RAJASTHANADA JAINMANDIRAGALU
7. НoN¬y®¼Š®u® Au®±áq® uµ°S®±©
`Au®±áq®' `î®±œ¯w¬' Hº… ¯q®±S®¡®w®±Ý
w¯î®¼ BS¯S® …¡®š®±qµÙ°îµ. Bu®Šµ НoN¬y®¼Š®u® §° Bvw¯s® xw®î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý wµ²°mu¯S®
Eºg¯S®±î® Aw®±„Â®î® Bw®ºu®S®¡®w®±Ý î®pÁ𮩱 D ý®…ÛS®¡®² š¯©î®¼. Bu®Šµ u®±uµÁ¶î®NµÊ
Cu®N®²Ê ﱋu® As®Áî®w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î® „µ°Šµ ý®…ÛS®¡µ° C©å. Bu®Û‹ºu® НoN¬y®¼Š® D
uµ°S®±©î®w®±Ý q®±º…±N®ºS®¢ºu® wµ²°mu®î®‹Sµ AxÝš®±î®¼u®± ``Cw®±Ý î®±±ºuµ „µ°Šµ
ý®…ÛS®¡µ° C©å. Bu®Û‹ºu® НoN¬y®¼Š®u® D uµ°S®±©î®w®±Ý q®±º…±N®ºS®¢ºu® wµ²°mu®î®‹Sµ
AxÝš®±î®¼u®±``Cw®±Ý î®±±ºuµ „µ°Š¯î®¼u®N®²Ê' Au®±áq®, î®±œ¯w¬' Hw®Ý„¯Š®u®±'' Hºu®±.
„Â¯Š®q®u® bµ¶w® î®±ºvŠ®S®¡® …SµÌ D ý®…ÛS®¡®w®±Ý …¡®š®±î®¼u¯u®Šµ Au®±
НoN¬y®¼Š®u® D î®±ºvŠ®u® …SµÌ ¯q®äîµ° …¡®š®„µ°NµxÝš®±q®Ùuµ.
Cǵԩå BTŠ®±î® НoN¬y®¼Š® Kºu®± w®S®Š®î®©å,
FŠ®©å, S®ä A©å. HŠ®l®² î®±²Š®± dw®î®±ºvŠ®S®¢Š®±î® Kºu®± Nµ°ºu®ä AǵÔ.
HN®ŠµS®hÔŒµ ïý¯©î¯u® b¯S®NµÊ y¯äN¯Š®îµ½ºu®± Cu®±Û Aªå D dw®î®±ºvŠ® u®Áý¯ŒµS®¢îµ.
D y¯äN¯Š®u® œµ²Š® y®N®Êu®Œµ²åºu®± …š¬š¯Ôy¬. Au®Š® y®N®Êu®Œµ²åºu®± r°Š® š¯uÂ¯Š®o
œµ²°h©±. Cǵ԰ НoN®y®¼Š® Hºu®Šµ ! š®æ©Þ u®²Š®u®²Š®u®ªå ›‹î®ºq® y®äS®‹S¯T q¯Š¯
œµ²°gµ©±S®¡®± Cîµ. DXµSµ AŠ®oã CŒ¯Pµ‡®±î®Š®± î®w®ã y¯äpS®¡® Kºu®± A„®‡®¾¯Š®oã
š¯Úz›u¯Ûе. î®±±T‰±q®±. Cu®± †h±Ô−cw®î®š®r CŠ®±î® î®±wµS®¡® 𝩱, AºS®m †°m
Cq¯ãvS®¡®± Cªå Iw®² Cªå©å. `НoN®y®¼Š® …ºq®±' Aºq® …›éw® N®ºl®N®ÔЬ œµ°¡®vu®Ûе
Auµ²ºu®± FŠ®ºq®©² w®î®±S®xš®±î®¼v©å.
bµ²°u®y®¼Š®vºu® u®¤n¯†Ãî®±±Qî¯T š®±î®¾¯Š®±
Kºu®± w®²Š®± O.ï±. y®‡®±p›u®Šµ š¯ºlµ°Š¯î¬ Hº… y®hÔw® ›S®±q®Ùuµ. Aªåºu® D
НoN®y®¼Š®NµÊ š®±î®¾¯Š®± w®©î®q®±Ù OŒµ²°ï±hŠ®±. „µ°Šµ Hªåºu¯u®Š®² Eu®y®¼Š®NµÊ …ºvu®Ûе
Aªåºu® НoN®y®¼Š®NµÊ Nµ°î®© qµ²º„®q®±Ù OŒµ²°ï±hŠ®±. Bu®Šµ AŠ¯î®¢ „µhÔS®¡® îµ±¶îµ±°ªw®
AºN®±lµ²ºN¯u® œ¯v‡®±ªå N®äï±› CÇ®±Ô A©Þu®²Š®î®w®±Ý î®±±Tš®ªNµÊ …›éw®ªå î®±²Š®±
q¯š®±S®¡®± Ÿm‡®±±q®Ùîµ.

