµ‡®±±î®¼uµ° As®Á›v܇µ±ºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. Cu®Š®ªå‡µ±°

S®äºs®u® oeµš®‹w® š¯s®ÁN®qµ‡®±² Cuµ. S®äºs®u® Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå Aî®w®± Kºu®± y®u®ãu®ªå bµ¶w®  

Awµ°N¯ºq® x°r‡®±w®±Ý Sµ²°z‡®±Š® Ey®îµ±‰±ºu® …oe®± š®±ºu®Š®î¯T š®ÞÇ®ÔSµ²¢›u¯Ûwµ. S®äºs®u®

ýµ¶ª‡®±± BŠ®º„®vºu® Nµ²wµ‡®±î®ŠµS®² ïý®u® oe¯S®² ïîµ°X®w¯q®âN® î¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®u®

š®±î®¾¯Š®± 60 - 70 y®u®ãS®¡®± c‡®±šµ°w®N®³q® u®Á - Š®q¯ÝN®Š®u®ªå Eu®Ü‹›u®±Û N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ.

u®Á Š®q¯ÝN®Š®u® Š®X®wµ‡®± š®î®±‡®±î®¼ 𮿇®±º Au®Š® y®äý®›ÙSµ Aw®±š®‹› ï. š®. 1055 - Oä.ý®.

998 - Hºu¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Aºq®² Cuµ° y®¼Š®±Ç¯s®Á ›u®±ÛÉãy¯‡®±u® Š®X®w¯N¯©u®

Eq®ÙНî®vÇ®¾¯Tuµ.  

 ï°Š®w®ºu®± N®³q® BX¯Š®š¯Š®u®ªå š®±î®¾¯Š®± 1000 š®ºš®öq® ýµ²å°N®S®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®Š®ªå

î®±±x‡®± î®±²© oe¯S®² Eq®ÙŠ® S®±oS®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®±

AvÃN¯Š®S®¢îµ. î®±²©S®±o, š¯î®¾¯X¯Š®, u®ý®Áw¯X¯Š®, b¯Ów¯X¯Š®, X¯‹q¯äX¯Š®, q®y¯X¯Š®,

ï°‡®¾¯ÁX¯Š®, ý®±u®ÜÉãÇ®ÔN®, Ç®l¯î®ý®ãN®, u¯ãw®, d°î®N®î®±Á î®±q®±Ù u®ý®u®Áþ°© Hºu®± B

AvÃN¯Š®S®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®±. Cu®Š® Š®X®wµ‡®±± î®hÔNµ°Š® N®³q® î®±²OE¯X¯Š®u® BuÂ¯Š®vºu® Bu®±u®±

N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. S®äºs® N®q®Á³î®¼ q®w®Ý S®±Š®±ïw® oeµš®Š®± îµ±°U®X®ºu®äwµºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. ý®äî®o

„µ¡µ²Ì¡®u® þOE¯OEµ°Q w®º. 50 Š®ªå D C…àŠ®² S®±Š®± - þǮ㊮ EOEµå°Qïuµ. þOE¯OEµ°Q

 w®º. 47 Š®ªå îµ±°U®X®ºu®ä î®±±xSµ ý®N® š®ºî®q¬ 1037 (Oä.ý®.1115) Š®ªå š®î®¾¯vÃ

 î®±Š®oî¯u®±u®Š® EOEµå°Qïuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°ªºu® D S®äºs®u® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ D š®î®±‡®±u®

 š®±î®¾¯‹w®ªå‡µ±° CŠ®„µNµ°ºu®± Sµ²q¯ÙS®±q®Ùuµ. îµ±°ªw® OEµ°Qw®u®ªå ï°Š®w®ºv‡®±w®±Ý ›u¯Üºq®îµ°ºv°

 î®±q®±Ù OEµ²°N®y®ä›u®Ü, î®±©X®‹q®, ‡µ²°T - dw¯S®äp° îµ²u®OE¯u® Ey¯vÃS®¢ºu®

 î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ.  

 šµ²°î®±y®ä„®N®³q® ›ºu®²Š® y®äN®Š®, î®±q®±Ù ý®³ºS¯Š® îµ¶Š¯S®ã q®Š®ºTp (12- 13 wµ‡®±

ý®q®î®¾¯w®) C®l®± wµ¶rN® Ey®uµ°ý®S®¢ºu® N®²mu® S®äºs®S®¡¯Tîµ. CS®¡®ªå HŠ®l®wµ‡®±

N®³r‡®±± ïýµ°Ç®î¯T y¹äl® N¯î¯ãq®âN®î®½ BTuµ. Cu®Š®ªå N¯î®±ý¯š®ôNµÊ Aw®±š®‹› ›ô°‡®±Š®

oe¯î® - „Â¯î® î®±q®±Ù ª°OEµS®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. A® N®²l® q®N®Á - y®½oÁ î®q®Áwµ‡®±±

CŠ®±î® …SµÌ Ey®uµ°ý®î®w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ.

