֍.
֭֟ꓵ ֟֓ ֢֓ ֍ ֻ֭ ֟ ֟ ;
ָ Ӭ ״ӓ ֍ ֓ ց֍ ֭֟,
ֻ֯ ֿ֟㬤ߓ ֵ ֬֝֯ߓ ָ߸֓
־, ִ ӯֻ־ָ : ֓ Ӿ ֜ ֵ.
֬ӓ פֵ ֻ . ֡
㌟ ״ ִ֬ Ӑ֟ ִ֕ ֵ.
֛ þ֟: ֝ ؍ ַӭ
ևԙ . ָ ֓ ևԙ ãן ֝
ӟ ֻ֯ ꝵ֚ ֡, ㌟ߓ Ծָ
։ ֍־ָ, ַ :ӓ ִ ֵ ֜֓
֓ . ֵ֓ԭ ֯ϴ֝-
' : ־
ۿ۟֟ l
דֵ ㌟õ õ֤ :ִ֣־
ִ ll
: ־ õ
֭֬ l
ֵ ㌟õ õ֤ :ִ֣־
ִ l' ־֣. ll
''֯ϴ֝
ִ㌟ ꝵ֚ : ؍ ָ . ָ
ד ֻ֭ӟָ :
֙ ־ߓ ֟ ; ֓֯ϴ֝ : ؍
֬ ָ߳ ߟ ; ָ ㌟ߓ
þߍָ֭ӟָ : ؍ ֓ ־
ֵ.
֬ӓ ֵֿ֯ ֝ : ֓ ֭
אֻ֟ ; ָ ӭ ־֭֬ ։
֭־ ֤ ־ ֚ ֵֿ֯
ָ֓ אֻ֟ .
í֭ ӟ ևԙ ִ֕
־ָ י ֟. ָ
֬ӓ ָ þ֓ Ӑֻ ֍.
֟֟ ֬ӓ ֟־ָ ֻ֓ ֟
־ָ ָ ד֍ ָ ֬ ִֻ֕ ֟.
ָ ۟֍ ߍ .
ӟӾָ ֓ ִ֟, ӟ֛ ӟ֛ ֭
ָ ֟. ֬ ֵפ ֍ ָ
֟. ִ ӓ ӟ֛ӟ ִ֟
ӟ־ָ ִ֟ . ֍֭
֬ ֻ֯֕־ ֛ ֟֟. ֻ֟ӭ ֛
֟֟. ֝ ۻ֟ . ֓ د֔
֛ ֵָ߸㬤֚
֝֓ã֭ ߾֕ӟ ֵ ã֭ ֱ
֚ߓ . ֭ ؍ ֭֭ ӭ
ׯ֍ֻ껵 . ֬ӓ ָ߸ þ֓ ֻ
ָ ӓ ֟ ӟ 㬤 ֟.
8
ã֭.
֬ӟָ֭
ָӟ ־ ߾ 14 ãӭӟ ֳֻ .
ã֭ӭ ã֭ ֟֟. ߾֓ ؍ þֳ־ 5 ύָ
֟֟. , ֍, ֿ״֍, ֍, ֵֿ״֍
״֍. ־ ԓ ֭ ֮ ֟,
֍ ֟֟. ־ Փ ֿ֭ ֟, ӭ
ֿ״֍ ֟֟. ־ ԓ ֵ ִֿ֭ ֟,
ִֵֿ ӓ־ֵ þֳ־֭ ֯
֟ ״֍ ־ ֟֟. ߾ִ֬
֟֟. ֓ ֻ֟ ־֭ ֟֟ ӓ
ã֭ ã֭ ֟֟. אֻ֟֯ϴ֝
. ֟ӓ ӓ ֍֍ ֹ ã֭
אֻ֟ ִֻ ߭ ã֭ ֕ ֬۟֍
֭֟֓ ֍ֿ . ӭ ֟֓ ״֍ ֟
Ի.
אֻ֟껵 ֚ Դ֬ ־ԟ ϲֻ ߵ .
ԓ ֟֓ ־ ֍ ָ߳
߾ ַ ԓ-֟ þֹ֓-֭
Ծֹ ։ , ֝
߾֯ ֓ ֛ ֙ ֻ ۟
֍֟ ֟֟. ִ ֕ߍ ãӭӓ
֭ ֵ֓ ָ֜ ß ã֭ . ӓ
ϴ֝ ִ֕־.
1
״֣֥ :- ߵ ԓ ״֣֟ . ֓
֭ ߾ ֻ֯ ֓ ָ֓ ֍ ؍
ָ֓ ֓ ִ֣ ֣֣ ָ֓ ߟ .
״֣֥ ߾ ֟֟. . ָ֕ ֝
֤֣ Ӑֻ ֟ ߟ. ֓֯ϴ֝ ӭ ִ ֍
֙ . ӟ ֓ ߟ .
2 ֤
ִ:- ״֣֟ ԓ ִָ ֻ
߾ ִ֯ , ֝ ״֣֟֓
ã ֻ ֟ ֻ֬ ã ߾ ֤
ִ֥ ֟. . ־ԟ־ֹ ֤ ֭µ ֻ
ֻ ֝ ִ߭߾ָ ֻ ,
֭µ ָ־ָ ֭µ ִ֕֟֟ ֓֯ϴ֝
ִ֓ ֏ָֹ ֻ ֻ , ָ
״֣֟֓ ִ߭߾ָ ֻ ָ֬֟ߓ
Ծָ ߾ ã֭ ֟. 4 ã֭ӟ
ֻ ӭ֓ ã֭ ֟ ִֵ֭ ߾
֓ ã֭ӟ ֟.
3
ִې֣֥ :- ִ֬ ״֭ӟָ
ӓ ״ ֤ ִԝ , ֓֯ϴ֝ ֓־
ִ ״֣֟ ӭ ״ ִ ߾֓
֟֟, ִې֣֥ ֟֟.
4
ӵִ֟ :- ߾֓ ֕ ֬ ִߓ߭
֟ ִ ֟֟. ߾ ִ ֟֟,
ָ ӵִ ߟ ߟ ӭ ӵִ֟
֟֟
' פ ָ ߾ ־ָ
l
֧פ ו֝ ִև ָ
ll 29 ll-. ߾.
צӓ ֵӯ ָ ߟ ã־ָ
߾ӓ ߟ ߟ֒ ָ ו֭ ӭ
אֻ֟껵 Ծָ ã֯ԍ ֭֬ ֟, ߾
ӵִ ִ . ֯ ־ ã֭ ִ
߾ӭ֓ ֟.
5ӵ֟ӵ֟:-
߾ ϴ֝ӟ ӵִ ϴ֝ӟ ӵִ
֟֟ ӓ ã֭ ֟. ֕ ߾ӓ
֟ ֿ֣ ֻ֯ צ־ָ ֵӡ֝
֟֟, ӵ֟ӵ֟ . ãӓ
אֻ֟ , ӓ , Ο ãӭ
ӵ֟ӵ֟ ֟֟. ã֭֯ ־ ã֭
ӵִ ֭֬ אֻ֟ .
6 ϴ֢
ӵ֟:- ӵִ ߴ֬ ϴִ֤
־֭֬֟ ֟ ϴ֢ӵ֟
֟֟.
7 ϴ֢ӵ֟:-
ϴ֤ ֟ ӵִ֓ 㬤 ߟ߭ ֻ֭ ֟
֭ӟ ֟֟, ߭ ϴ֢ӵִ ֟֟.
֟־
ã֭֯ ߭ ָ ? ִֿ
ԓ ִֿ (ֲ) ߾ ָ ֜, ִֿ
֟֟. ϟ ߓ ָ ָ ã֭ . 8-9 10
ã֭ӟ ߓ ߾ ֟֟ ֝ 11 ã֭
ִֿ ߾ֻӓ 12 ã֭ ֯֍
߾ֻӓ ֟. ־ ã֭ ֍֭ ִ֭
֓ ֟.
8
ԍ :- ֕ ִ ֟֓ ִ
ֻ ߟ ֍ 㬤 ֟֟
ԍ ã֭ ֟֟ ã֭ӭߟ ִ֭
ߓ ִ ϟ ֝ց֝ӟ ֟֟. ӟ
Փ ִֿ ؍ ֵ ߓ . ָ ֚ ֵָ
ֻ ֟. ϟ ֝ӟ ߾֓ ־ ָָ
֟ þֹ֓ ֟֟.
9
־ע֍:- (֤ӯֵָ)- ִ֭ ִֵ־֟ ߾ӓ
ִӟ ֝ ־ע֍ ֟֟. ԍ֯ϴ֝
ϟ ֝ӟ ִ ֟֟. ָ
ԍӟ ִֵӟ ִ ֟ ם ִ֭
ִֵ־֟ ߾ӓ ִ ִ֭ ֍֟. ָ
ãִ֭֬ ֓ ִֵӟ ִ ִֻ
ִ֭ ִֵӟ ֻ껵 ־ ߾ӓ ִ ָ
֟֟. ִӭ ־ע֍ ֟֟ ֤
ӯֵָ֓ ''ã֍ֵ'' . ã֭ӟ
֭ã ԓ ִֿ ֟ ؍ ֵ ָ ֟.
ãֵ֭֯՟֓ ־ ߾Ӵ֬ ã֍ֵ ֟,
֏֚֝ ãֲָָ֭ ֤ӯֵָ ֤
, -
'ן
םֵי כִֵ ־ִꌍִ l
ִֵֵָֻ֝
ם֧־֝ ll 57 ll
ӓ
ϟ ִֵӟ ִ ֟֟, ߾ӭ ־ע֍
ִ֓ ߾ ֟֟. ӟ ִԻ ֭߭ ֻ֯
Թ ֭ ֍֟.
10
恴ӯֵָ :- ֻ֯ ֻ ִ֭ ֭ã
ֻ֯ ֵ 恴 ֟ ӭ 恴ӯֵָ
ã֭־ֻ ֟֟.
11
ֿӟ ֵ:- ߟָ
ã:- ִֿ ߭ ָ֜ ֭ã 恴
ֵӓ ִֿ ֟, ӭ ֿӟ ֵ
ã֭ ֟. אֻ֟֯ϴ֝ ָ֝
֭ã 8 ã֭֯ ߟ ֳֻ
֟֟. ӓ֯ ִֿ ߾ֻ ߾ ߵ
ύ ӯ֝ԟ: ֲ ֟֟ (ֿ״֟ ֟);
֝ ӓ ӯ ֿ ߟ ߟ. ֯ϴ֝ ֪
ӛӟ ֱ ֻ֯ ֭ ӛ־߸ Ӎ ֛
֍ ; ֯ϴ֝ ֿ߾ֻ ߾ӭ ӓ ִ
ӭ ֻ ֍֟. ã֭ӟ ֵ
ֻ ӓ ִֻ ӭ ֿӟ ֵ
-ߟָ ֟֟, ָ ӯ ֭ ԭӭ ָ
ֻ֍ ֟֟ ӭ ã
֟֟.