AŠ¯î®¢ „µhÔS®¡® Kl®ªw® ý¯ºq® ›ÝS®Ü
y®‹š®Š®u®ªå, S¯l® œ®š®±‹w® ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±ªå, A©åªå E¢u®±Nµ²ºmŠ®±î® Nµ©î®¼ î®±Š®S®¡®
w®l®±îµ …‡®±ªw®ªå D dw®î®±ºvŠ®S®¢îµ. CS®¡®ªå, î®±œ¯u¯æŠ®NµÊ wµ°Š®î¯T Hu®±‹Sµ
N¯o±î®¼u®± y¯ý®æÁw¯s® î®±ºvŠ®. Cu®± î®±u®ãî®± S¯q®äu®±Û. Cu®Š® Ÿº„¯S®NµÊ 200 ï±hЬ
u®²Š®u®Œµ²åºu®± y®¼hÔ î®±ºvŠ® ïuµ. D y¯ý®æÁw¯s® î®±ºvŠ®vºu® w®²Š®± ï±hŠ®±S®¡®Ç®±Ô
u®²Š®u®ªå Hl®„¯S®NµÊ Hq®ÙŠ®u® N®gµÔ‡®± îµ±°Œµ cS®u®áî®ãî¯T N¯o±î®¼uµ°
uµ²l®Öu¯u® `‹Ç®„¬uµ°î¬ î®±ºvŠ®' As®î¯ Bvw¯s® r°s®ÁºN®Š®w® î®±ºvŠ®. E¢u® HŠ®l®²
…š®vS®¡®ªå u®ý®Áx°‡®± N®Œ¯q®âN®qµ CŠ®±î®¼u¯u®Š®² î®±w®±Ç®ãw® N®±š®±‹ wµ¶y®¼oã,
q¯¡µâ, uµ¶î®„®OÙ, ®±þ©Þu® w¯ï°w®ãqµ H©åî®w®²Ý „®iÔ C¢›, `N®Œµ‡®± …Œµ' Hº…
Ey®îµ±‡®±² š¯uÂ¯Š®oîµxÝš®±î®ºqµ ¯mŠ®±î®¼uµ° D `‹Ç®„¬uµ°î¬ î®±ºvŠ®'.
D î®±œ¯u®±áq® dw®î®±ºvŠ®NµÊ w¯©±Ê î®±±QS®¡®±,
w®²Š¯Š®± Am Hq®ÙŠ®u® Sµ²°y®¼Š®, Au®NµÊ q¯Tu®ºqµ 64 y®¼hÔSµ²°y®¼Š®S®¡®±, î®±²Š®±
î®±œ®mS®¡®±, 84 uµ°î®Nµ²°Ç®ÕS®¡®±, š®±î®¾¯Š®± Hº„®q®±Ù S®±î®±âhS®¡®±, w¯©±Ê
vOÊSµ w¯©±Ê w®©î®q¯Ý©±Ê Kºu®Oʺq® Kºu®± †Ãw®Ýî¯u® N®Œ¯q®âN®î¯u® š®Ùº„®S®¡®±,
CS®¡® w®l®±îµ Hq®ÙŠ®u®ªå q®²S®±î® qµ²°Š®o ¯ŒµS®¡®±, BN¯ý®u®ªå ï±w®±S®±î®
q¯ŠµS®¡® œ¯Sµ N®o±Ø rŠ®±Tu®Œµå©å N¯o±î® w®q®ÁN® w®q®ÁO î¯u®ãS¯Š®Š®±, uµ°î®uµ°î®qµS®¡®
î®±w®îµ²°œ®N® „®ºTS®¡®±, y¯äpy®¤ Tl®î®±Š® …¢ë œ®²S®¡® Aš®ºQãïw¯ãš®S®¡®± S®±º…b¬w®
„®±î®wµ°ý®æ‹‰±ºu® q®²S®±†u®Û AŠ®¢u® ýµæ°q®N®î®±©S®¡®±.


S®„®ÁS®±m‡®±ªåw® BŠ®± Am Hq®ÙŠ®u® ýµæ°q®
š®±ºu®Š® N®Œ¯q®âN® dw®î®±²rÁ, Au®Š® y®ä„¯‡®±ªåw® r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š®± , uµ°î®w®q®ÁN®Š®±,
Cºu®ä, BwµS®¡®±, w¯©±Ê BwµS®¡® ›ºœ®z°j®...
.....î®±qµÙ, y®äu¯w®î¯u® `îµ±°U®w¯u® î®±ºhy®'
u® Au®±áq® ïw¯ãš®, Cu®Š® ïý¯©î¯u® Z¯î®nµ‡®±w®±Ý S®±î®±âhî¯T› Au®Š® î®N®äîµ±¶‡®±w®±Ý
Aw¯î®±q®±Ù Nµ©î®¼ AmS®¡®Ç®±Ô îµ±°©NµÊrÙ Hºh± N®º…S®¡® BuÂ¯Š®u® îµ±°Œµ xªå› B î®±²©N®
š®œ®c „µ¡®N®± …Š®±î®ºqµ ¯mŠ®±î® ®±Ùþ©Þu® X®î®±q¯ÊŠ®!
Kºuµ²ºu®± S®„®ÁS®±m‡®± Hu®±‹w® (Cu®± X®q®±î®±±ÁQ
…š®v Hº…±u®w®±Ý wµw®zm) w®î®Š®ºS®u¯Xµ, Aºu®Šµ Au®N®²Ê Ÿºuµ î®±qµ²Ùºu®± ïý¯© î®±ºhy®
! Au®± î®±²Š®± Am Hq®ÙŠ®u® š®î®±q®¡®u®ªåuµ. Au®N®²Ê î®±œ®m ! D î®±ºhy®u® w®hÔw®l®±îµ
¯hî¯u® š®±î®¾¯Š®± w¯Ñ©±Ê AmS®¡®Ç®±Ô Hq®ÙŠ®u® Bwµ‡µ²ºu®± r°s®ÁºN®Š®w® N®lµ î®±±Q¯m
xºruµ. š¯©ºN®³q®î¯u® D Bwµ S®cS¯º†Ã°‡®±Á, š¹ºu®‡®±Á, œµpØw® Œ¯î®oã, N®ïqµ‡®±
Œ¯ªq®ãS®¡®w®±Ý IN®q®ä îµ±¶S®²m›Nµ²ºl®ºqµ Cuµ. D Bwµ‡®± îµ±°Œµ K…à uµ°î®qµ N®±¢ru¯Ûwµ.