 

ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š® - y¯äN®³q® :-  

y¯äN®³q®u®ªå ý¯äî®N®u®Áî®w®±Ý ïš®±î® îµ²hÔ îµ²u®ªw® š®q®ºq®ä S®äºs®î®¼ š¯î®‡®±

y®oØrÙ‡®¾¯Tuµ. Cu®Š®ªå 401 S¯oeµS®¢ Cîµ. AS®¢ºu® Ju®± Ao±î®äq®, î®±²Š®± S®±oî®äq®

î®±q®±Ù w¯©±Ê þ£¯î®äq® D oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq®S®¡® y®äŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®±

î®äq®î¯u® AŸºšµ‡®±w®±Ý H©åN®²Ê ي®î¯u® 176 ‹ºu® 259 S¯oeµS®¡® µSµ î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ.

D S®äºs®u® N®q®Á³q®æu® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå î®±q®„µ°u®ïuµ. Nµ©î®Š®± Cu®w®±Ý E¯š¯ær N®³q®îµºu®±

î®±xÝš®±î®Š®±. Cw®±Ý Nµ©î®Š®± oe®‹„®u®äN®³q®îµw®±Ý®±. E¯š¯ær N®q®Á³q®æu® š®î®±s®Áwµ‡®±±

A„®‡®±uµ°î® 𮲋‡®±± Š®Y›u® y®ºX¯ý®q® i°Nµ‡®±ªå …Š®±î® EOEµå°Qvºu® BS®±q®Ùuµ. Au®Š®ªå

Aî®w®± ' î¯X®N®r©Nµ°w® räî®±u®±î®¾¯š¯ærî¯X®Nµ°w® ý¯äî®N®y®äcÓzÙ š¯î®±ãq¯ðv» ý¯äî®N®

u®Á° يµ°o A†ÃŸq®» ' Hºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. E¯š¯ær N®³q® ý¯äî®N® y®äcÓzÙ‡®±

EOEµå°QN® ‡®±ýµ²°ïc‡®±w® u®Áš®ºS®äoe® oe¯S®² î®±±xX®ºu®ä 𮲋 N®³q® u®Á†ºu®±

i°Nµ‡®±ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®wµ‡®± î®äq®u® š®º…ºu®u®ªå „Â¯Š®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®Šµ š®æq®» A„®‡®±uµ°î® 𮲋‡®±±

oe®‹„®u®ä 𮲋 N®³q® y®ºX¯ý®N®u® rÙ‡®±ªå‡µ±° - ' š®ºy®q®Ùu®ºš®n¯C ' - Hº… HŠ®l®wµ‡®±

S¯oeµ‡®±ªå - oe®‹ „®u®ä𮲋‡®±wµÝ° xuµÁ°ý®y®½î®ÁN® Eu®Ûȳq®Sµ²¢›u¹Ûºh±. Cu®‹ºu® D

y¯äN®³q® S®äºs®î®ºq®² oe®‹„®u®äN®³q®îµ° BTuµ‡µ±ºu®± Sµ²q¯ÙSµ²q®Ùuµ. Cw®±Ý E¯š¯ær N®³q®

Cw¯Ýu¯u®Š®² ý¯äî®N® - y®äcÓzÙ‡®±± Cu®ÛuµÛ° Bu®Šµ Au®± š®ºš®öq®u®ªå CŠ®±î® š®º„Â®î®ïuµ.

D š®ºS®r‡®±± y®äš®±Ùq® S®äºs®u® Aºq®»y®‹°£®ovºu®©² ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D S®äºs®u®ªå 280 ‹ºu®

328 Š® µTw® S¯oeµS®¡® î®±u®ãu®ªå S®±oî®äq® î®±q®±Ù þ£¯î®äq®S®¡® xuµÁ°ý®î®¼ N®äî®±vºu®

CŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý N¯oOE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. A q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®ä (7, 21) u®ªå ï±vÁÇ®Ô N®äî®±vºu®

†Ãw®Ýî¯Tuµ. q®q¯æs®Áš®²q®äu®ªå vS¬, uµ°ý® î®±q®±Ù Aw®s®Áu®ºl® D î®±²Š®± S®±oî®äq®S®¡®±

oe¯Sµ‡µ±° š¯î®¾¯‰±N®, yµ½ä°Ç®uµ²°y®î¯š®, „µ²°Sµ²°y® - „µ²°S® y®‹î®¾¯o î®±q®±Ù Art

š®ºï„¯S® D w¯©±Ê þ£¯î®äq®S®¡®w®²Ý xvÁÇ®ÔSµ²¢š®OE¯Tuµ. Bu®Šµ Cªå vS¬î®äq®, „µ²°Sµ²°y®

- „µ²°S® y®‹î®¾¯o, Aw®s®Áu®ºl® r C S®±oî®äq® oe¯S®² š¯î®¾¯‰±N®, uµ°ý¯î®N¯þN®,

yµ½ä°Ç® uµ²°y®î¯š®, Artš®ºï„¯S® C w¯©±Ê þ£¯î®äq®S®¡µºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. C oe®‹„®u®ä N®³q® '