12
ߝ֍ֵ- ߟָ ã :- ߾ָ ָ֜
֓ ֿ ߟ ߟ ӓ ӯ ֿ
֟ ӭ ߝ֍ֵ ߟָ-ã ֟֟.
֯ϴ֝
֟־ ã֭֯ ָ֝ ߾
֟ ߭ ֜ ָ ־ 8-9 10 ã֭
֯ ֟֓. ֝ ַ֜Ӵ֬ ֍ ӟָ
֟ ֯ ַ ߾ֻӓ ֿ֟۬ ֲֻ֟
ύָ ֟. ִ ߟ ָ֜ 10
ӟ 11 ã֭ӟ ֟֟, ֝ ֻ :
֮ ߾ ִֵ֭ ֻ ֛֟ (ֻ
ã֭ӟ ֟֟) ַ ߭ ָ֜ ߾ ֓
־ԣ ֿ ߟ 껵ִ 10 ֟ 12 ӟ ֟֟
ֵӓ ӯ ֿ ֻ ִֻ ӓ :֭֟
ߓ ָ ã֭ӟ֓ ֟֟. ־ ߾
ִӓ .
813
ֵ֍ֻ:- ־ ߵ ԓ ֿ ֻ־ָ ָ ԓ ی
ߝ ֻ ֟. 12 ã֭֓ ֙ ã
ߝ֍ֵ ֭־ָ, ԭ־ָ, ԭ־ָ Ӹֵ
߭ ןֵ Փ ֿ ֵ֍ֻ 13
ã֭ ֯ ֟. ӓ ֭־ָ ԓ ֿ
ִֻ ӭ ֻ֖֭֓ ۯ . ֟ ӭ ß
֡ ֚֝֝ ־ ֝֟֟ ӓ ֭
ֻ֖֭ ֟֟ ַ֝ӭ 'ֻ' ֟֓ ֡
ן֍ ӓ־ָ ֻ ֵ֕ ֯ ִֻ
ӭ 'ו֭', 'ָ֟', '߾֭㌟' , '' פ
֟. ߣԍ ã֓ ִ-Ͼ֟ԭ ֟.
ָ םִ֡ӭ ӓ ֓ ֤
֟ ߟ߭ ֻ֯ ֵµ ֟֟. ֵ
ӟִ ֕ ԯ , ־
־ָ Ӥ ֭ã ֟֟ ֣ׯ ӓ ֭, ֭֓,
ֵ 恴 ָ֯ () ֻ ֟ ӭ
ֵ֍ֻ ֟֟.
14
-ֻ:- ָ אֻ֟ ϴ֝ ֻ ֭ã
ӓ ֭, ֭֓, ֵ (֓) ־ ָ֯
Ӥ , ӭ ֍ֻ ֟֟.
ֻ ֍ ֻ֍ 4 ןֵ ֭ߟ ô
־ ָ߸ֵ֓ Ӭ֭ӟ -ֳ
֟.
֯ϴ֝
ָӟ ־ ߾ ֯ֆֻ֯ ֬۟֍ ֍֓
ָ֭ 14 ã֭ӟ ֙ . ӯ 1
ָ ã֓ ָ, ןֵՓ, ֭µ ֟ ߾ӭ
֍֟. 5 ã֭ ָ֓ ֟ ӟ 7
12 ֵ՟֓ ã֭ ֭֟֬ӟ
֬ӭ֓ ֟ ϟ ã֭ӓ ֻ ӟִ
֕ 1 ԯ ֟.
9 ؍ ۬.
ی
؍ ֕ . ֟ ־ ԲӬ֭֯
ִֻ ã ֟֟. ֓ ָ Ӿ
۬ . ۬ ֕ ׯ. ֯ϴ֝ ,
֯֝ ԭ ֟ӟֻ ֝ ߿ ֻ־ָ
㬤 ֭֟ ֓֯ϴ֝ ۟֍ ӭ ֟
ָ , ֮ ַ 㬤 ֟֓
֯ '۬' ؍ '' ֟֟. Դֻӟ
־ֵ ֟ 㬤 ی ؍ ۬
֓ ã Ӿ . ֝ ֟
ד֟ ֟. 1 ی ԲӬ֭֯ 껵
۟֍ ã Ӿ ; ִ֬ԟ,
֭֟֟ ֯ϴ֝, ֟֓ ־ ؍ ֍ ֭֟֟
֯ϴ֝ ֟֓ ӓ ֿ֭ ی ֻ֭ .
ִ֬Դ֟֯ϴ֝ ֟ þ֟ӡ ֟
. ָ פֻ֯ ߾ ԲӬ֭֭
Ӭֻ ִֻ ֻ֯ ԓ ֟.
֝ Ӭ֭֓ ֵ ㌟
֟֟.
㌟־ã
֓ ӟ֖֭, ӟ֤ԭ, ӟ, ӟ־ߵ פ
þֳ֍ ֍֟ ֻ ֟֟. ֯ϴ֝
֟ӟ ֑ 껵־ָ ꭵ֓ þֳ֍ ß
֍֟ ֟ ִ 㬤 ß ִ֍ָ ֍ ׯ־ פ֟, ֯ϴ֝
ֵ֟ӟ Դֻ ֑ 껵ִ ֟֓ þֳ֍
ß פ֟֟. ㌟ ֻ־ָ ߾ ָ ֟, ߓ
þֳ־֟: ָ ֟֟, ֯ϴ֝ ֻ֯
þֳ־ָ֭ ㌟ ߾ ָ ֟֟. ֓ ϳ
ã֭ . ֻ֬ ֟֟. ־ ߾ ㌟
ֻ־ָ Ԑִ֭ ֓ ã֭ ִָ֭֕ ֟. ã֭֓
֭ ָ ִԯ ִ֬ԟ . ֓ ָ
, פ ִԟ ֟ ֯֍ ֻ֭ ֵ֭
ãӭֲֲ֟ ָ֓ . ֟֯ϴ֝
֟ þ֟ӡ ֟ ã֭֓ ӭ
ؓ֟ ־. ָ ֤ԭӟ ֟ þ֟ӡ ֟
ֻ֭ ӯ ֯֍ ֭֟, ָ߸֍ָ֓
ֻ֭ . ӭ ãֲֲ֭֟ ָ֓ ־
ֻ. ֟֯ϴ֝ Ӭ֭ӟ ㌟ ߾
Ԑִ֭ ֟ ֓ ϳ ։ ã֟ ֟,
ֻ ߟ.
ӛ֍ ֟֓ áӟ ֻ . ㌟
߾ӓ Ԑִ֭ ֭֟֟. ӓ ֟֯ϴ֝ ㌟ ߾
ӟ ֵֻ֯՟ ָ ָ ָ ֟ ֟, ӓ ã֭
. Ԑִ֭ ֭ ӭ ã֭֓ ߓ
ָ֓ ֻ ־ ֵ ? ӭ ֙ ־ , ָ
։ ֓ ã֭ ӭ Ӳ־ ? ־ ֵ
? Ͽ֓ ָ ӭ ֻ ־ ӭ ӭ
ִֵ֓ Ԑִֿ֭ ֻ֭. ָ ִ֬ԟ ן ־
ã֟ ֵ֍ ִ ִ Ӿ֓ ֭ Ӎ
ִ . ִß ӟ ֯
. ֓֯ ߟ ֓ ָ ӯֵ՟֓
㌟ ߾ ֟֟ ֯ ֟ ߟ ֓
ã֭ .
㌟־ã
ָ߸ ָ 㬤 ֟֓ ֟ ָ߸ӟ
ӭ ㌟ߓ ֳ ֻ, ָ߸֓ ֍ָָ֓
֓ ֍ָ ֟. ӟ ֭ӟָ ָ߸֓ ־ֻ
ֿ ֛, ֯ϴ֝ ָ߸֍ָ ֟ ㌟־ã ֟,
ִֻ פ ֍ . ㌟ ֻ֭ӟָ
֟ ֭, ָ, ά, , , :, ֵ ֤߭
֟ ; ָ ־ ã ָ߸֓ ֟֟ ָ߸
֟. ㌟־ã ֵ֟֓ ־ã
ִӟָ ֵԟ ֟ 㬤 ֵ՟
ֻ : 㬤 ꝵ֓ ߓ ָ ִֻ
ָ֍֟ ֟ӟ ֟֟.
10 ִ֬ ß֍ ֵ ?
ִ ָ
ӭ֓ ϴ֝ ֭֟֟ ִ֬ԓ ֭֝ ß֍ ִ՟
֟ ; ָ ִ֬ ָ ֭֟ ;
ӓ ϴ֝֟ þߍָߟ . ָ ָ
֭֝ ӭ ϴ֝ ִ֕֝ ֕ ß֍
֟ ָ֓ á֖֭ . ֙ ָ
֭֟ ߟ ֯֯㝵, þԭָ, ָ֟ פ ֭ߟ
ߟ, 'ß֍' ֲ֓ ֜ . ߭
ָ֓ ִ֬ ָ ֭֟, ֟ þ֟ӡ
֭֟. ֯-㝵, þ-ָ . ֭֟ ֲָָ
ϟ ֟ӟ ָ֟ ꝵ֓ ی
֭֟. ã֟ ִ֬ 'ß֍' ֟
ߟ, 'ß֍' ֓ 'ß֍' ֲ֓ ֜
. ߭ ָ֓ ִ֬ ָ ֭֟,
֟ þ֟ӡ ֭֟. ֯-㝵, þ-ָ . ֭֟
ֲָָ ϟ ֟ӟ ָ֟ ꝵ֓ ی
֭֟. ׯã֟ ִ֬ 'ß֍'
֟ . פ ִԾֻӲ ִ֬ ß֍
֟֟ ӭ פִ ִֻ֭ ӭ
ß֍ ֻ ; ָ
ã֟ߟ ־ ִ ָïָӓ ߭ ß֍
ֻ ; ָ ã֟ߟ ־ ִ ָïָӓ ߭
ß֍ . áߵ ֭ . áߵ
߭ ִ֬ ָ ß֍ ִ ֻ ֟.