Cu®± …œ®±ý®» Cºu®äw®± CŠ®„µ°N®±. bµ¶w® rs®ÁºN®Š® y®¼Š¯oS®¡®ªå Cºu®äw®± …œ®±î®±±Qã
y¯q®ä. S®„¯Áî®q®Š®o N¯©u®ªå, cw¯â†Ãǵ°N® š®ºu®„®Áu®ªå, v°£¯N®Œ¯ãou®ªå, Nµ°î®©
b¯Ów®î¯u® N®²l®Œµ š®î®±î®š®Š®o Š®X®wµ‡®± î®ãµÚ ¯l®±î®ªå, Nµ²wµSµ r°s®ÁºN®Š®w®
î®±±OÙ‡®¾¯u¯S® E¢u® Aî®w® w®QNµ°ý®S®¡® ïš®cÁwµ‡®±ªå Ÿ°Sµ H©å œ®ºq®S®¡®©²å Cºu®äw®±
r°s®ÁºN®Š®w® šµ°îµSµ î®±±ºu¯T …Š®±q¯Ùwµ.
Cªåw® S®±î®±âhS®¡®ªå œ®vw¯Š®± î®±ºv ïu¯ãuµ°ï‡®±Š®
BN®Ç®ÁN® „®ºT‡®± þ©ÞS®¢îµ. D ïu¯ãuµ°ï‡®±Š® N¯©…±l®u®ªå ïïu® „®ºTS®¡®ªå N®±¢q®
S®nµ°ý®‹u¯Ûе. (ýµæ°q¯º…Š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±u®ªå S®nµ°ý®xSµ ¯w®ãqµ Cuµ. vS®º…ЮЮªå
C©å.) Z¯î®p‡®± X¹N¯N¯Š®u® „®±î®wµ°ý®æ‹S®¡®ªå ®±Ùîµ¶ïu®ãqµ Hu®±ÛN¯o±î®¼u®±.
uµ°S®±©u® œµ²Š®îµ±¶ Sµ²°lµ‡®±©²å AºX®±ïw¯ãš®S®¡®± (border
designs) y®¼Š¯nµ²°N®Ù y¯q®äS®¡®±,
w®q®ÁN® w®q®ÁO‡®±Š®±, Юı©å‹S®¡®± ©ªq®„®ºT‡®±ªåw® y®¼hÔ BwµS®¡®± Cºs® AuµÇµ²Ô°
S®î®±x𮩲 †l®±î¯S®u®ºqµ N®Œµ‡®± …ŒµTºq®©² ï±T©±. Cuµ²ºu®± N®Œ¯w®ºu®w®,
N®Œ¯N®©Þ£®, Cºs® AS¯u® y®‹y®½oÁ Š®X®wµ‡®± Ÿºvw® N¹ý®©, y®är„µ, q¯ãS® q¯¡µâS®¢Sµ
î®±w®š®±é £®ou®Œµå° N®º…xu®±º…±q®Ùuµ. Cu®Š® u®ý®Áw®vºu® î®±w®±Ç®ã N®o±Ø
y®lµu®uµÛ° u®w®ãîµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

œ®ºyµ‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q®± œ¯mu® N®ï‡µ²…àŠ®± xНýµ‰±ºu®
``œ¯¡®± œ®ºyµ‡®± N®ºl®± N®ºS®gµÔw®±, xuµÛ„¯Š®u®± Cw®±Ý DP¬ cw®âNµ'' Hºu®±
†š®±š®±‰±Ûu¯Ûе. НoN¬y®¼Š®u® D ‹Ç®„¬uµ°î® î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý wµ²°mu¯S® î®±²l®±î®¼u®±
Au®NµÊ r°Š¯ïŠ®±u®Üî¯u® š®ºq®³zÙ‡®± „¯î®wµ!
`N®Œ¯N®±š®±‹Sµ©š®u® Aq®±ãq®Ùî®±
¯u®‹‡®±w®±Ý wµ²°m‡®¾¯‰±q®±. CwµÝ°w®² „µ°O©å' Hºu®± d°î® q®pu®ºq¯S®±q®Ùuµ.
q®w®â‡®±qµ‰±ºu® î®Ç®ÁS®hÔŒµ u®±mu®± w®î®±Sµºu®± Cu®w®±Ý †h±Ô œµ²°TŠ®±î® w®²Š¯Š®±
Ab¯Óq® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý wµwµu®± CŒµå° Kºu®± N®º…u® …±l®u®ªå N®±›u®± N®±¢q®± †OÊ †OÊ
B¡®„µ°NµxÝš®±q®Ùuµ. xcN®²Ê N®º…x‡®± ¯Œµ‡®±w®± Huµ‡®± …hÔŒµ²¢h±Ô u®w®ãqµ‡®±
N®±š®±î®±S®¡® AzÁš®±î® q¯oïu®±.