š®î®±Š¯CX®ÏN®oe¯ ' S®äºs®u® „®î®u®ªå î®pÁ›u® î®äq®S®¡® N®äî®±î®wµÝ° oeµ²ºu®±q®Ùuµ. Cǵ԰ A©å,  

š®î®±Š¯CX®ÏN®oe¯u® îµ±°OE¯Êp›u® y®äN®Š®o ý¯äî®N® y®äcÓzÙ‡®± y®äŠ®²y®oNµÊ …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô

oeµ²°©±q®Ùuµ. Au®± HǵԺu®Šµ š®î®±ãNµ²ð°q®ÞrÙ‡®± š®º…ºu®u®ªå ‡®¾¯î® U®ºš®o - Uµ²°©w®S®¡®

xï±q®Ùu® EOEµå°Q ý¯äî®N® y®äcÓzÙ‡®± 31 wµ‡®± S¯oeµ‡®±ªå Cuµ‡µ²°, Auµ° š®î®±Š¯

CX®ÏN®oe¯u® š®î®±ãNµ²ð°q®ÞrÙ y®äN®Š®ou®ªå‡®±² y¯äN®³q® S®u®ãu®ªå Cu®ÛOÊu®Ûºqµ uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ.

Cu®‹ºu® D N®³r‡®±± oe®‹„®u®ä N®³q®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ Aî®w®uµ° Bu® š®ºš®öq®

𵲿°y®cÓ i°Nµ‡®±² Ey®©…Üïuµ.

ý¯äî®N® u®Áu® y¯äŠ®º„® š®î®±ãN®ðu® y¯äzÙ‰±ºu®OEµ° BS®±q®Ùuµ. ý¯äî®N®y®äcÓzÙ‡®±

Bv‡®±ªå (S¯oeµ 2) ý¯äî®N®w® ©£®oî®w®±Ý Ÿ°Sµ oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®î®w®±Ý š®ºy¯v𮄵°N®± ;

y®ärvw®î®½ ‡®±rS®¡® š¯xu®ãu®ªå š®u¯X¯Š®u® Ey®uµ°ý®î®w®±Ý Nµ°¡®„µ°N®± ; Cºs®î®wµ° ý¯äî®N®w®±.

B îµ±°OEµ š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®u® Eq®ÞrÙ‡®±w®±Ý ïvÃy®½î®ÁN® r¢› oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. oe®‹„®u®äw® Cwµ²Ýºu®±

N®³r‡®¾¯u® u®ºš®oš®q®Ù‹° - Cu®Š® Cwµ²Ýºu®± oeµš®Š®± š®î®±âq®Ùš®q®Ù‹° As®î¯ ' u®ºš®oš®±vÜ '

‡®±ªå‡®±² 70 S¯oeµS®¢ºu® š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®u® š®æŠ®²y®î®w®±Ý ïš®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ

 š®ºU®r©N® 𮲋‡®± i°Nµ‡®±± [ 14 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ] oe®‹„®u®äw® Cwµ²Ýºu®± y¯äN®³q® N®³r‡®±± '

š¯î®‡®±u®âŸ ' Hº… oeµš®‹w®u®± Auµ. Cu®Š®ªå 120 S¯oeµS®¢ºu® ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®u®

î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ ¯w®uµ°î® N®³q® ïrÙ‰±uµ. [ „¯î®w®S®Š® 1924 ]

oe®‹„®u®ä N®³q® 19 y®äN®Š®o Hº…±vuµ. Cu®Š®ªå y®är‡µ²ºu®Š®ªå‡®±² 50 S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. Cu®w®±Ý

š®î®±™Ô Š®²y®vºu® ' y®ºX¯š®S® ' Hºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® y®äN®Š®oS®¡® ï® Ÿ°Tuµ :-

(1) ý¯äî®N® u®Á (2) v°£¯ïu¯w® (3) u®w®ïvà [Xµ¶q®ãu®w®] (4) y®½b¯ïvà (5)

y®äq¯ãP¯ãw®ïvà (6) š®Ùî®ïvà (7) dw®„®î®w® N®Š®oïvà (8) y®ärǯÕïvà (9) ‡®¾¯q¯äïvà (10)

Ey¯š®N® y®är¯ ïvà (11) š¯u® u®Á (12) š¯î®¾¯X¯‹° (13) zºl®ïvà (14)

þ°OE¯ºS®ïvà (15) BOEµ²°X®w¯ ïvà (16) y¯ä‡®±þÏq®Ù (17) ›Úq¯›Úq® ïvà (18) š¯u®±

y®är¯ î®±q®±Ù (19) q®yµ½°ïvÃ. D y®äN®Š®oS®¡®ªå ý¯äî®N® î®±q®±Ù î®±±x BX¯Š®NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu®