ύ 4 .
.
ן ֻֿ ָߵ ӟ ֓ ã֭ .
֍ָ ֵ֓Փ ֻ֯ ߾֭֓
֓ ֭ӟ ֟ߟ . ֍ָ
ֵ֓խ ֻ֯ ߾֭֓ ֓ ֭֓
֟ߟ . ִ֬՟ ύӛ ־֭
ֵ֓ ֻ ٍ, ֍ ֟־
. ӭ ִ֬Բָָ ָߵ ֓ ָ
ӟ ֻ֯ ֝ߓ ֏ֻ . ԭ, ֵ,
֍, ־, ֙, , ֻ, ӡ֟ӡ, ß, .
ֵ־ָ ֯ ֲֻ . ,
ٴ֍ , ־ԇ ִ֭ ֻ .
ָӟ
. ֿ֟: ֍,
Í ֛ߵ֭ ß ϴ֝ӟ .
ִ֬ԭ ϣִ֯֓ ִԯϓָ֣ þߍֹ
֕ ß ϓ֟ ֕
ß ϓ֟ ,
ֻ֯ . ִԭ ־֭ . ؾ֙ߙ
ֻ֯ '' A history of Indian Literature'' Vo l-ll ֬ 27-28 ָ ֟. - ''ָߵ ӟ
ן֓ ߭ ֯ . ָ
ֻ֯ ֍ӟ ֍ ־, ߓ
ߓ . ֭ ״֍
ִ֓߭֟ ߍ ֍ӟ 껵. Ӳָӭ
֚ ֟֍֯ ָ פӲָӭ ӓ
Í ֭ ֟ . ӟָ 10 12
֟֍ӯֵ՟ ֻ߭ ; ֳӿ ֻ֯
ߍ ֬֍ ־ ֻ֯ ֟.
ӭ ָ֣ ם ׁ֝ ִ ֛֭
ֿ ִ鬤 .
֕
ֲֻ , ־ . ־߸ӓ ֤
ָָ Ӳ֬ . ӭ ӓ ֤ ցӟ ,
ָ Ӑ Փ ֭ ֳֻ. Ӑ
ᓵ ֭ӟ ַָӓ ֍ ֤ ־՟
ִֻ֕ . ϟց ֭ ַ֝ӟ 'ֻ֖֭'
ָ֖֭ ָ ַӟ '֍ֻ' ֯ϴ֝
ֻ֖֭ ִß ָָ֓ ֟ ϟց ֝֟֟ ֟
֓֯ϴ֝ ֍ֻ áӴ֬ אֻ֟ ϟ
ֵ ֖֭֭ ï֝ ֝֟֟.
.
־߸ӓ ־ԝ֭Ӹ ߭ ֻ֖֭ ӭӟָ-ӓ
֍ֻ ֻ. ӯ ֙ ֍ֻ ֦ .
֓־ ֬ӟ 12 ԓ ֵӍ ֛.
ӭ ֻ֯ ӑֲָָ ׁ֝ ָ .
: ָ ָֻ ߟ. ֭ӟָ ֙߯
֦ ߟ ס֟
ց . ַ ցӭ ֭֟ פ
. ӓ ָ
֓־ ֬ ֬ ӟ ,
Íֻ߭ ֢֯ߴ ָ ףָֻ֓ ֻ ,
־֯֓ ӑ֓ ؤֲָ ֲӸ
ֳ ӓ ֻ.
פӲָ
֍ֻ ֦-þִ߭ӟָ
ߓ ֍ֻ ֻ ߟ. կ 4 ԓ
֭ ӓֲָָ 㯟 ֻ. ӓ֭ӟָ 11 ֵ֓ 11
Ӑ֓ 10 Փ ֟ ֻ. 5 ֵ֓ 11 Ӑ֓
֟ ֻ ֭ ύָ ֻ
ӕ ֭ ֍ . ӟָ 4 ֵ֓ ϣִ ָ֓
Ӑ֓ ֟ ֻ. ֯ϴ֝ Ӑ֖֭ ֻ.
֯ϴ֝ ֻ֍֭ ֭ ߸
־ԝ֭ӟָ 683 ֑ , ־ Ӑ ֻ֍
֭ 㯟 ꝵ֓ Ӑ ֻ
ֵ֓ ָӭ ֵ֙־ֹ ֵӭ אָָ ־ԟ־ָ
ֲֻ ¯֤ ִ֍ ־Ԣִ ֬ӭ ֻ֯ µ
ֻ֭ ӓ֍
ֳ ֻ. ӭ ֳ
'֙ӛִ' ִ֍ ӣӓ ֭ ֍ .
־ ֓־ ָ֬ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ . ӭ
233 ֣ӟ 'ֵ-' 'ֵ-ֳ' Ӿ֓ ӣ
ӣ ֵ֓-ָָ ֵԳӁ ß
Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ԭ ֲֻ ֻ. ӓ֯ ֍
ן֊ֳ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ԭ ־ָ 'ע' .
֍ִ֬ 6000 ϴ֝ . ֯ ֭
ӣ־ָ ֵ֓ԭ ߍ ֵָ֓ ֻ.
ύӛ ־֭ . ӭ '֙ӛִ־ָ'
߸ֵ֓ ֻ. ύӛ ־֭ . ӭ
'֙ӛִ־ָ' ֬ '־ֻ' Ӿ֓ ߍ ֍ 738
֬ . ߍ 72000 ϴ֝ . ָ
֭ ӣ ֵ֯ ־ָ ӭ ߍ . ֝
20,000 þԾ ֻ. ӓ ꐵ
µ וֵ֭֓ ӭ 40,000 ֝֏ ֍ 759
֬ ߍ . 60,000 ϴ֝ ߍ Ӿ
'ֵ֬־ֻ' . ߍӓ ֭ Í-֍
״֟ . ֍ִ֬ , ֬ ֬ Í
. þӵ ߍ֍ָӭ ӣֵ֓ Ͽßߟ ֻ֯ϴ֝
.
''ֵ:֍ֳָ ד֟
Í״ֵ l
ם֯Ͼֵֻ֭ ꌟs ӣßָ
:ll''
֙ӛִ֓
֙ ӛ ־Ӭ . ֓ ֭ ־ֻ ֵ֓խ
֍ӟ ֓ 41,000 .
־ ӣ֟ -֬ӟ֓ ӟ 恴, ßָ
֝ԭ .
ߑԍֵֻ֯՟
߭ ӣ ײ֦ (ׁ֝ ԙ)
ֳӛָӟ ׁ֟ ֻ . ָּ ֵֿ
ӓӓ ָ ־֭ ֟ ߭ ӣ֓ ύֿ֭
פ ߍ ֻ .
־
֟֍ӟ ׁ֝ ״֓Ӧ ֬ӟ֓֍֟ ִ֍ ֵ֓
. ߭ ӣ֓ ־֭ ֟ .
ӭ ӓ Ӎ֭ 괴ָ֙ ۲ָ-ָ֯֝
Ӿ֓ ӣ . ӣ ֍
. ӟ ߾, ԓ ֯֝ (ֿ֭) ӓ
Ӥ ֝ԭ . ӣ־ָ Í ߍ
ֲֻ ֵ֯ þ.. ֻ֕ ӭ ֵ֯
ߍ ֙ߍ ֲֻ . ӣ֓
ָ ӛ ֯ ֬ ֻ .
..
ϣִ ֟֍ӟ Ӿ֓ ֭ ֭ ֵ֓ ֻ.
ӭ ִֵָ, Ͼָ֭֓ ӓß֍ֵ ߭ ֍
. 'ֵ' Ӿ֭ ֬ .
ִֵָӟ ָָ ߭ ֟֟֟֓ ־֭
֟־ָ ӣ . 9 ֟֍ӟ ֵ֓
֓Ӧ ӭ ӣ־ָ Í ߍ ֪
(ֿ) . ןӐִ . 17 ֟֍ӟ
־ָ ָ֭ߤ ӭ ֿӓ ߟ ӟ ֭
֪֤֭ .
Ͼָ֭֓
ӓß֍ֵӟ ֖֭֟֓ ی֯ ־֭ .
֟֟ , ֵ֓ԭ ֳӭ֓
֭ , ֝ ӯ 8 ֳ ֲֻ
.
ִ
'ןֹ' ־֓ ֍ ֻ֭ ֟֟.
ӓ µ 'þִ' ֬ ֵ֓ .
ӭ ־ԯϣִ ־ֵ֛ Í ӟ
'֣֟' ִ֍ ӣ֓ ֭ . ӣ֓ 10 ֵ
ӟ ߾פ ֟ ֟֓ Ӥ ־֭ .
ָָ ִ՟ ֲֵֻ, ߟ, ֝ . ã֭ ,
ã֭ ִ֬՟ ӣ . ؤӲָ Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӭ ֭֟ פ
ָָ ֵ֓ԭ ־ָ ߍ . ӟ
ߴ֟ Ӎ ӓ 'ָ֟֕־ٟ֍' ֪֭Ӥ ֵ֓ԓ
'֣֟Կٟ֍' ֭ߵ . Í
ӣ ӟ ֬ӟ־ָ
ӣ .
ԭ ֵ áӟ þִ
ִӟֳֵ֦֓ ֵ֬֓ ֬ . þִ
ִӟֳ֦ ֵ֓խ 'ִ֯ߴ' Ӿ֓ ӣ
. ӟ õ־֤֓ ִ ־֭ ָ ִ
֟ӓ ָ֓ ֻ֭ . ӣ־ָ
Ӎ ӭ '֟' ־ָ ֪֭פ ֵ֓խ
'á' Ӿ֓ ߍ . á ֍
ִ֕֝ áߓ ־ ֟. ֓
֪֭Ӥ ֵ֓ԭ ָ֯֯߁ ϴָ֝֯߁
ֵ ־֭ ־ ߭ ֻߵ֍
.
Ӎ
ӭ ֵ֓ '֭֍' ֻ֭ ָ ӟ ןֵֿی
. ָ ߍ־ֵ ӭ ֵֿ۬, ֵ ֵֿ,
ցߵáֵ, ϴ֝Ӑ . ӣ .
