Jainworld
Jain World
Sub-Categories  of DANACHINTAMANI

CHAPTER-1

CHAPTER-2
CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER-4
CHAPTER-5

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q®º…²Š® Hº…ªå FŠ®Nµ²°i‡®±ªå BŠ®wµ‡®± ïN®ä¯v q®ã ( Oä.ý®. 1125 ) ý¯š®w®î®¼

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Hº…ªåw® FŠ®X¯î®m‡®± …¢‰±Š®±î® Sµ²°îµ‡®± N®u®º… yµî®¾¯Ám uµ°î®w® ( Oä.ý®. 1147-

1148) ý¯š®w®î®¼ ›ºU®ovºu® š®ºu® „®²u¯w®î®w®±Ý r¢š®±î®¼u®±.

N®©U®hT q¯©²Ow® þ°TS®i S¯äî®±u® xºS®w®S¹l® y¯i°©Š® oeµ²©u®ªå 22-6-

1989 Š®ªå N®‹‡®±N®ªåw® Ql¯Ìš®x §° y¯ý®æÁw¯s® î®±²rÁ‡®±± uµ²Šµr uµ. 130*67

šµ.ï±. A¡®qµ‡®± D ïS®äoe®î®¼ wµ²°l®©± î®±w®îµ²°oe®N®î¯Tuµ. Cu®w®±Ý 12wµ‡®±

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q®±ºl®±î®š®ôî®w®±Ý ('IN® y¯©N®') u®‹š®OE¯TrÙvÛq®±. D S®o '‡®¾¯y®x°‡®± š®ºU®îµºu®±

N®Šµ‡®±©Þl®±rÙvÛq®±.

(indeed, the history of jainism is rather remarkable for the almost

total lack of doctrinal accomodation between sects that has taken

place over the centuries, espiecially regarding the issue of nudity.

There was only one apparent compromise movement, now long

 

extinct, that probably flourished in Souta India circa A.D.500. literary

evidence indicates that monks of this sect, known as yapaniyas , went

naked in the forest but wore a single piece of clothing (ekaphalaka)

when in populated areas.*

NµŠµ‡®± I‹ …¢‰±Š®±î® HŠ®l®± þOE¯ý¯š®w®S®¡®± (Oä.ý®. 1230) D Aºý®î®w®±Ý ïý®v°N®‹š®±î®¼î®¼.

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X¹ïæ°š®

jaina path of purification : padmanab S. jaini (1979), university of

california press, berkeley, Los Angeles, London

r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š® Nµq®ÙwµS®¡®± y¯äY°w® u¯QOEµS®¡¯Tîµ.

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