Cªåw® Kºu®± „®±î®wµ°ý®æ‹‡®±ªå Kºu®± ïþǮԋ°r‡®±
`w¯S®u®î®±w®' u® E…±àNµq®Ùwµ‰±uµ. w¯S®N®x݇µ²…à¡® ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±ªå K…à uµ°î®, C®
š®±q®Ù©² î®±²Š®± q®ÙS®¡®ªå w¯S®…ºu®. D w¯S®…ºu®u® w®l®±îµ A©åªå Nµ¶ î®±±Tu®±Nµ²ºmŠ®±î®
w¯S®uµ°î®qµS®¡®±. w®î®±â N®w¯ÁhN®u® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡®ªå N¯o…Š®±î® w®S®…ºu®Oʺq®
q®±º… †Ãw®Ý …Sµ‡®±u®± Cu®±.
Cuµ° ‹°r Cªå `š®œ®š®äy®p y¯ý®æw¯s®'w® r°Š¯
ïþÇ®Ô ‹°r‡®± E…±àþ©Þîµ½°ºu®± Kºu®± uµ²l®Ö þŒ¯y®©N®u®ªåuµ. š¯ïŠ®uµºh± œµlµS®¡®±
xºrŠ®±î® y¯ý®æÁw¯s® wµrÙ‡®± îµ±°Œµ î®±hÔš®î¯T Kºuµ° y¯q®¢‡®±ªå œ®Š®mNµ²ºl®± Kºu®±
Z®r䇮±w®±Ý xï±Á›îµ. („µ°Šµ N®lµ N®±¢q® y¯ý®æÁw¯s®w® Ÿºuµ y®pS®¡®± „µ°Šµ „µ°Šµ
y¯q®¢S®¡®ªå y®ä„¯‡®±ºqµ œ®Š®mNµ²ºmŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý N¯o±qµÙ°îµ.) D y¯ý®æÁw¯s®w®
HŠ®l®² y®N®ÊS®¡®ªå Kºuµ²ºu®± šµô° ïS®äœ®ïuµ. CS®¡® œµ²Š®y®N®Êu®ªå Kºuµ²ºu®±
w¯S®N®xÝNµ‡®±Š® ïS®äœ®ïuµ. Ÿ°Sµ D Ju®± ïS®äœ®S®¡®± y®©N®u® î®±u®ãu®ªåu®±Û
CS®¡® š®±q®Ù©² w¯S®…ºu® q¯ÙN¯Š®î¯T œµnµu®±Nµ²ºmuµ. `š®œ®š®äy®p y¯ý®æÁw¯s®'
w® D ¯u®‹ „Â¯Š®q®u®ªå CwµÝªå‡®¾¯u®Š®² Cuµ‡µ²° œµ°Sµ Hº…±u®± Aw®±î®¾¯w®.
Cu®ÛŠ®² Aïw®²Ý „µ¡®OSµ' …ºv©å.
D uµ°î¯©‡®±u® œµ²Š®Sµ²°lµ, š®Ùº„®, „µ²°vSµ,
Z¯î®pS®¡®ªå Awµ°N® Œµ¶ºTN® þ©ÞS®¡®² Cîµ.
x¯Áo, yµä°Š®nµ :
Oä. ý®. 1446 Š®ªå îµ±°î¯l®u® D y®äuµ°ý®î®w®±Ý
î®±œ¯Š¯n¯ N®±º„®w®± B¡®±rÙu¯ÛS® uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ® wµº…±î®w®± Aî®w® î®±ºr䇮¾¯Tu®Ûw®±.
BS® ‡®±±S®y®äu¯w® BX¯‡®±ÁНTu®Û BX¯‡®±Á šµ²°î®±š®±ºu®Š® 𮲋 Hº…±î®Š®±
uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w®ªå u®ÁN¯‡®±Áu®ªå A†Ã°ÇµÔ‡®±w®±Ý œµYÏ›u®Š®±. yµ½°Š®w¯© þ°‡®±w¯u®
uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w®± îµ²u®ªºu®©² u®Á î®q®é©w¯Tu®Ûî®w®±. C® š®ºy®N®Ávºu¯T
Bq®w®ªå u¯ï±ÁN® Bš®OÙS®¡®± Cw®ÝÇ®±Ô œµX¯Ïu®î®¼. Cu®‹ºu¯T Aî®w®± Nµ°î®© q®w®Ý î®±²î®qµÙŠ®l®wµ‡®±
î®Ç®Áu®Œµå°wµ ý®q®±äºc‡®± (S®±cНq¬ Нcã) u®ªå Ad°î® …䜮âX®‡®±Áî®äq®î®w®±Ý
Nµ¶Nµ²ºl®w®±.
q®w®Ý N®±ý¯S®ä…±vÜ, N¯‡®±Áý®OÙ,
y¯ä¯pN®qµ, Нcx°r‡®± X¯q®±‡®±ÁS®¢ºu¯T D uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w®± uµ²Šµ Нn¯N®±º„®xSµ
q®±º… z䇮±w®² Ax®±Áw®² Bu® î®±ºr䇮¾¯Tu®Ûw®±. Dq®w® xš¯æs®Á S®±o Cî®w®w®±Ý î®±q®ÙÇ®±Ô
Œµ²°N®z䇮±Š®w®w¯ÝT›q®±Ù.