־ ӳ߸
. ־ָ ֵ֓ ӟ־ߵ פ֕ ϳ֓Ӧ
ִ֍ ־֭ ֍ӭ ß ߍ-ӣ
. ם֭Ӥ ֵ֓Փ ָ߁ִ Ӿ֓ ӣ
ֵ֭֓ ֚ ֵ . ־ָ ֵ֓
ϳ֓Ӧӭ ϴ֍ִֻ֟՛ Ӿ֓ ӣ
. ׁ֯ ־ָ ӟ-ߵԓֵԭ
ϴִָֻ Ӿ֓ ߍ ֯ ӣ ֕ ֲֻ
ߟ. ַ ӓ ӯ֜.
֝ӟ
ӿ ֝, ֯֝, ֩ . ӣ ֻ֭ߵ .
֝ӓ ן֪֯ ֵ ' ֻ֍' ӓ
. ӟ 24 ߣԍ, 12 ֍֟, 9 9
ן־ . ӟ ֯ӓ 㝵 ֝ԭ
, ֝ ֟֟. ӿ ֝ӟ ӛ֓
֝ԭ . ֩ӟ ִ֓Ӧ֓ ֝ԭ .
ӣ֭ ֳִָ ִֵָ֝ ֟ .
ӓֿ־ֵ -ӣ֓ ָ ӟ ֯ ӛָ
. ֍֍ߟ פ ֵ֓ԭ ӣ .
ֵ֓ ֙Ӥߓ 'ָӐ֓' ם֍ ־
. ־ ӟ ߸Ӥߓ Ӧϳ֓, Ӧӓ
ִԿִԳ, ֭ӕֵӓ ۾Ӭ֭ ֙ӓ
״־ԝ ֍ߟ Í ֍־ .
ֳӿ
֝ӣ, Í֯ ß ϴ֝ӟ
. ֓ ӛָ ָ .
ָ֓ ֵ՟ ӟ ӟ
ׯϵ 껵 ֍ӟ ־֭ӓ ց
֍ ֻ ֟Դ֭ ӟߵ ӓ
֭֭ ִֻ ֿá ׳֮ ӓ ן ֍
ӭ ֓ ֵ֭ ־ֿ֍ ֻ .
¯ֵ֤֓ ֍ . ӓ ס ֯ ֻӍָ ֭
ӣ . ¯֤֭ ֍ þֵӳ ӓ ôָ
. þֵӳ, ¯֤, ֍ִָ, . ߭ ֳӿ
ִ鬤 ӟ ֟ ꝵ֓ ֍
ֻ .
ӟ ֻֿ . ֵ֓ ӓ ֍ ֓߭
(.. 932) ӣ . ָ֭֬ ֍, 㝵áֵ ֍ .
ӣ ߓ ֵ֭ ִԓָ֓ ֱ
ִԓָ֓ ֱ ֓֍Ӿָ ֟֟. ӟ
־ ֯ . ֤ߓ ֿßֻ֍ ӯ,
Ӧֵ֓Փ ߾Ӭָӯ ֓ ֓ӯ
־ . ֪ӣ֟ ֤߳֓ ִ֪ؓ֟ם
֭ߵ . ֙ӟ ßִֻ֓ ֍ӟ֍,
ףֻߍ֝, ӕ֭ ־֭ӕֵ . ֙ ֝ߵ . ß
֓ ָ֟ ־ֵ֛ӟ . ֍
֭ӕֵӓ ָ֯ ß, Ӧ֓ ִ֝פ .
ß . þִ ִӟֳֵ֦֓ԓ þֵӳßӟ
֤ԭ֓ ߓ ֬ӟ Ӑָֻߟ߭ ӛ
. ֿ֍ ß־֭ . ן-ӣ֓ ֭־
. ֤߳֓ 'ִ֡֓ ־ '
ן֯ ־ӣ . ֵ֓ ״֟֟ߓ '֟--Ӥ,
' ֩Ӥ ֵ֓ԓ ֩Ӥ ӓؾֿן֍ ָ֕
־Փ ִֻ Ӥ ןӣ .
־ֵ
ן, ֵ, ֍, , , Ӎָ, ם֟,
֭֕ן . ֵӾָ ֵ֓ԓ ӣ ֕ ֲֻ
. ן ֵ ֵ֍ ϴ֝ӟ
֬ ֻ . ֍ӟ 敵֤֯ ֤֭ߓ
֍ ֍֭֓ ֍ֵ֭ ֍ ֭ߵ .
־֛ӟ ֭ӕֵ ִִֻ ֻ֭֍, Ӎָӟ
Ӎָ-ִؓ֟ם ם֟ӟ ־߸-םָ֟-Ӑ
֭֕ߟ ֤ӓ ן־ֳ . ôָߵ ӣ
. ֻ Í ֍ ӣ֓
ִ־ֻ. Í ֍ ־ן ָ
ֻֿ .
֛ߵ֭
ӟ ָ ִ ӭ
֯ ֻ . ֛֭ ָ ן֯֓߭
֓ . ؍ ֛֭ ֟, ֝
֓ ֵ֓ ֍߭֓ ״ֻ . 13
֟֍ֵ֯՟֓ ֛֭ ־ ӣ֍ָ ֓
. ӯָָ ֯Ӳ֬ ֲם ԝָ
áߵ ӣ ֍߲֧ ֤ ָ֙ ?
֛֭ ֪ӣ֟ ֓߭ 'ִӛֵ ֝' ֍
߸֟՛ ִӛֵ ֓ . פӯ, ֍֟
, ׳֭־ ӯ . ֓ . 'ԙ ֓'
֍ ָ. ֵָ֓խ ֍ֲֲ֟ ָ
֜ . '֛ . ֵ֕֯՟
ֲֻ ֻ껵 ־ ֓߭ ִ ߓ֓ Ꟶ.
ֿ֟: ֓߭ ߴ ֛ ן
ֻ . ӯ, ӭ ָ ߴ֬ ֓ ֭֝
ꐵ Ի. ָ ߭ 14 ֟֍֓ ӟֵ֯՟ ־
ӯ־֓ ֭ . ֛ ֵ֍ ,
Ӎָ, ֍, . ӣ ֍ ϴ֝ӟ ӭߓ
. '
Ӑ֝ ꐵ ָ , ׁ֝ ֛֭
־ פӲָ ־֭ӭߓ .
פӲָ ӯֵ֤ӟ ־ ϴ ϴ ֵ֓
־ ԙ ֳӟ֓ ָ ӭ
֍ ؍ Íִ֬ ӣָ֭ ֍ ־ ָ
֛֭ ӣ֍ָ .
ִ
֟߯ ִ֬ Í߭ ϳ֟ ֻ
. '' 'ֻ֤ߵָ' Ӿ֓ ӣ ֧ߵ
ֵֵ֓խ . ϣӟ ָ֟
ӟ ֻ ֜֟. ־-֯
ִ ןֵ֍ ֓߭ ־ָ ֵ֓ԓ
ֿ ϳ־ . ' ִֻ' ֍ ֓ . ӓ
֓߭ ی ןִ֍ . ֻ֤ߵ֭ӟָ ӓ
ןָ Ӎ ֟. ''ן֭ ֻ ֟ '' ֍
ӣ Ӑָ ߸֭ . ӟ 㬤
ֵ֍ ֬ӟ אֻ֟ .ӓ֭ӟָ ֻ껵
ߍ֍ָӭ ֻ֯ ӣ֟ ָ ӣ֓ ָ ӣ֓
ָ ֻ . ֓ ύָ ֝֏ ӣ
'֭ םכ' ־ ӟ .
ִ
ꓵ ӓ ֍־ӯ ִؓ֟ם, ֻ֯כָ
ֻ֯ן ֍ӓ . ֻ֯כָ
ןִ֯ ִ ӣ
۟֍ ןֲֲ֟ ϴֳ֝ ֻ֭ ֟. ֓ ߭
֏ӛ ֵ . 5
֑־-ָֿ ־, ִם, ֭֍, ֍ָ ־
֍ . ӓ ־ӓ ֍ ֵ֓
. ֍ӭ ִ ֍ .
'֮' ִ ן֯ϓ֟ ֍ .
ִ֬ ֍ֻ ֟. '֑ә' ӣ֟ פ֍
֑ә, دֻ ֑ә ִם
֑ә ֭ߵ ӣ .
ӭ ם֟ ן-ӲӬ ӣ .
֯ϴ֝ ִ ֭ ִ鬤 ֻ .
ָ֣
פӲָ ߭ ־ ӓ
' Ը ' ӣ֟ ״ ֍.
פӲָ
ӟ ӣӓ ӏ ָߓ . 껵 300
ԟ ӣ ֓ .
־֍ӓ þֵ֬ ־ֿ֍ Ծ .
־ָ֬ ӓ ו֭־֝ߓ ֭
֓ ϵ֟ ן֯֓߭ ֯ . ִ
ӟ ֪ӣ֓ ϴ֝ ֍ . ָ֬֟: 16
֟֍֯ ֪ӣ ӟ ֓ ֵ֭
ֵ Ի. ן֍ ӣ֟ ֣֟, ִֵָ,
֙ӛִ, ֳֵ֯, ֍ . ֯ ӣ֓
ߍ . ֵӣ־ָ ָ߁ִ,
ִ֯ߴ, ϴִָֻ, ֵ֤ׯ֍
֣֟Կٟ֍ ָ ֭ ӣӓ ߍ
ֲֻ . ߍ-ӣӓ ֵ֭ ֳ
ߟ ߟ ָ ָ֣, ָ ן֤ ׁ֝
ӟ֟ ֓ ֳ ֟. ֯ϴ֝
ִ ꓵ ϓָ ֵֵ֍ .
־ ם֍ ӣӓ ӓ
֤ ֻ . ֤֓ ֵ ϣִ֟:
ֵ֯ ֭֫ӭ ָ . ֤
֕ ֟ ־ֵ ״֟. ֻ ֤ߟ
֓ ֓. ֪ ֪ þ֟ӡ֯֝
֟ ֬ӟ֓ ֝ԭ ־ֵ ״. ֪ ֟
. ӻ֕ߓ, 'ִ ύֿ֍' ֪ ֟ .
֟ ִ֕ߓ 'ֻ' ֬ӟ֓ 滵
.֝ ֻ֕, ֝ ִָ֟֕ ֝ ֤֕, ֝
֭֕֕, ֝ ֵָ֭֟֕, ֝ ֵ֓Ӥ, .
־֭ӭ ֻ֯֯
ϓ֟ ֪ ֪ ؍ ύָ ֭
. ֭ӟ, ֚֯, á, ٴ֍ ֭֕,
֪ ֟ ֝ .