…oe®±q®Š® H©å ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® š®î®¾¯ îµ°ý®îµ°ý®î¯Tuµ. y®ºX¯š®S®u® îµ±°OEµ A„®‡®±uµ°î® 𮲋 N®³q®

þÇ®ãŸq¯ Hº… oeµš®‹w® š®ºš®öq® i°Nµ‰±uµ. [ „Â¯î® w®S®Š® : 1912 ; Š®q®OE¯î®± 1941 ]

y®ºX¯š®S®NµÊ š®î®±w¯u® Aw®ã Cy®Þq®±Ù y®äN®Š®oS®¡®± Cîµ. AS®¡®ªå y®är‡µ²ºu®Š®ªå‡®±² Cy®Þq®±Ù

S¯oeµS®¡®± Cîµ. D š®ºS®äoe®î®¼ ï°š®ï°›°L ïºý®r ïºþN¯] Hº… oeµš®‹xºu® y®ä›u®Üïuµ. D

ïºþNµS®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± Ÿ°Tîµ :- (1) AvÃN¯Š® (2) Aw¯v (3) N®±©x°r (4) X®Š®î®± y®‹î®q®Á

(5) †°b¯v (6) š®u®Üî®±Á (7) u¯w® (8) y®½b¯ïvà (9) ý¯äî®N® u®Á (10) ý¯äî®N®

y®är¯ (11) ‡®±ru®Á (12) þ£¯ (13) †Ã°£¯ (14) q®u®ºq®Š¯‡®± ý®±vÛªºS® (15)

BOEµ²°X®w¯ (16) y¯ä‡®±þÏq®Ù (17) ‡µ²°S® ïu¯w® (18) Nµ°î®©b¯Ów® (19) ›u®Üï„®OÙ (20)

›u®Ü š®±Q. D ïºþNµS®¡®ªå‡®±² ý¯äî®N® î®±q®±Ù î®±±xu®ÁS®¡® š¯î®¾¯w®ã x‡®±î®± oe¯S®² w¯w¯

ïu¯w® î®±q®±Ù š¯u®w®S®¡® xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±± Cuµ. D S®äºs®u® îµ±°OEµ Bw®ºu® š¯S®Š® 𮲋‰±ºu®

Kºu®± i°Nµ‡®±± …凮±©ÞiÔuµ. 17 wµ‡®±u¯u® ‡µ²°S® ïu¯w® Hº… oeµš®‹w® ïºþNµ‡®± îµ±°OEµ

§° w¯ã‡®¾¯X¯‡®±Á ‡®±ýµ²°ïc‡®± S®p°N®³q® i°Nµ‡®±² Cuµ. [y®äN¯ý®w® î®±²© ¯q®ä y®¼nµ

1932].  

 ý¯ºr𮲋N®³q® [12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w® ] u®ÁŠ®q®Ý y®äN®Š®ou®ªå 181 S¯oeµS®¢îµ. Cu®Š®ªå

ý¯äî®N®y®u® y¯äzÙS¯T š¹î®±ãqµ, y¯y®†Ã°Š®±q®æ îµ²u®OE¯u® 21 Bî®ý®ãN® S®±oS®¡® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý

¯l®OE¯Tuµ. A©åuµ „¯î®ý®äî®±ou® ©£®o î®±q®±Ù þ°©S®¡® xŠ®±y®nµ‡®±² š®oe® Cuµ. Cu®Š®

îµ±°OEµ 𵲿°y®cÓ î®³rÙ‡®±² Cuµ.  

 y¯äN®³q® S¯oeµS®¢ºu® ý¯äî®N®u®w®Áî®w®±Ý xŠ®²zš®±î®ºs® HŠ®l®wµ‡®± S®äºs®î®¼ ®±w®ºvN®³q®

Ey¯š®N¯u®㇮±w®î¯Tuµ (ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®ïu®±). Cu®Š®ªå 546 S¯oeµS®¢ Cîµ. CS®¢ºu® ý¯äî®N®Š®

oe®wµ²Ý°ºu®± y®ärîµ±S®¡®w®²Ý As¯Áq¬ q®Š®S®rS®¡®w®±Ý ي®î¯T î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. N®q®Á³î®¼ q®w®Ý

y®‹X®‡®±î®w®±Ý S®äºs®u® y®äý®›Ù‡®±ªå Nµ²iÔu¯Ûwµ. Au®N®Êw®±š®‹› Aî®w® S®±Š®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±±

N®±ºu®N®±ºu¯î®¾¯Ý‡®±u®ªå N®äî®±vºu® §°w®ºu®±, w®‡®±w®ºv, wµ°ï±X®ºu®ä î®±q®±Ù ®±w®ºv D

y®äN¯Š® Cu®±Ûu®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. " q¯w®± q®w®Ý S®±Š®±î¯u® wµ°ï±X®ºu®äw® y®äš¯u®vºu® BX¯‡®±Á

y®Š®ºy®Š¯S®q®î¯T …ºu® Ey¯š®N¯u®㇮±w®î®w®±Ý î¯q®é©ã oe¯S®² Bu®Š® „¯î®vºu® „®î®ã‹S¯T