Cºs® uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w® î®±w®u®ªå Kºu®± ý®±„®U®¢Sµ‡®±ªå
y®äs®î®± r°s®ÁºN®Š®w¯u® „®S®î¯w¬ Ǯ„®uµ°î®xSµ²ºu®± „®î®ã î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý
N®iÔš®„µ°Nµº… BN¯º£µ îµ²¡µ‰±q®±. D î®±ºvŠ® þ©ÞN®Œµ‡®± Eq®ÊÈ³Ç®Ô w®î®±²wµ‡®¾¯T‡®±²
š®æS®Áš®±ºu®Š®î¯T‡®±² CŠ®„µ°Nµºu®² Aî®w®± Bþ›u®. Kîµ±â Aî®w®± (…œ®±ý®» S®±Š®±ïw®
y®äî®X®w®u®ªå î®pÁš®©ÞhÔ) š®æS®Áu® `w®ªx°S®±©â ï¯w®'u® š®±ºu®Š® wµ²°hî®w®±Ý
N®w®›w®ªå N®ºl®w®ºqµ. `ï¯w®' u®Šµ „®î®w®îµºu®s®Á. š®æS®Áu®ªåŠ®±î® „®î®w®S®¡®ŒµåŒ¯å
D w®©x°S®±©â ï¯w®î®¼ Aq®ãºq® š®±ºu®Š®î¯u®±u®ºqµ. Au®w®±Ý N®w®›w®ªå N®ºl®
uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ® ``w¯w®² Cºs®îµ° î®±wµ²°œ®Š®î¯u® dw®„®î®w®î®w®±Ý xï±Á𮄵°N®±'' Hºu®±
xý®Ï‰±›u®. 1
š®‹, D î®±ºrä uµ²Šµ‡®± …¢ dw®î®±ºvŠ®N¯ÊT
Kºu®Ç®±Ô „®²ï±‡®±w®±Ý Nµ²l®±î®ºqµ y¯ätÁ›u®. Cºs®î®xSµ, Cºs®N¯‡®±ÁNµÊ Bu¯î® K¡µë‡®±uµ²Šµ
q¯wµ C©åîµw®Ý©± š¯u®ã? `xw®Sµ Hªå „µ°Nµ²° Aªå cï±w®± B‹›Nµ²°' Hºu® uµ²Šµ. AŠ¯î®¢
y®î®Áq® š¯ªw® ¯vä y®î®Áq®S®¡® Am‡®±ªå ý¯ºq®î¯T œ®‹‡®±±î® î®±U¯‰± u®ºlµ‡®±ªåw®
`¯u®T' Hº… œ®¢ë Cu®N¯ÊT B‹š®©ÞiÔq®±. `CÇ®±Ô „®î®ã î®±ºvŠ®u® š®±q®Ù w®S®Š®î®½
CŠ®„µ°N®±. Bu®Û‹ºu® Kºu®± w®S®Š®î®w®²Ý xï±Ášµ²°o' Hºu®± uµ²Šµ š®©œµ Cq®Ù.
š®Ú¡®u® B‡µ±Ê‡®¾¯T Ll¯l®±rÙu®Ûºqµ‡µ±° D î®±ºrä®w®±Ý
dw®î®±ºvŠ®u® w®N¯ýµS®¡®w®±Ý Š®²z› š®ªåš®±î®ºqµ š®Úy®rS®¢Sµ N®Šµx°mu®. HǵÔǵ²Ô°
w®N¯ýµS®¡®± …ºu®î®¼. ‡®¾¯î®¼u®² A¯q®ãýµä°Ç®ÕxSµ š®ºy®½oÁ q®³zÙ Nµ²l®ª©å.

1. §° Š®rŒ¯q¬ v°y®X®ºu¬ uµ°š¯‰± A®±
Š®Y›u®, Aœ®î®±u¯„¯vw® šµ°g¬ Bw®ºu®d N®Œ¯ãod z°m‡®±î®Š®± y®äN®i›u® D î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý
N®±‹q® OŠ®±œµ²q®ÙSµ‡®±ªåŠ®±î® cw®ý®±är.

î®±ºl¯Š¯ Hº…±uµ²ºu®± œ®¢ë; Aªå uµ°y¯ Hº„µ²…à
š®Úy®r Cu®Û. Bq® š®u¯ ‡®±î®¼uµ²° S®±ºTw®ªå‡µ±° CŠ®±rÙu®Û, î®±w®š®±é …ºu¯S® î®±q®äîµ°
Nµ©š® ¯l®±rÙu®Û K…à N®Œ¯N¯Š®. Auµ°w®± î®±w®š®±é…ºqµ²°, Aî®w®± D µSµ î®±w®š®±é
Nµ²h±Ô Kºu®± ïw¯ãš®î®w®±Ý Š®²zš®±î®ªå î®±S®Ýw¯u®.
uµ°y¯ N®Œµ‡®± Mw®Ýq®ãî®w®±Ý N¯y¯l®ªN¯ÊT
‡®¾¯Š¯ã‹Sµ²° q®Œµ„¯S®±î® …u®©± …l®q®w®î®wµÝ° B‹›Nµ²ºl®± …u®±Ou®Û N®Œ¯ïu®.
uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w® xî®±Á© u®Á„®OÙ D uµ°y¯w® Aºq®Š®ºS®î®w®±Ý q®iÔq®±Ù. D „®N®Ùw®±
Aºq®Š®ºS®u® N®w®š®± „¯î®wµS®¡®w®±Ý š¯N¯Š®Sµ²¢š®±î®ºs® î®±wµ²°œ®Š®î®½ ïý¯©î®½
Bu® „®î®ã dw®î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý xªåš®±î®ºs® š®ºN®©Þî®w®±Ý Nµ¶Sµ²ºl®± w®N¯ýµ‡®±w®±Ý
Š®²z›u®.