ӓ ֿ֟ , ӟ ӟ ֓ Ͼ
־ԡ ֟ . Í ֍
ӣ֍ָӯϴ֝ ӣ֍ָ֓
֭µӭ ָߍ ֵӯ ֭
֟֟֟ ֭ ־ ֻ֯ ־.
ز֤ ִ ֓ ־ԭ ֻ֯֯ ӣ ֭
. ֟ ־ ָ ֟ ߾ֵ
ָ֭ߤ֕ӓ '֟֍' ֍ ֻ֭
. ӓ '֙ ִֵָ' ֟־ָ ֯
ӣ .
Ӳָ
֙֯ Ӑ ֖֭ Ӎ֟
㬤 ӻָ֭֟ ß־ß ֻ. ߵ־ԭ֓ 6
֟֍֟ ֵ Í ӓ ցֻ֟ ֤ ֳ
ֻ. ֟ ֻ֍ 껵 Ӑ
㾵ֵã֟ פ . '֣ ֭֓ ֟֟'
֭ӟָ ߸־ԝ֓ 10 ֟֍֟ ֻ־ ָߟ (֛֙)
ק֝ ցִ־֝ ӓ ֻ֟ ֍
ֳ ֻ . ֟ 11 Ӑ֓ Ӎ֭ ֻ. 12 Ӑ֓
ָ ֻ
. ֵ֟֯՟ ôָ ߓ ָ֬ Ӑ֓
֚֚֯ ֻ . ָ ֟ ߸־ԝ Ӿ֟ 1980 (..453)
ָ ֭ ӣֹ֟ ӣߟֹ֟ ֻ. ֬֓
ִ֝֓ ã 揵֟ ӯ֤ ٤֝
ӓ֍ ֟. ӭ ӓ ָָ ֵ
ߟ, ֻ֯ 㬤ָ߭ Ӎߟ .
ߓ ֝֯ϴ֝ ֝߭ӟָ Ӑִ֟
ָ ָ ֻ .
Ӳָ
ӯ֤ӓ ֯ ִ ֳ֟ ֳֻ . 1.
ֆӐ- ָ֓Ӑ, ֯Ӑ, ã֭Ӑ, ִ־ֵֆӐ , ־֟
, ִ֟֬ԍ, ֍, ָ֯ף֍ , Ͽ־֍
֯֍ 2. ָ Ӑ -֯ן֍ , ֕֯Ͽ , ߾׳ִ ,
ϖ־֝, ӳ澤߯ ϖ֯֟, Ӧϖۯ, ԯϖۯ,
ֲָֻ, ־֟, ¯֍, ¯֓֍ , 3.
֯ύ߭֍- ֣:-ָ, ֤ϟ֏֝ , ßָ,
Ӥ־ָ֓ߍ Ӧ, ------
1
ִֵ֝ ֻ֯ ִָ֓ ֟֍ӟ
.
''
ߤܬםցִִ֝ ߾߸֤ ߟ֍-־ֿ֟-(980)
֟ ֤־֤ٳց־ֿ֟ ָ֬ ֢֯
֟ۓ ֵ֟.. ־ֻ֍ֵָ ֳֵ
ӑ֟ ־֤֍ֻ߭־֬
ֳִֻ֍ֵ ֤֭ ״ۓ־֭ ֍֭
יsי֭ ִֻ֯֍֭ þִ֟ Ӎֵ
ß֍ֹ: : l ֟ ֟ ִָ֭֝֬֟ׯ ֣Ӎָ֭֭֭
־ִׯ ִ֭ ߤܬ֝ցִִ֝ ֟: ll''
:- .
ܬ֝ ִִ֝ӭ . . . 980 ֬ 12 ԓ
ִ ֬ 껵֭ӟָ ֓
ֻ־ָ ־ ߾ӓ ָ֚ áֳ߭
ӑ֓ ֭ ֍ ֻ֍ 껵 ־ ֬ӭ ֳֻ
ָӴ֬ ־ ӓ ֻ֍ 껵
ß ָ י י ִӓ ӓ ֻ֯
㬤߯ϴ֝ ־ á
ӭ Ӎ֭ ִ ܬ֝߁ִִ֝
ӭ ־ ִӓ ֻ֭ ֟. (ִֵӤ֝
ִָ֓ ֟֍.)
ß־,
ם֪, ֯ϟ֏֭ ߸ß־. 4 ֿߣ,
ֿߣ, ־ָ, Í, ӓ֍. 5
- Ӥ ־ָ, 6 ָ -
ֵָ֭֬, ־ֿ֍, ־֍ دֵ֛ی. 45 ӣ
ִ ֻ ֟֟. ӓ ֍ . ӟ
ָ֓, Ο, ֟֟, ן, . ֬ ֵӓ
֝ԭ . פӲָ ӯϤֵ֓ ӟ Ӑ Ӑֲ
ӣӓ Ӿ ӟ ֻٝ껵 ֵӓ ״.
ָ ӟ Ӑפ ߟ. Ӳָ ӯϤֵӟ
֦ϖׯ֟ ; ԯϖۯ, Ӳ澤߯֯ϖۯ ӭ Ӑ
ֻ֭ . ָ פӲָ ӟ .
֓֯ϴ֝ -֍ ֵָ֭֬ ־־ָ ֿߣ
ִ֍ ӣ֭ Ӑֲ .
Ӳָ
ָָϴ֝ ݬ֝߭ӟָ וֳ֦֭ ֝ ִִ֝
Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ 'ֿ־ֿ֍ µ'
ߓ ӣ . ӟ ֍ ߟ߭. ֭֓
Ӥ ֓ . ֣֟־ָ µ .
־֭ þ֖ ֭֟֟. ־ָ ֓ӵ ֬ ֝
ӓ ֣֟Գµ ß ߍ . ״֍
־ָ ߍ ֲֻ . ־Ӑ־ע֍ָ .
ֵ֤ ӭ 9 ִ־ָ Í ߍ
. ֥߭ ֻ֬ Ӧӓ Ӿ ֭ߵ
. ӭ ״֍ ־ָ ־֢֯ ߍ
. ־ֿ֍ µ־ָ ֻ ӓ ߍ ָ
Ӥ .
Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӟ ֵ֍ ָ . ӟ
'ԯύן', ӓӐ', '֓߭ ־߭ Ԑӣ' ֭ߵ
. 13 ֟֍ӟ . ־߭ Ԑӣӓ
֭ þ֖ ߍ ָ֬ . ӟ ֓
֯ ִ Ӎ֍ . ֵ ֵ֍ ӟ
֬ פ֍ӓ ֵ־ָ֟ ֵ֭֓ ֪ӣ ֻ֭
֟. ӓ '֭ן֟֍ ύ' ֯ ӣ .
ӟ ״֍ ֭֟ ֍ԓ ߾ָ ֝֓ ϵ֟
. ӣ־ָ ֵ֤ ֯ ߍ .
ӯϤֵӟ ֦
Ӿ֓ Ϗ֟ ־֭ ֻ. ֟֟ ӭ
1400 ύ ӣ ֻ . ӓ ֲֻ ӣ֟
'֭־֤ Ͼ' ӟ ֵ֯֟֍' á־ִ֟㓓ֵ
Ӿ ֭ߵ . ֣֟־ָ ӭ ߍ
. פ 'ϴֵֻֻ֢֭֝֟Ӎָ
֓ 'þ֖ ע' , 'õ־֤ ֍' ם ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ 'ϴִ֝ߴ' ۻ 'õ־֤
ӕָ' ֵֿáӟ Ӥ ӣָ . 17
֟֍ӟ ֵ֓ ֵֿ֕ ֻ ֍ ֻ. ӭ
֪֭Ӥߓ á߾ָ י֝
ֵ֤, ִֵ-ָא֝, ֍ . ӣ
. ִ֬ԓ ֬ӟ־ָ ӭ ־
֭ ָ֓ . ־ֵ֭֓ ߭ ӣ
.
֝ӟ
ִֻ 'ֈ֓' (֩) ֍ ־ .
ן ֓߭ . ӟ ִ֓Ӧӓ . '
֍ ֝ . ֓߭
֝ӟ ֳָ֓ . ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ 'ס߿ֻ֍֯֓'
֭ߵ . ָ ӣ .
־ӟ
֓Ӧӓ 'ִֵ֍־' ֵ֤ӓ 'ֵӟֵ֕'
֓Ӧӓ 'ן֣֭ ' Ӑֻ ־ .
֪־ӟ ֻ֭֯ ߓ 'ןֻ֍ӕָ' ֏֍
ӣ . ֙ӟ ִ֓Ӧ 'ֻֻ', '֟
Ӧ' '֑־ֳ', 'ֳԵ־ֵ' . ֭ߵ .
ӟ ㌵ ֕ ߸־ֻ֭ ߸ Ӿ֓ ־֭
ׯ֙֓ ֝ .
ցם֍
ӣӟ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ '־֭֭' ֝ߵ ָ
. ־ִֵ֛ ӓ ӛָ . ֭ߓ
'ִֵֻֻ' ֦ӓ 'ִָև֍' ֤֯ӓ
'ָ־' ן֯֬ . ִֵֻֻ ֍
ӟ 滵 . ֍ ꓵ ֍
ָ ֵ . ֯ϴ֝ ֵ֓ ֬ ӓ
'״ןֳ־֯ϯӓ֍' ָߵ ӟ ϣִߓ
֍-ӣ ֻ֭ ֟.
֍ӟ
ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ '֬־֍' ָ ֬ .
֓ ֚ ֵӟ ֍ ֍ ֯ ָ
Ӑֻ ֍ ӣ ֍ӟ ֕ ֲֻ . ӟ
֓Ӧӓ '׳ִ֭֬ؓ֟ם', '֣Ӑ',
'ִִֻ֭', '֑ә', '׳ָ֭֬ ֕' 'և
֧־' -ӣ .
ϲӬӟ
Ӧϳ 'ϳ־֍', Ӑӓ
'ϲӬִؓ֟ם', ָֿ֕ӓ 'ϲӬ֍ ו֭֯ϳ
'֬ ߣԍ' ֯ ӣ . ָ ֵӾָ
ύָ ֲֻ . ֳӿ
ִ֬ ֻ֭֯ ד֟ µ֤֍ ֬
ß ָ .
Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӓ ֵ ֍ ϴ֝ӟ ָ֣ .
ִ ָ֣ . ֓
ֵ ' Ը ֆ' ӣ֟ ßָ פ .