Š®Y›uµw®± " - Hºu®² š®oe® oeµ°¢°Nµ²ºmu¯Ûwµ. S®äºs®u® Bv‡®±ªå, Aî®w®± 'ïy®¼OE¯X®©  

y®î®Áq®u®ªå Cºu®ä„®²r‡®±± Ey®uµ°ý®ïq®±Ùu®Ûwµ° S®±Š®± y®Š®ºy®Šµ‰±ºu® DS® w¯w®± oeµ°¡®±rÙŠ®±îµ

Nµ°¢‹' - Hºu®² oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. Cu®‹ºu® u¯æu®ý¯ºS®u®ªå I¡®wµ‡®± ý®±äq¯ºS®î¯u® "Ey¯š®N®u®ý¯

" Hº…±u®Š®ªå w®î®±Sµ D oe®wµ²Ýºu®± ý¯äî®N®Š® y®ärîµ±S®¡®± wµ²°l®ªNµÊ ›S®±q®Ù…±u®w®±Ý w¯ïªå

S®î®±x𮄵°N®±. „µ°u®ïǵ԰ ; Aªå Au®± Bw®ºu® ý¯äî®N®w® N®s¯w®N®u®ªå šµ°y®Álµ‡®¾¯Tuµ ; Cªå

š®æq®ºq®ä Š®²y®vºu® …ºvîµ. Cu®Š®ªå 265 ‹ºu® 301 Š® µTw® oe¯S®² Cu®Š® îµ²u®ªw®

Nµ©îµ½ºu®± S¯oeµS®¡®± ý¯äî®N® y®är N®äî®±oš®²q®äu®ªå Cu®Ûºqµ‡µ±° Cîµ. N®±ºu® N®±ºu¯X¯‡®±ÁN®³q®

X¯‹q®ä y¯oe®±l®u®ªå (S¯oeµ 22 ) oe®wµ²Ýºu®± y®ärîµ±S®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± ¯q®ä

 EOEµå°QSµ²ºmîµ. AS®¡® Nµ©îµ½ºu®± ي®î¯u® î®oÁwµ‡®±± N¯rÁNµ‡®¾¯w®±yµä°£¯u® 305 ‹ºu®

 360 Š® µTw® 86 S¯oeµS®¡®ªå …Š®±q®Ùuµ. CåS®¢Tºq® „µ°Šµ‡®¾¯u® ïu¯w®î®w®²Ý

 î®š®±w®ºv‡®±± š®²Y›u¯Ûwµ. Cî®w®± Нrä „Âµ²°cw® q¯ãS®î®w®±Ý îµ²u®©wµ‡®±u¯u® u®ý®Áw®

 y®ärîµ±‡®±ªå‡µ±° Bî®ý®ãN®îµºu®± oeµ°¢°, BŠ®wµ‡®± y®ärîµ±‡®±ªå Au®Š® š¯Úw®u®ªå vw¯ -

 …äoe®âX®‡®±Áu® ïu¯w® ¯mu¯Ûwµ. S®äºs® Š®X®wµ‡®± N¯©î®¼ xþÏq®ï©å. Bu®Š®² D S®äºs®u® Awµ°N®

 S¯oeµS®¡®± uµ°î®šµ°w®N®³q® „¯®ºS®äoe®u® BuÂ¯Š®vºu® …еu®u®±Û r¢‡®±±q®Ùuµ. Au®‹ºu® Cu®Š®

 Š®X®w¯N¯©î®¼ ï.š®º.990 Š® (Oä.ý®. 933) y®½î®Áu®Û©åu®± Aw®±î®¾¯w® ¯l®©± …Š®±q®Ùuµ.

 Bý¯uÂ®Š® N®³q® š¯S¯Š® - u®¯Áî®±³q® i°Nµ‡®±ªå ®±w®ºv‡®± EOEµå°Q š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯Tuµ. Au®‹ºu®

 Aî®w® N¯©u® Eq®ÙНî®vÇ®± ï.š®º. 1396 (Oä.ý®. 1239) Hºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. D

 N¯OE¯î®vÇ®± î®±u®ãu®ªå - …oe®±q®Š® 11 - 12 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå - D S®äºs®u®

 Š®X®wµ‡®¾¯TŠ®„µ°N®±.   Ay®„®äºý® „¯ýµ‡®±ªå ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š® ïÇ®‡®±NµÊ ' š¯î®‡®±u®âuµ²°oe¯ ' Hº…

 S®äºs®ïuµ.