š®Úy®r uµ°y¯ Š®²z› q®ºu® dw®î®±ºvŠ®u® w®N¯ýµ
î®±ºrä uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w®w®±Ý î®±ºq®äî®±±S®ÜSµ²¢› †iÔq®±. B ïw¯ãš® B‡µ±ÊSµ²ºmq®±.
î®±ºvŠ® x¯Áo N¯‡®±Á BŠ®º„®Sµ²ºmq®±. †¢
š®ºS®î®±î®‹ þŒµ‡®± œ®©SµS®¡®±, N®º…S®¡®± Š®þНþ‡®¾¯T …ºu®± †u®Û. w®²Š¯Š®±
þ©ÞN®ï±ÁS®¡®± uµ°y¯w® xuµÁ°ý®w®u®ªå î®±ºvŠ® x¯Áou®ªå î®±S®ÝНu®Š®±.
î®±ºvŠ®u® bµ²qµbµ²qµSµ° Kºu®± w®S®Š®u®
x¯Áo BŠ®º„®Sµ²ºmq®±.


uµ²Šµ Нn¯ N®±º„®w® S¹Š®î¯s®Áî¯T B
w®S®Š®NµÊ НoN®y®¼Š®îµº… œµš®Š®± Cl®©ÞiÔq®±. D w®S®Š®u®ªå B N¯©u®ªå î®±²Š®± š¯ïŠ®
bµ¶w®N®±h±º…S®¡®± wµŒµ›u®Ûu®± œµ°¡®Œ¯S®±q®Ùuµ.
x¯Áo N¯‡®±Á AŠ®º„®î¯T Jî®q®±Ù
î®Ç®ÁS®¡¯u®Š®² î®±ºvŠ®î®¼ î®±±T‰±q®± Hº… œ®ºq® q®©±y®ª©å. D w®l®±îµ Нn¯ N®±º„®
r°‹Nµ²ºl®. Au®Šµ „®î®ã š®ºN®©Þu® y®©î¯T‡µ²° Iwµ²°, uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ® Cw®²Ý
E¢u®±Nµ²ºmu®Û. Bq®w® Eq¯éœ®îµ°w®² N®±TÌŠ®ª©å. Bu®Šµ B îµ°¡µSµ N®xÇ®Õ Hº„®qµÙȶu®±
î®Ç®ÁS®¡® S®m q®©±zu®Û Bq®xSµ D î®±ºvŠ®u®ªå uµ°î®î®±²rÁ‡®± y®ärǵՇ®¾¯S®±î®î®ŠµS®²
q¯xŠ®±qµÙ°wµ²° C©åîµ½° HxÝ›q®±. y®ärÇ¯Õ N¯‡®±Á q¯xŠ®±î¯S®Œµ° w®lµu®± q¯w®u®w®±Ý
wµ²°l®„µ°N®± xÝ›q®±.
Ÿ°S¯T ïN®äî®± š®ºî®q¬ 1446 Š®ªå x¯Áo BŠ®º„®Sµ²ºl®
î®±ºvŠ®u®ªå ï. š®ºî®q¬ 1496 Š®ªå (Oä.ý®. 1439) dw®î®±²rÁS®¡® y®ärǯÕy®wµ‡®¾¯‰±q®±.
D î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý ``uÂ¯Š®n¯ ïœ¯Š®' Hºu®± N®Šµ‡®±Œ¯‰±q®±. bµ¶w®î®±r°‡®±Š®ªå ``ïœ¯Š®'
ý®…ÛNµÊ `u®Áy®äX¯Š®N¯ÊT š®ºX®‹š®±î®¼u®±' Hº… ïýµ°Ç¯s®Áïuµ.
uÂ¯Š®n¯ý¯œ®w® N®w®›w® î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý ‡®±s¯î®q¯ÙT
uÂ®ŠµT¢›Nµ²hÔ ýµä°‡®±š®±é š®Úy®r uµ°y¯Sµ š®©å„µ°N®±.
D î®±ºvŠ®u®ªå `š®œ®š®äN®²h dw®†º…' u® Kºu®±
Aе E…±à Nµq®Ùwµ‡®± y®©N®ïuµ; D î®±ºvŠ®u® B®ou®ªå „¯Š®q®u® y®äî®±±Q r°s®Á£µ°q®äS®¡®
u®ý®Áw® dw®‹S¯S®„µ°Nµº… Bšµ x¯Áy®N®xTq®±Ù. Au®Š®ºqµ Cy®Þq®±Ù cw® r°s®ÁºN®Š®Š®±
q®y®š®±é ¯m î®±±OÙSµ š®ºu® š®îµ±â°u® þQdÁ (†œ¯Š®) y®î®Áq®, S®±cНrw® ý®q®±äºc‡®±
œ¯S®² TЬw¯Š¬ y®î®Áq®S®¡®± œ¯S®² bµ¶w® y®¼Š¯oS®¡®ªå y®äî®±±Qî¯T î®pÁš®©Þl®±î®
w®ºv°ý®æŠ® væ°y®S®¡® y®ärN®³rS®¡® x¯Áo D B®ou®ªå w®lµ‰±q®±. AǯÔy®u® …u®‹
£µ°q®äu® OŠ®± y®ärN®³r‡®± x¯Áo N¯‡®±Á ¯q®ä Au®Áu®Ç®±Ô w®lµu®± œ¯Sµ‡µ±°
xºq®±œµ²°‰±q®±.