֤
ӟ ֲֻ . ִԭ ־֭ þ, ԭ
֍ ӭ ӣ֓ ӯ֤ . ӓ
֓ ß־֭ 'Sacred Books of East' Ӿ ӣִֻ ύ֟
ֻ껵 ӓ ß־֭ ֭֓ߵ . ִԭ ־
.֭֯ ӓ 'ִ֗' Ӑֻ . þ. ߸Ӧ
֑֓Ӧ Ӭ ӭָ ֍ ָӟ ֻ껵
־Ԭִ-Ӵ֭ӟ ֝ , ' ן֟֍'
ӕ ֤ ֻ . , , ,
, ӯֵָ֟ ӭ ֲ֟ ֭ߵ .
־־ָ ϳ㟾 ï֤ .
ָ:-
ύ֟ ֻ ־߭
֟ ӓ ӯ֤ . ֓߭ ӓ
֭֟֍ ן֍ ־֭ ֓ ϣ ֻ
. ֓ ־ ִ֣ , . ֻ
㏟ָ, , ֻֻ, וֵ֭֕ . ־֭ӭ .
߭ ߕߓ ' ן' ㏟ָ '
֭֟ ß־֭ 'ִӟֳ֦' ӣ
֭ߵ . '֙ӛִ' 'ֵ֯' 'ִӟֳ֦'
ӣ ֭ߵ . '֙ӈִ' 'ֵ֯' 'ֵ
Ӧӓ' ß־֭ ֭֟֍ ן
֚ ֵ֭ ֵꐵ . ו֖ӭ ӓ ֵ֭
־. ӿ֍֚ ӟ ֯ ֵ֭
ִ .
֬ ֵ֓.
־֭
־߸֭ӟָ ֬ ֵ֓ ӣ֍ָ ֻ
ӭ ֻ֯ ָ֤֓ ۾ָӭ ִ֬ӭ֓
֍ ־, ָ ֻ֯ ָ ֝߭ ָߵ
ֵ֛ ӭ ִ鬤 ֻ֭ . ӯ ֬
ֵ֓ԓ ӣ֍ָӓ ֵ Ӂ֭ פ .
ִ
ָ֝֬:- (.. 557) ־֭ ־߸ӓ Ϭ֭ (µ)
, ӓ Ӿ 'Ӧן' ֟߭ ָ֟
ɝ ֑. Ӧ ؓ֟ ֻ. ֓ ָ
Ӧߕ־ ی֯ϵ㌟߭ ӭ ӭ ִָֿӟ
ֻ֝. ӓ ӓ ֭ӟ ־ ֍ָ ӿֵ
Ӧ߭ ߁ ֻ ־ӟ֓ Ϭ֭ ָ֝֬
ֻ֭. ֟ӟӓ ֤ ִ֕ ӭ
֤Ӑ ֓ ֭ . ֭ ll 30 ֟: .
־߸ӓ ־ԝ ֻ ֓־ ִ þִ߭
ֻ֖֭֓ ׯ ֻ ֭ӟָ 12 խ ӭ
־ԝï֤ ֯ ֻ.
֦:-
(... 325) ןִ ֍ֻ . ӓ־ ֬ӟ 12
ֵӍ ֛, ֬ӓ ӑֲָָ ӭ
ׁ֝ ָ . ֬ ִ֙ Ӧ㯟
ֻ֯ ־ָ ֳָ֕ ־ ӓֲָָ ׁ֝
. ן֍ ӟ֟ ־ֲ֝ ך֝
ֻ֯ ӟִֵ ־ ֻ ֦ Ӳֻ ;
֍ ӑֻ ָ פ. ֚
Ӧ㯟 ӓ ָָ . Ӧאָ
־ԟ־ָ ֦ þִߓ ֻ.
ӱ '֦ ӱ' Ӿ֭ ֬ ӓ
ָ֤֯ . ӓ . ӓ
ӑֳ֓ ߕָ֝ ֭ӟָ ֟Ӳָ
פӲָӓ ָָ ֵ֓ԯָָ ֻ.
ϴ פӲָ ֵ֓ԓ ֵ ӟ .
ֵָ֓
:- (., ָ ֟֍)- Ӑ ֟
ӟ אָָ ־ԟ֓ ӱ ֭ ߟ
֟. ֻ֯ ֿ֟ ֖֭֓ Ի ؓ֟ ӭ
ָߓ Ӵ֭ ֡ פ
ӓ֕־ ֻ. ӓ 㬤ߓ ָ߁ ӭ ӭ
֬ӟ֓ ց֝ פ.
¯֤
ֲ:- ֵ֓ ָӕ־ ֻ
.. ֜ ll 11 ֵ֭ ֟ӓ ֵָ֓ԭ
ӭ ָ פ. ӟָ µ Ӎָ
ֻ ӭ ֟ . ¯֤
Ӎָ ֭־ ӭ
ו֭֯֟ӭ ߁ פ. ֤ ӓ ֭
ӭ ֍ֻ ֲ ־ ֻ֚. ֲֻ߭
¯֤ӓ ֵµ ֻ֍
ӣָ֭ . ֯ϴ֝ ¯֤ ֲֻ '֙ӛִ'
ִ֍ ֬ӟ ӣ . ם ֙ӛִ ׯֲ֬
ll 5 ӓ á֯ . ןף ӟ
֯ӓִ Ӿ֭ ֬ ֻ.
ָ֬:-
(.. ָ ֟֍)- ֵ֓ ָ֬֝֟: ֓ ֻ.
'֭֯Ͼ֤' ִ֍ 5 ־ ß
֍ָӟԟ 'ֵ֯' ָӟ ָ֟ .
֓ ֿ֭ ֵ ֵ֯ Ӿ֓
֯ ֬ӟ-ӣ ֍ ֣ ӭ ֻ.
ֵ֓:-
(..ָ ֟֍)-ֵ֓ ִ֬ԟ ӟ
ϳ־ ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ ӲӬ ֬ ,
֤ ӟ ߴӬָ þִߓ ָ֕־ ։ ӓ
פ֭֬ ֓ ӭ ֯ ֻ. ӓ
Ӿ ֩Ӥ .
ִֻ ֵ֓ Ӿ֭ ֻ ֟
֓ Դ֬ ӟָ ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ
'Ͼָ֭֓', ӓß֍ֵ' 'ִֵָ' Ӿ֓ ӣ
ׯ֯֬ 'ֵ֙' Ӿ֭ ֻ ֟.
־ֵ ӭ 'ֳ' ֭ .
֚ ֳ ֲֻ . ֳ֯ӓ ֙
֣ ӭ ֯֝ ֍ֻ ֦ µ ֻ֓
אֻ֟ . ־ֲ֝ ֻֻӟ ӓ
ָߓ ٟ ևԻ .
þִ:-
(.. ןָ ֟֍) ֵ֓ ӓ µ . ӭ
֬ӟ Í ӟ ֲ֬ ֣֟ ִ֍
ӣ֓ ֭ . ӭ '鬤ׯֵ֓֓' ֟֟.
־ֲ֝ ֻֻ . 108 ֬
ֵ֓ԓ ֡ ӿӟ ־ ֤֣ԓ ֟ .
þִ ֻ. ֟. ӭ
ו֤֭֯ϝߟ ־ áӓ ֹ֭ ֲ֬ .
֝ߴ֡ӓ ֝ӟ ן ־֭֬ . ־ د֔
ִֻ 鬤ӓ ӏӓ ׯ د֔ ֭ ӭ
ֵӟ ֻ֝, ֯ ӭ 鬤ׯֵ֓֓
֝ӟ ֻ. ָ֬֟: פӲָ ִ
߾ָ֚ ӓ ӏӓ د֔ ־ ֟֟.
Ӵֳֵ֦֟֓:-
(.. ןָ ־֣ ֟֍) ִ֕ӟ ϳ־ ֵ֓՟
þִ ִӟֳֵ֦֓Փ ã֭ ӟ . ӭ
ֿ֭֓ ϝ ־ ߣԍ ֻ֭ . Ӎ
ӭ ֟, ֪֭Ӥӭ áߟ, וֵ֭֓խ
פ֝ӟ, ו ӿ֯֝ӟ,
֤߸֕ ֵֿ ־ָ ԭ֣ ӟ,
߸Ӥ߭ Ӧϳ ӟ, ßִֻӭ ֍ӟ֍
֙ӟ ַ ӣ֍ָӭ ֻ֯֯
ӣָ֯ ӓ ן ֤ԍ ôָ ӭ ִÍָ
. ߾֭ӟ ӭ ô֍ ֻ .
֚ ӭ ӓ ؍ ֿ ֕֍ߵ
־ֵֻӟ ַ֓ ִ ֟ ٯ֟
ց֝ ֻ֯ ָӭ
ִֻ֕, þֵӳ ß֓ ֭ ֿ֭֓
ϟց ֙ פ. ӓ 'ִ֯ߴ' ,
'þֵӳ', '㌟֭֭', 'ו֭ßן ֟֍' '֍'
ӣ ֲֻ ߾۬ . ӣ ֲֻ .
Ϗָ ٍ ֻ ֤ . ӭ ӟ
ױ ֯ցߵӭ á֣ԭ ؕ֍.
֬:-
(. . ӓ־ ֟֍) ֵ֓ þִ ϴ֝ ֬ӭ
ӯϤֵӟ ֭֟ ״ֻ . פӲָ
ӯϤֵ֟ וֵ֭֓խ ָ ֤֭ ӓ
ôָ . ӓ ی . ֳ֤֓ 挟ָ֓
ֻ֓ אֻ֟ . ןֲ֤߹ ߓ ִ
֍ֹ áֵ㌟ ָ ִֻ֕ . ֲӸ ӯϤֵӟ ӭ
'פ֍' ֿ֝ ־ֻ ֟. ӓ '֭ן֟֍' ӣ
ן֯֬ ֭ ֍ ֣ .
ָ ֵ־ָ֟ پֿן֍ ӣ Íִ֬
. ־ ӣ ӳ߸ ֟֓֓
. ֬ ן֖ . ֻ ㏟ָ ӭ ֻ֯
ӟ֓ ֭ן ֬֍Ӎӟ (9-11) ֵ֭
ӿ֭ ֬ , ־ ן ֓
֬ӓ ֬ Ӿӓ ־֭ ֻ
.
֭Ӥ:-
(.. ӓ־ ֟֍) ־ֲ֝ ֻֻ֭. 40 (64)
֬ , ӓ Ӿ '֭Ӥ' .
֝ 㬤ߓ ߾Ο ӭ 'ו֭ά' ֟..