Cu®Š®ªå 224 S¯oeµS®¢ºu® ý¯äî®N®Š® oe®wµ²Ýºu®± y®ärîµ± S®¡®w®²Ý oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq®S®¡®w®²Ý

ïš®OE¯Tuµ. oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq®S®¡® oeµš®Š®±S®¡®± N®±ºu®N®±ºu®Š® ï®nµSµ Aw®±š®‹› Cîµ. Bu®Šµ

CS®¡®ªå uµ°ý®î®äq®î®¼ š®î®¾¯îµ°ý®î¯TŠ®uµ š®OEµå°Qw®î®¼ š®ï±âªq®î¯Tuµ. š®y®Ùî®ãš®w®S®¡®± A„®£®S®¡®±

oe¯S®² N®±š®ºS®r, Aw¯ã‡®±, oe®X®±Ï - X®±X®±ÏïNµ, Aš®q®ãî®ãî®oe¯Š® îµ²u®OE¯u® u®±S®±ÁoS®¡®

y®‹q¯ãS®u® Ey®uµ°ý®î®w®²Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. ýµ¶ª‡®±± …oe®± š®Š®¡® š®±ºu®Š®, N¯î®ã S®±n¯q®âN®î¯Tuµ.

…oe®±q®Š® y®är‡µ²ºu®± S¯oeµS®¡®ªå‡®±² Kºu®± y®ºOÙ‡®±ªå u®Á°y®uµ°ý®, Cwµ²Ýºu®Š®ªå  

š®±ºu®Š®î®½ î®±wµ²°oe®Š®î®½ Bu® Kºu®± u®³Ç¯Ôºq®î®w®²Ý Nµ²l®OE¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®u® N®q®Á³q®æu®

ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå Nµ©îµ½ºu®± î¯u®S®¡®± Cîµ. y®äN®hî¯u® S®äºs®u® (N¯Š®ºb¯ 1932) „®²ï±Nµ‡®±ªå

Foe¯yµ½°oe® Sµ¶u®± Cu®Š® N®q®Á³î®¼ uµ°î®šµ°w®wµ°ºu®² Aî®w® N¯©î®¼ oe®q®Ùwµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®îµºu®²

›u®Ü ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Bu®Šµ Nµ©îµ½ºu®± oe®š®ÙªRq® y¯äY°w® y®ärS®¡®ªå Cu®± ‡µ²°T°ºu®ä

N®³q®îµºu®± oeµ°¢uµ. Cw®±Ý Nµ©î®¼S®¡®ªå - ©¤Èâ°X®ºu®ä N®³q®, ý®±äq®š¯S®Š® N®³q® Ç®g¬y¯oe®±l®

i°NµS®¡®ªå - D S®äºs®u® Nµ©î®¼ uµ²°oe¯S®¡®± Eu®Üȳq®î¯u®u®±Û N®ºl®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. A ©¤Èâ°

X®ºu®ä N®³q®îµºu®± oeµ°¡®±î®Š®±. Kºu®± îµ°¡µ y®½oÁ S®äºs®u® N®q®Á³î®¼ ©¤Èâ° X®ºu®äwµºuµ° Bu®ªå

Au®± 15 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® S®äºs®îµºu®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. S®äºs®u® îµ±°OEµ ‡µ²°T°ºu®ä N®³q®

y®Š®î®¾¯q®â y®äN¯ý® oe¯S®² uµ°î®šµ°w® N®³q® „¯®ºS®äoe®S®¡® y®ä„¯î®î®½ …oe®¡®Ç®±Ô

 N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® y¯äY°w® y®är‡µ²ºu®± c‡®±y®¼Š®u® y¯gµ²°v° bµ¶w®î®±vŠ®u®ªå ï.š®º.1555

 (Oä.ý®. 1498) Š®ªå ¯mu®±Û Cuµ. Au®Š® y®¼™ÞNµ‡®±ªå "Cr Ey¯š®N¯X¯Šµ BX¯‡®±Á §°

©¤Èâ°X®ºu®äYqµ° uµ²°oe®N® - š®²q¯äp š®î®¾¯y¯Ùx " Ÿ°Sµ EOEµå°Qïuµ.

 

ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š® - š®ºš®öq® :-  

Š®q®ÝN®Š®ºl® - ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š® - Cu®± š®ºš®öq®u®ªå ý¯äî®N® u®Áu® ïÇ®‡®±u®ªå …oe®± y®ä›u®Ü

S®äºs®î¯Tuµ. Cu®Š® 150 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®ªå N®äî®±î¯T š®î®±ãS®Ûý®Áw®, b¯Ów® î®±q®±Ù X¯‹q®äu®

xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. X¯‹q®äu®ªå Ju®± Ao±î®äq®, î®±²Š®± S®±oî®äq® î®±q®±Ù w¯©±Ê

þ£¯î®äq®S®¡®w®±Ý ي®î¯T î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. q®Š®±î¯‡®± š®OEµå°Qw®î®w®±Ý xŠ®²zš®OE¯Tuµ. N®±ºu®

N®±ºu®Š® xuµÁ°ý®N®Êw®±š®‹› (X¯‹q®ä y¯oe®±l® S¯oeµ 25 - 26) š®OEµå°Qw®î®w®²Ý N®²l® ý¯äî®N®Š®

î®äq®S®¡®ªå ›æ°N®‹š®OE¯Tuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®±ªå oe®wµ²Ýºu®± ý¯äî®N® y®u®S®¡® - y®ärîµ±S®¡® -

xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±² Cuµ. D y®äN¯Š® Cu®Š®ªå ý¯äî®N® u®Áu® y®äŠ®²y®o - xŠ®²y®oS®¡®± HŠ®l®²

y®u®ÛrS®¢Sµ Aw®±š®‹› ¯l®©ÞiÔîµ. S®äºs® N®q®Á³î®¼ D N®³r‡®±ªå q®w®Ý oeµš®Š®w®±Ý y®äN®hSµ²¢›©å.