N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå N®±š®±‹Nµ©š®u® î®±ºvŠ®u® Aq®±ãq®Ùî®±
Eu¯œ®Š®nµ‡®¾¯T w¯î®¼ „µ°©²‹w® §° Xµw®ÝNµ°ý®î® uµ°î¯©‡®±u® œµš®Š®w®±Ý HrÙœµ°¡®±qµÙ°îµ.
Au®± Eq®ÊȳǮÔîµ°wµ²° xc. Bu®Šµ НoN®y®¼Š®u® D î®±ºvŠ® Au®Oʺq® N®xÇ®Õ œ®q®±Ù
y®h±Ô Eq®ÊȳǮÔî¯Tuµ.
D Ǯ„®uµ°î® î®±ºvŠ®u® š®ï±y®ïŠ®±î®
y¯ý®æÁw¯s® î®±ºvŠ® î®±u®ãî®±S¯q®äu¯ÛTu®±Û Au®Š®ªå š®±ºu®Š®î¯u® y®u¯âš®w®š®Ú
y¯ý®æÁw¯s®w® N®y®¼ÈÞþŒµ‡®± î®±²rÁ Cuµ. D î®±ºvŠ®u®ªå w®î®Š®ºS®, Aºq®Š¯¡® œ¯S®²
S®„®ÁS®³œ®S®¢îµ. S®±î®±âhu® K¡®„¯S®u® ïw¯ãš®î®½ š®œ® Cq®Š® î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®ªåŠ®±î®ºqµ
N®±š®±‹Nµ©š®u® q®ÙS®¢ºu® N®²muµ. Bu®Šµ …œ®¡® BN®Ç®ÁN®î¯Sµ°w®² C©å. œµ²Š®îµ±¶
¯q®ä Awµ°N® î¯u®N® w®q®ÁN® w®q®ÁO‡®±‹ºu®, uµ°î®q¯ ïS®äœ®S®¢ºu®, þŒ¯y®iÔNµS®¡®±
î®±q®±Ù AеN®º…S®¢ºu® N®²mu®±Û q®±º… BN®™ÁN®î¯Tuµ.

îµ²u®Œµ° D î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý wµ²°m Aw®ºq®Š®
…³œ®w®âºvŠ®u®q®Ù š¯S®„µ°N®±. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ B î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý wµ²°m œµ²Š®…Š®±î® îµ°¡µSµ
î®±w®š®±é, N®o±Ø N¯©±S®¡µ©å u®pvŠ®±q®Ùîµ. A©ålµ `Au®Š® î®±±ºuµ Cå Iw®±?' Hº…
x©Á£®Èã î®±²mŠ®±q®Ùuµ.
D y¯ý®æÁw¯s® î®±ºvŠ®u® Ÿºuµ, š®±î®¾¯Š®±
Cw®²ÝŠ®± ï±hŠ®S®¡® u®²Š®u®ªå y®¼hÔ wµ°ï±w¯s® î®±ºvŠ®îµ½ºvuµ. HŠ®l®± Nµ²°nµS®¡® î®±ºvŠ®
Au¯Tu®ÛŠ®² A® ïw¯ãš®u®©²å Kºu®Ç®±Ô ïýµ°Ç®qµ‰±uµ. Au®Š® î®±±Qãu¯æŠ®u® AY°Xµ
Sµ²°lµ‡®± Au®Á Hq®ÙŠ®u®ªå î®±qµÙŠ®l®± OŠ®±„¯T©±S®¡®w®±Ý (OhO‡®±Ç®±Ô AS®©u®Ûw®±Ý)
Š®²zš®Œ¯Tuµ. Cuµ°Nµºu®± r¢‡®±±î®¼v©å. Bu®Šµ CS®¡® CŠ®±ïNµ‰±ºu¯T D y®¼hÔ
S®±mS®² Kºu®Ç®±Ô š¹ºu®‡®±Áy¯äy®Ùî¯Tuµ.
Kºu®± N¯©u®ªå Cªå Kº„®q®±Ù dw¯©‡®±S®¢u®Ûqµ.
DS® D î®±²Š®± ¯q®ä Cîµ. Ÿºvu®Û w®S®Š®u®ªåw® H©å î®±wµS®¡®² w¯ý®î¯Tîµ. `Cu®±
œµ°S¯‰±q®±?' Hºu®Šµ `MŠ®ºS®bµ°…w® N¯©u®ªå D w®S®Š®NµÊ q®±º„¯ œ®x‡®¾¯TŠ®…œ®±u®±'
Hw®±Ýq¯Ùе. Au®w®±Ý A©åS®¡µ‡®±Œ¯S®±î®¼v©åî¯u®Š®² `Aǵԩå w¯ý®î®¾¯l®±î® wµ²u®©±
H©åOʺq®©² y®äu¯w®î¯u® D î®±ºvŠ®u® î®±²rÁS®¡®w¯Ýu®Š®² Klµu®± œ¯N®„µ°Oq®Ù©å,
‡®¾¯Nµ œ¯Sµ î®±l®ª©å?' Hº… y®äýµÝ Eu®áïš®±q®Ùuµ.