ӭ ӓ ָӓ , ־ֹ ӓ Ӿ
'敵֤֯' . Ӂ֟: '' Ӿ .
ֵ֓ ו֭ӭ פ֝ӟ ֤߸֕
ԭ֣֓ӟ ׁ֯ Ӿ֭ ӓ ôָ
. ֍ ֭ӕֵӭ ֵֻ֯ ִִֻ 敵֤֯ӓ
֍ 'ۿִ ֵ֡' ֯ Ӳֻ . ӓ
' ֍' ӓ Í ֍ . ӓ
Ӗ ׁ֯ . '㐬ֲ' .
֤ӭ ֚ ֍ӟ ԓ
.. ־ֵ ӓ '־ԣ۬' , 'ִ֟ӡ' ,
'' 'ֳی' (Í) ָ ֲֻ ӣ .
ӭ ֻ֯ ֍־ָ . Ӑ־ӿߵ ֕ پ֭ߟ
ӓ µ . ӓ ֻ .. 482 512 ֵ՟ ֻ֭
֟. ֡֍:- (.. ־ ֟֍) ӭ ֡þִ
֟֟. ӭ ӓ ֤֓ ӛ
֚ סֻց֝֍ԭ Ӿ֓ á֓ ֝
ֲֻ ֟֓ ֻ֭ ׁ֭֟ ֻ֯ ֟Ӑӟ
֡þִߓ ֟֓ ֻ֭ ӭ
־ԯց֓ ֭ . ӓ ֻ
ן֯֬ .
֣֭֮֯֟ ֡ ֡ ֵ l
֣֭֭֮֯֟ ֡ ֡ ll
פ֕
ӟ־ߵխ , ӓ סց֝֓ ӛ
֚ ֩־֟ . ߴӬָ þִߓ
ִָֿӟ ։ ӓ ָ֝֬ӓ ֤֭
ֵָ ֡֍ָ פ . ־ֲ֝
ֻֻ 54 ֬ .
Ӎ:-
(.. 620 680) ӭ ֵ Ӑֻ þֹ פ.
ύӛ כ ָ á֣ ָ֓ .
ֵ ӭ פ, ־ָ ӣ֍ָӭ
ֻ֯ ָ֤ ֻ. Ӳָָ ӓ ӑ ֻ.
þִ ִӟֳ֦ӓ ꐵ ָ֍ָ ִֻ֕ ֟֟.
ӭ ӓ ִ֯ߴָ '֟' Ӿ֓ µ .
ӓ ߾֭ ֵ ӓ 'ֵ֍Ӧ'
ß־֭ . ӓ ӳ߸ . ӓ '֟',
ϴ֝Ӑ, 'ֵֵֿ', '֬ߵáֵ'
'֣֟Ը֕־ٟ֍' ӣ ύ֟ ֻ .
ֵֿ۬ ύ֟ ֻ .
֪֭פ
:- (.. 9 ֟֍) ֪֭פ ֭֟ ןִ֣ ־֭
. ӭ Ӎӓ ֟߾ָ á Ӿ֓
֭ ӣ . ִ֕ ꝵ֓ Ӑֻ Ӑֻ
־֭ӭ áߓ ־ . ־ ԭ-áӟ
Ӑֻ ָ֟ . ӭ 'á' , ָ֯֯߁,
'ϴָ֝֯߁' , ָ֡֯߁, ֣֟Կ֍ٟ֍'
'㌟֭֙ߍ' ӣ .
ם֭פ
:- (.. 9 ֟֍) ӭ Ӎӓ ӣ֓ ֵ֭
'ָ߁ִ' Ӿ֓ ֲ֬ ӣ . ӟ ϴ֝
ϴֳ֝֓ ׁ֯ ï ֝ ָ ֝ԭ .
֭־ߵ
:- (. . 790 825 ) ֬ӟ ӣ '֙ӛִ'
ֵ֯' ӓ ִԖ . ӣ־ָ ӭ 62000
ϴ֝ ֍ Í ״֟ ־ֻ Ӿ֓ ߍ
ֵ֯־ָ 20,000 ϴ֝ ߍ
þԾ ֻ. ߍ ֬ӟ־ָ ֓֓
. ־ֻ֓ ß־֭ ֍ӓ
֯ן. ٍ ֍֟ Ͼ֤߹ ָ
ֻ֓ אֻ֟ .
ו֭ :-
( . . 800 880) ָӓ µ . ֻ֯
þԾ ֻ֭ӟָ ӭ ֻ֯ 'ֵ֬־ֻ ߍ
. ӭ þ֟: '־' . ־ֹ
פ ӭ ֵֻ֟ӟ֓ ߁ ֻ.
, ӭ ֻ֯ ֹ־ã֓ ֤֓
ֻ֤ ӟֳԟ Գ Ӿ֓ ־
ֻ . ֤ӟ ו֟֍ ӟ
ϟ֓ ֙ ָ ָ ָӯ ؍
ֻ֯ ֍ӟ ִ ӭ ֻ֯
־ָ֭ . ֯֝ ӓ ӣ .
ӟ ֻ֍ ӓ ֭ ָ
. ָ ֬ þԾ ֻ־ָ ӓ µ
ֳֵ֦֓ ӭ ӣ . ֕ ־
ӓ µ ֕ ӭ ֭ .
ϳ֓Ӧ
(.. 11 ֟֍)- ֿ֍ ־֭ ֟. ־
ԭӟ ־ Ӑֻ ֍ ӣ֓ ӭ
, ӭ 껵
'ֵ֍Ӧ' 'ϴ֍ִֻ֟՛' Ӿ֓ ֿ֍
ӣ֓ ֻ־ֹ ï . ӟ ӣ֟
ֵ֓ ם֭Ӥߓ ָ߁ִ ӣ־ָ µ . ־ֲ֝
ֻֻ . 40 (64) ֬ ӭ ֍ֵ֭ ֍־ָ
ß ӣ . ֓ ֲֻ
. ӓ Ӿ ֭֩Ӥ ۭ֍ .
פ֕:-
( . .11 ֟֍) פ֕ ٍ ֍ߓ
. ӭ ֙֍ִ֝, õ־֤-֪֯ן
ֻ֤־֤ ֬ Ꟶ. ָ ֻ㌵ӟ ֻֻ
. 39 ֬ , ֳ Ӎ, ן֤֯ӟ
ִԍٟ, ֝֟ ïן ֵֿáӟ ֤֯ .
ӭ Ӎ ӓ ֵֵֿ־ָ 20,000 ϴ֝
µ ־֯ . ֍ 947 (.. 1025) ֬ ӭ
ԭ֣ . ӟ ָ .
ָ ָ ӣ ß ӭ . ӓ
Ӿ 'ןָ' .
֬ ֵ֓ԓ ֵ ֻ . ֟ Ӳָ
ֵ֓ԓ ֵ פ ֟ . ӯ
ӯϤֵӟ ֭֟ ֻ껵 þִ ֬ ӓ
ֵ ָ ֻ .
ֵیָ
֦:- ֦ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ ֻ . ָ
֦ ֍֓ 6 ֟֍ӟ ֻ. ֟߭ ɝ
֬ ן ָ״ ӓ Ӭ . ӭ
ִ־ָ ֵԌ ֭ ָ ӣ .
ֻ־֤:-
ן ٍ . ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭ ֻ֯ ֍ӟ
־ ٍ ֻ־֤߭ӟָ ֻ ;
ӭ ֵ֓֍ ן ֯ ֓ Ӿ
ָ֤ ֵ֓֍' . ӣ ֲֻ . ָ
ִִӭ ־ָ ߍ ״. ֵ֓ ӓ
. ־ֹ ֍֓ 8 ֟֍֓
ֻ ־.
וֳ֦֭ם:-
( . . 6 7 ֟֍)
וֳ֦֭ם ִִ֝ ӟ ִ֣ ִִ֍ֻ ־֭
. 'ֿ־ֿ֍' Ӿ֓ ӓ ֯ µ ӣ
. ־ֹ֓ 'µ֍ָ' Ӿ֭ ӓ ۬ ֻ.
ӣ֟
ӭ ֬ӓ ָ֓ӓ ӛ .
'ֿ֝־֟' . ָ ӣ ӭ .
֏֟ ֻ֓ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭ .
֦:- (.. 700-750) ֟Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӟ ӟִ֭ ־֭ . ӭ Í
֍ӟ ӣ . ӯ ֭־֤
Ͼ, ֵ֭֕֯֟֍,֟ßָ, ֛ԭִ㓓ֵ
ִָև֍ ן ֬ . ֻ֯ ύ ӣ֟ ӭ
ֻ֟߭ ֬ӓ ָ
ֻ֭ .
ֵ֤:-
( . . 11 ֟֍) Ϫ㴭 µ. ӭ ֬ӓ
֭ן֟֍Ծָ ӟ ־֯ ߍ ߍ
ֿ֍ ӣ֓ ָӿ ֓ ָ .
פӲָ ָָ Ӎ , ֪֭פ ϳ֓Ӧ ӭ
ã֭ , ֲӸ ָָ ֻ־֤, ֦
ֵ֤ ӓ ã֭ . ־֭, ֿ֍
֟ ִ֭߯ ֭ ָ .
֓Ӧ:-
(13 ֟֍) ־֭ ӛߟ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧ֓ ã֭ ן
. Ը ָ ֬֕ ֵ ӓ Ӑֻ
. ӓ Ӿ־ָ ӭ ֻ֯ '֬־֍'
֓ ֵ '֍ ֍' .
ן֯֬ . ֵ֓ԓ ֭ Ӿ֟ 1145 ֬ ֻ. 9 ԓ
֟ӭ֓ ӭ ߁ ֻ Ӿ֟ 1162 ֬ ӭ
ֵ֓ԯ֤ ״ֻ. Ӿ֟ 1229 ֬ ӓ þԾ ֻ.
ֵ, ֍, ־, . ־ ֵӾָ ӭ
ӣ . ֵ֓ ָ֍ָ ֕ ָֻ
ӓ µ .
ֵֿ֕
:- ( . . 18 ֟֍)- ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭӟָ Ӳָ
ָָ ֵָֿ֕ ָ ־Կáָ֯֟ ־֭
ֻ . ӭ ֿߟ ֵ֭ ־ֵ֭֓
֟ ־֭ ־, ָ ߟ ӣ֓ ӭ
֭ . ӓ ֟֍, ֭ز֤, ֵָõ,
ֵ֯Ϥ߯ . ӣ ֵ֭ ָ . ӓ
ָָ֓ ן ־֢֯ ִ֟ .