Bu®Šµ i°N¯N¯Š®w¯u® y®ä„¯X®ºu®äw®± š®î®±ºq®„®u®ä N®³q®îµºu®± oeµ°¢u¯Ûwµ. Cuµ° BuÂ¯Š®vºu®

Cu®w®±Ý š¯æï±° š®î®±ºq®„®u®ä N®³q®îµºu®± î®±xÝš®OE¯S®±rÙuµ. Cî®w®± By®Ùﱰ¯ºš¯v, S®äºs®S®¡®  

Š®X®wµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯mu¯Ûwµ. „¯ǯ ýµ¶ª‡µ±° îµ²u®OE¯u® „µ°u®S®¡®w®±Ý …vThÔŠ®² N®²l® Cu®Š®ªå

By®Ùﱰ¯ºš¯ š®î®±âq® By®Ùw® ©£®ouµ²l®wµ †Ãw®Ýqµ‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Cwµ²Ýºu®± î¯vНc

𮲋‡®± y¯ý®æÁw¯s® X®‹qµä‡®± Eq¯ÚxNµ‡®±ªå D Š®X®wµ‡®±± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T š®î®±ºq®„®u®äxºu®

†Ãw®Ýw¯u® ' ‡µ²°T°ºu®ä ' w®uµºu®± oeµ°¡®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®N®²Ê y®½î®Áu®ªå D S®äºs®u® ‡®¾¯î®

EOEµå°Q uµ²Šµ‡®±±î®¼v©å. A©åuµ š®æq®» S®äºs®u® Ey¯ºq®ã ýµ²å°N®u®ªå ' ï°q®N®©ºN® ', ' ïu¯ã

' î®±q®±Ù ' š®î¯Ás®Á ›vÛ ' ý®…ÛS®¡® Ey¯‡µ²°S®î®w®²Ý ¯l®OE¯Tuµ. Cu®‹ºu® AN®©ºN®N®³q®

Нc î¯rÁN® î®±q®±Ù ïu¯ãw®ºv N®³q® ýµ²å°N® î¯rÁN® oe¯S®² y®½cãy¯u® N®³q® š®î¯Ás®Á›vÜ

D î®±²Š®± i°NµS®¡®± S®äºs®N¯Š®xSµ y®‹Yq®ïu®Ûu®² Aî®w®± Ey®N®³q®w®² Cu®Ûwµºu®²

Sµ²q¯ÙS®±q®Ùuµ. Cu®N®Êw®±š®‹› D S®äºs®î®¼ ïu¯ã w®ºv î®±q®±Ù î¯vНcŠ® N¯©u® î®±u®ãu®ªå

Hºh‹ºu® oe®q®±Ù - oe®wµ²Ýºu®wµ°‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¡®î®ŠµSµ - ‡®¾¯î® N¯©N¯Êu®Š®²

Š®Yq®î¯TŠ®„µ°N®±.  

 šµ²°î®±uµ°î® N®³q® ‡®±ý®›Ù©N® X®ºy®½ïw® Ju®‹ºu® Hºhwµ°‡®± Bý¯æš®S®¡®ªå X¯‹q®äu®

î®oÁwµ‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. ïýµ°Ç®î¯T Cu®Š® I¡®wµ‡®± Hºhwµ°‡®± Bý¯æš®S®¡®ªå ý¯äî®N®Š®

oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq®S®¡®w®±Ý ي®î¯T y¹äl®ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå î®pÁš®OE¯Tuµ. D S®äºs®î®¼ ý®N® š®º. 881

(Oä.ý®. 959)Š®ªå š®î®¾¯y®Ùî¯Tq®±Ù.  

 Aï±q®S®r N®³q® ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®î®¼ š®±î®¾¯Š®± 1500 š®ºš®öq® y®u®ãS®¡®ªå y®½oÁî¯Tîµ.