‹Ç®„¬uµ°î® î®±ºvŠ® N®²l® (N¯©w® u¯¢Sµ
›N®±Ê?) š®æ©Þ œ¯¡¯Tq®Ùºqµ. Aœ®î®±u¯„¯vw® šµ°j¬ §° Bw®ºu®d N®Œ¯âod häš¬Ô Oä. ý®.
1934−45Š® w®l®±îµ D uµ°S®±©î®w®±Ý y®½rÁ‡®¾¯T d°nµ²Á°u¯ÜŠ®Sµ²¢› y®¼w®» ý®±vܰN®Š®o
N¯‡®±Áî®w®±Ý ¯m›q®ºqµ. CS®©² D î®±ºvŠ®S®¡® xî®Áœ®nµ‡®±w®±Ý D häš¬Ô î®¾¯l®±rÙuµ.
D î®±ºvŠ®S®¡®± š®±›Úr‡®±ªåîµ. Hªå‡®±² …oØ,
…¢u®±, œµ²š® Š®X®wµS®¡®w®±Ý ¯m ²y®Sµ²¢š®±î® Nµ©š® w®lµv©å. CŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý
zä°r „®OÙ HX®Ï‹NµS®¢ºu® œ¯Sµ‡µ±° š®±Š®¤q®î¯T‹›Nµ²¡®ëŒ¯Tuµ Bu®Šµ. . .
. . .Bu®Šµ D uµ°S®±©S®¡® œµ²Š®Sµ²°lµ‡®± îµ±°Œµ
ý®q®î®¾¯w®S®¢ºu® y¯Y N®±¢q®± A©åªå N®y¯ÞTuµ. N®º…S®¡® Nµq®Ùwµ‡®± w®l®±îµ u®²¡®±
w®±š®±¢ N®±¢ruµ. î¯hЬbµg¬xºu® D u®²¡®w®±Ý qµ²¡µu®± qµSµ‡®±±î® Nµ©š® N®xÇ®Õ î®±²Š®±
rºS®¢Sµ²îµ±â‡®¾¯u®Š®² w®lµ‡®±„µ°N®±. Н𝇮±xN®S®¢ºu® œµ²Š®Tw® N®y®¼ÈÞ N®Œµ‡®±w®±Ý
qµSµu®± š®æX®Ð †¢‡®¾¯T‹›Nµ²¡®±ëî® y®ä‡®±q®Ý w¯ŒµÊȶu®± î®Ç®ÁS®¢Sµ²ºu¯î®rÁ‡®¾¯u®Š®²
wµlµ‡®±„µ°N®±.
H©å uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® …SµÌ‡®±² Ÿ°Sµ ¯l®±q¯Ù
N®±¢q®±Nµ²¡®±ëu®± š¯u®ãï©å. ‡®¾¯Nµºu®Šµ Aǵ²Ôºu®± uµ°S®±©S®¢îµ. Bu®Šµ
НoN¬y®¼Š® œ¯S®² A…² vŒ¬î¯l¯u®ºq®œ® uµ°î¯©‡®±S®¡® …SµÌ‡®¾¯u®Š®² D N¯‡®±Á w®lµ‡®±„µ°N®±.
Cªå‡µ±° œµ°©…œ®±u¯u® Cwµ²Ýºu®± š®ºS®r−Eu®‡®±y®¼Š®
œ¯S®² Yqµ²Ù°l¬S®l®u® N®Œ¯q®âN® „®î®ã uµ°S®±©S®¡¯u® `cS®w¯Ýs® î®±ºvŠ®' S®¡®ªå D
‹°r‡®± N®y¯ÞS®±ïNµ N¯o±î®¼v©å. Cu®NµÊ ý®±vܰN®Š®o O䇵± N¯Š®oîµ° As®î¯ „µ°Šµ
‡®¾¯î®¼u¯u®Š®² N¯Š®oS®¢îµ‡µ²° Hº…±u®w®±Ý wµ²°l®„µ°Ouµ.
НoN¬y®¼Š®u® D î®±ºvŠ®î®w®±Ý vw®S®hŒµ
wµ²°l®…‡®±š®±î® bµ¶w®‹S¯T bµ¶w®u®Áý¯Œµ Cuµ. Cªå AmSµ î®±wµ, y¯qµä,
š¯Ýw®S®³œ®, Cq¯ãvS®¡µ©å Cîµ. bµ¶wµ°q®Š®Š®± Cªåw® œµ²°gµ©±S®¡®ªåŠ®…œ®±u®±. Au®±
u®±„¯‹‡®¾¯S®±q®Ùuµºu¯u®Šµ Nµ°î®©
w®©î®qµÙȶu®± ï±xiw® œ¯v‡®±ªåŠ®±î® `š¯ºlµŠ¯î¬' xºu® Ll¯l®±î®¼u®± Eq®Ùî®±.
IN¯ºq®u® œ¯v‡®±w®±Ý N®äﱚ®±q¯Ù
НoN®y®¼Š®u®îµS®² œµ²°S®±î¯S® `Kºu®± uµ°î®š¯Úw® wµ²°l®ªNµÊ CÇ®±Ôu®²Š®
œµ²°S®„µ°Nµ°' HxÝš®…œ®±u®±. Bu®Šµ D î®±ºvŠ®u® š®ºu®ý®Áw® HÇ®±Ô î®±œ®q®æuµÛºu®Šµ−Cu®w®±Ý
wµ²°l®vu®Ûе Нcš¯Úw®u® y®ä®wµ° î®ãs®Á !