Jainworld
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of DANACHINTAMANI

CHAPTER-1

CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER-4
CHAPTER-5

               

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š®oe¯‡®±N® S®äºs®S®¡®± :

1. Bq®â u®¯9Нu®wµ : Š¯î®±X®ºu®ä š¯ãu¯æv ( 1973), þ°î®±r Нcî®±â

y®u®âw¯„®‡®±ãc‡®±î®Š®±, îµ±¶š®²Š®± šµ²Ô°Š¬é, oe®±…à¢ë

2. š®º£®y®Ù bµ¶w®u®9 ( š®ºN®©w® : 1973) bµ¶w¬ „µ²°m9ºS¬, šµæ°Ç®w¬ е²°l¬,

oe®±…à¢ë

3. š®ºš®Êȳq® î¯W⇮±NµÊ bµ¶w® N®ïS®¡® N¯pNµ: y®º.Nµ. „®±c…ª ý¯›ô ( 1971) Bu®ý®9

bµ¶w® S®äºs®î®¾¯OEµ, î®±²l®†u®Šµ

 

4. bµ¶w® x°rý¯š®ô : N®OE¯ãoy®äš¯u® oe®w®S®ºm ( 1977), N®w¯9hN® ïý®æ ïu¯ã©‡®±,

uÂ¯Š®î¯l®

5. Aîµ½°© u®ý®u®9 : §° 105 £®±. Aw®ºhî®±i Aî®±âw®î®Š®± ( 1970), Cºm‡®±

u®9xÇ®Õw¯S®‹N®Š® î®r‰±ºu® §° dw®X®ºu®ä Нî®d° u®w®ýµiÔ, Cºm (

†b¯y®¼Š®)

6. u®ý®©£®o u®¯9î®±³q® : oeµ².§°. î®±u®w®Nµ°š®‹ ( 1985), dw®bµ²ã°r

y®äN¯ý®w®, „µºS®¡®²Š®±

7. bµ¶w®u®9 y®‹„¯ǵ : î®±.y®ä.y®½b¯Š® ( 1976), N®w¯9hN® ïu¯ãî®u®9N®

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