Cu®Š®ªå oe®vwµ¶u®± Au¯㇮±S®¡®± Cîµ. AS®¡®ªå u®Áu® š®æŠ®²y®, ï±s¯ãq®æ î®±q®±Ù š®î®±ãN®ðu®

„µ°u®, š®y®Ùq®q®æ, AÇ®Ô î®±²©S®±o, oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± î®äq® î®±q®±Ù AS®¡® AïX¯Š®, š¯î®¾¯‰±N®îµ°

îµ²u®OE¯u® BŠ®± Bî®ý®ãN®, u¯w®, y®½b¯, î®±q®±Ù Ey®î¯š® oe¯S®² oe®wµÝ°Š®l®± „¯î®wµS®¡®

š®±ïš®Ùȳq® î®oÁwµ‡®±± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Nµ²wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u®ªå u¯ãw®u® î®oÁwµ‡®±w®±Ý 114

y®u®ãS®¡®ªå ¯muµ. Cu®Š®ªå u¯ãw®, u¯ãxš®±î®î®, uµ㰇®± î®±q®±Ù u¯ãw® y®© CS®¡®

xŠ®²y®nµ‡®±± Cuµ. Aï±q®S®r‡®±± q®w®Ý Awµ°N® S®äºs®S®¡®ªå AS®¡® Š®X®w¯ N¯©u® EOEµå°Qî®w®²Ý  

¯mu¯Ûwµ. AS®¡®ªå ï. š®º. 1050 ‹ºu® 1073 Š® µTw® EOEµå°QS®¡®± uµ²Šµ‡®±±q®Ùuµ.

Aºu® îµ±°OEµ D S®äºs®u® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ š®±î®¾¯Š®± Oä.ý®. 1000 u®± ›u®Üî¯S®±q®Ùuµ.  

 Bý¯uÂ®ŠµN®³q® š¯S¯Š® u®¯Áî®±³q®î®¼ š®±î®¾¯Š®± 500 š®ºš®öq® y®u®ãS®¡®ªå y®½oÁî¯Tuµ.

Cu®Š®ªå Hºh± Au¯㇮±S®¡®± Cîµ. AS®¡®ªå ý¯äî®N® u®Áu® š¯î®¾¯w®ã î®oÁwµ‡®±², Aw®ã

î®±²© S®±oS®¡®±, oe®wµ²Ýºu®± y®ärîµ±S®¡®² î®oÁwµSµ²ºmuµ. î®äq® y®ärîµ±‡®±ªå oe®wµÝ°Š®l®±

î®äq®S®¡®©åuµ ý¯äî®N®Š® vw®X®‡µ±Á‡®±w®±Ý š®oe® ï›uµ. Nµ²wµ‡®± Au¯㇮±u® 110 ýµ²å°N®S®¡®ªå

š®î®¾¯vÃ î®±Š®ou® ي®î¯u® î®oÁwµ‡®±± Cuµ. Š®X®w¯ýµ¶ª‡®±± N¯î¯ãq®âN®î¯Tuµ. S®äºs®u®

îµ±°OEµ N®q®Á³ïw® 𵲿°y®cÓ i°Nµ‡®±± Ey®©…Üïuµ. Au®Š®ªå Cu®Š® š®î®¾¯zÙ‡®± š®î®±‡®±î®¼

ï.š®º.1296 As¯Áq¬ Oä.ý®. 1239 Hºu®± EOEµå°QSµ²ºmuµ. (y®äN¯ý®w® î®±±º…‰± 1915 )  

 S®±o„®²Ç®o N®³q® ý¯äî®N®X¯Š®NµÊ N®q®Á³î®¼ „®î®ã - cw® å„® ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š®îµºu®±

N®Šµvu¯Ûwµ. Cu®Š®ªå 269 ýµ²å°N®S®¢îµ. AS®¢ºu® u®ý®Áw®, b¯Ów®, î®±q®±Ù ý¯äî®N® u®Á Hº…

î®±²Š®± EuµÛ°ý®S®¡®ªå š®Š®¡® ‹°r‡®± xŠ®²y®nµ‰±uµ. Cu®Š® Š®X®w¯ N¯©î®¼ xþÏq®ï©å. Bu®Šµ

Cu®Š® îµ±°OEµ Š®q®ÝN®Š®ºl®, ®±w®ºv ý¯äî®N¯X¯Š® îµ²u®OE¯u®î®¼S®¡® y®ä„¯î®î®¼ N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ.

š®±î®¾¯Š®± 14 wµ‡®± 15 wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® S®äºs®î®¼ Cu¯TŠ®„µNµ°ºu®± Aw®±î®¾¯w®

¯l®OE¯S®±q®Ùuµ.  

 ý¯äî®N® u®ÁNµÊ š®º…ºvÛu® S®äºs®S®¡® y®Š®ºy®Šµ‡®±± AïYÐw®Ýî¯T w®lµ‡®±±q®Ù …ºvuµ.

Cu®Š®ªå oe®vwµ¡®wµ‡®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® AN®…Š®w® N¯©u®ªå Нc î®±©åxºu® Š®Yq®î¯u® OE¯i° š®ºŸq¯

EOEµå°Qx°‡®±î¯Tuµ.

      

   




    Philosophy
    Scriptures-Sacred Books
    JW in Indian Languages

    JW in World Languages




Home | Guest Book | Recommend Us | About US | Acknowledgement | Surveys | FAQ | Report Broken Link | Site Map