ύ 5 .
֓߭ ֍ ֟֟.
(֓߭ ן֍ ִ)
-֭֟ϴ֝
ٯ֝ ֻ֓ ֳߓ ã֭
Գ߭ ֻ ־ . ֳ֤ӭ ֭֟ꓵ
ց֚ ӓ ָ֢ ֻ áֵӓ
אֻ֟. Ӑ֓ 13 ־՟ ֓
ßָ ֝ԭ . ָ ֟ ֻ . ־ֹ
פ , ֟ ָ ß .
ӟ ߾ן־֯ ߾֭ꬤֵָ֯՟֓ ־ ϵ֟
ִ . ,
ָ ֍, ִ ָָ l
߾֍ ן֍, ߾-ָ ll
ִ֬ԓ
㏵ ց ߾֭֍֍ . ߾֭֍֚
ַ֝ ϵ֟ӓ ֍֓ Ӿ֓ ִ֬ ָ ֻ֭,
ָ ד֟ ָ . '֟ ؿ־ Ӥ' ֕ ֟
, ֝֍ָ , Ӥ . ߍ
֍ ָָ ֛. ָ ִ֬Կ
Ӳ֬ ד֡֍, ٟ֍ ã֯֟֍ ־
Բָָ ֝֍ָ ֟֓ ԭ
֛֟֟, ӓ ֵ Ӂ֭ .
ד֡֍
ָ
֕ӟ ց֝֯߯ 12 Ӿָ 'ִאָ ֛ .
'ߴָ' ӱ . ӱ ߾ָ ӟ
Ӥ ד֡ . ן֍ ߭
֓߭ ִ֬Կ Ӳ֟ . ָ Ӹ֝֓
־ ӓ ãן ָ ֲָ ֻ .
֕ӟ ֭֕֬ 9 ־ָ ӱ-פ .
֮֟־ֻ Ӿ֭ ֬ . ӓ ֍
'֬־' . ֓ ֬ӓ ־ .
֓ ׳ָ֟ 'ԯֻ־ ֕ӓ ߓ ד֡ .
ִ Íן ֓ ֭ ֍ ֬ ֍ָ
֕ ִ (֭ 600-625) ӭ ֻ֭ .
ןӤ ־՟ ֓߭ ד֡ . Ӵ֬ ߓ
Ӎ , ֚ؕ ־ ד֡Ӳָָ
֮֟־ֻ ד֡ӓ ֭ ֵ֓ Ի.
ָ ד֡ӓ ָߵ ד֡֍ꓵ ןӟ ֓
ã֭ . ӓ ֿ֭ ֚ؕ֓ س֟߾ָ דֿ֡
ָֿ ״ߕ . ֬ س֟ Ӿָ
ָ֓ ד֡ Ӑֻ ã֟ ֻ֍ .
ד֡ӓ ֿ֟ , ߤ ָ ãָ
ӭ ӟ Ӥ ֍ ֟֍ ֜
, ֝ ו־ӟ ֙֟. ִָֿ֓
Ӥ ֭ דָ֟ ־ ӱ ֻӭ
׳֟ ֻ . Ӳ־ָ ֟ԍߓ ד֡ .
ָߴ֬ ־ָ ֳ֬ ֜ ֝ӟ ֿց
ֻ֍ߛ ߟ ֻ ֏ֻ . ־ ֕ ߭
֭µ֍ߓ ד֡ ֍ԍ Ӥ . ӱ
֭֩־ָ ִ֭ ֻ껵 ӓߓ ӓ
ߣԍӓ . ß֍ ֻ־֍ֻ߭ ד֡
ָߵ ־֭ӓ ֓ ֵ .
֭ӟָ
ִ֬Կ Ӳ֟ ד֡֍ 10-11 ֟֍֯
25 ֟֍ֵ֯՟ ״֟. ־֭ӓ ֟ ,
֬֍ֻ߭ (߭) ד֡֍ ֿ ӯ֛֟.
ֳӛִָ. ָ ӟ ָ֬֟: 1000 ֵ՟
ִ֬ԓ ϳ־ ָ־ԟ ӟ ָ֓
ָ . ם ָ , ϴ֝ӟ
ӭ ٴ֍ ӣ ֛֡߾ָ דס֟ .
. 1157 ֬ דס֟ ֿߣ֓ ϟ ֕ ֲֻ
. ֟ ן֯֓߭ ϟ . 15 ֟֍֓
֟֍ ד֡֍ ־ֵ ״֟
ӣӟ֓ ӯ֛֟.
ֵ֟֯՟
֓߭ ֲֻ . ֓ ֛֡־ָ
֜. ָߵ ד֡֍ ֍
֛֡־ָ ָ֓ ֻ . וֵ֭֕֕ ֟
'ד֡֍ ן ֵ֭֓ ߭ ֛֡֓ ד֡
ß֍ ӟ ־֭ ֍ԍ ß . '
֦
־Դ חֱִֵ֟ 'Tirupatti Kunram. ' Ӿ֓ . .
. ִ֓Ӧ ӭ ־ָ֭ ӣ ύ֟
ֻ . ӟ ד֡Ӿֹ ׁ֝ ָӟ
ד֡֍ꓵ ֬ߓ þֹ Ӑֻ ցӟ . ֯
֍ ד֡ . ֳ֤ ־߸ӓ ߾֭ ֙Ӿָ ύֿ
֍֟. ־ֹ ־ ֏, 韵֍, . Ӑֻ
״.
֛֡
ׁ֟ ־֟ ֍ ӟ ֵ ֟
. ־ָ ד֡֍ Ӥ ִ ־ֵ
״֟. ד֡֍ꓵ ֲ֟ ד֡֍ ֭־ָ ־֭
. , , ֟ , 'ד֡ӟ ύָ
ִԻ֟, ñٟ ן־ . ד֡ӓ ָָ ֚ؕ,
, ֑ ֮֟־ֻ֓ س֟-ד֡ӓ . ִ֍ֻ߭
Íߓ ֵ֭֭ ד֡֯ ֭־۬
. ֿ֟: ֏ ִ֭֯֝ ֵӟ ַ
ָָ ß . ֲ Ӑֻ ߟ߭ ցӟ ֟. ' (ָߵ
ד֡֍ . 33.)
ٟ֍
ִ֬
־ע֯Ϭ֭ ִ . ֟߯ ֵ֕֯՟
ӓ ٟ-֭ ָ֬֟: ύָ ԭ ..
. ֟ ֭ ֕֍ ֯ןִ ֲֻ
, ӟ ֭ӟָ ԭ ֻ֭껵
߭ ָ ӟָ . ןִ ցם֍
Ӑ ־ ־ 2000 ԯֵ՟ ֓ þֹӟ ִֵ
. ֭֩ ؍ ֛֭ã ָ֓ ֑
껵֭ӟָ ӟ ֿ ֜ .
֟ߣՍӓ ָ, ӟ ֮ ֟֟. ִ֬
֭µ֓ ֭ӟ ֍ָӭ וֲ֟ ָ ֟ .
ᓵ ֵֹ֓֓
ו֭֯ןִ ֲ֛ ֻ ։ ֍.
֛֭־ָ ᓵ ־ָ ֮֟
֟ ֵ֯՟ ֻ ֟֟. ִ֭
֍ָ פ֟. ֻ껵 ןִ ִ֭
֭֩־ִָָ֭֕ ֟֟. ӟ ӛ߾ָָ
ֻ ֟֟. ߣԍӓ ןִӓ þֹӟ
ֻ֓ یֳ ִֻ ӓ ֭־ָ ָָ˸
ד֡ ֜ ֟֟. ־ֹ ֟ ߣԍӓ ןִ
ֻ ։ ֍. פӲָ Ӳָ ֬
ӓ ָӓ ֓ ß֍ӟ ӑֳ
ύӟ .
֬֍ֻ߭
ִٟ־ָ ϣϴ֝ ־ָ (ӓ
֍ָ) ꌵ־ָ ֟߾ָ ߾֟
ד֭ ֜ ։ ֻ. ָ ӓ ֭
þֹӟ ֛ .
֍
־՟ ֓߭ ִٟ ֙֓ ߯ ך
״ֻ . ۿ֟֝ ԍֻ߭ , ֙
חִִֵ֬ ֻ . ֓ ֿ ִ֍ָ
ꓵ ִֵ . , ֣, ֏֭, ϵ .
ך֝֓ חִִֵ֬ ִ ־ֵ ״֟.
֯ 㯟֍ֻ߭ . . ֵ֬
֟. ֣ 24 ߣԍ ֬Դ֭ ־߸ ӓ
ٟ ״ֻ , ָ㯟֓ ֵָ ֻ
, ß֍ ֣ ٟ֍ꓵ ߭
ִ ֻ . . ֵ֍֤ ֻ֯ 'ָߵִٟ֍'
ӣ֟ ֟ ֣ Ӑ֍ֻ߭ ㏵֟:
ӯϤֵ֓ .
ӛאָ
אָ . . 188 30 ֵԟ֓ Ӑ֍ֻ߭
ٟ ֻ֍ ֟ ύ ֟.
껵 ־־ 100 ӱ ӟ
ֻٟ . ׁ֝ ָ֓ ִֻ ִ֍ ã֭
껵 ִٟ ֲֻ ֻ껵 . ӓ . .
. 300-200 ֯ אֻ֟ ֟. ٟ þֹ
כ֭ Ӵ֬ ן ֻ֭ ֟֟.
־ֲ֝ ֬ ִٟ ָӟ
ß ֻ֝ ֟. ֻ֯ ִ ԭ
ӟ߭ ϟ ߓ ֭ ֻ֯֍ ֍
. ִٟ֍ ִ .
ã֯֟֍
ԍӓ
֬ ןִӓ ־ã֭ ׳֟ ֝ӟ ֟
ӭ ֍ ֻ . ָ־ԓ ָ
֭֍ַӟ ִפӓ ۾ߵ ָ ֕
. ֕֓ ֭ וֻӟ
ִפ ֬֍ֻ߭ ־־֓ ց ֟. ָ֣֓
פӟ ã֯֟֍ ֍ , ָ
֟֓ ־ ֙.
ؾ֬
ӟ֟ ָ ֕ӟ '֕' ã 9 11
֟֍ֵ֯՟ ןӤ ֵֻ ֻ֭ ם
֝֓ כ כ ֯ןִ ־ֵ
״֟. Ӥ֏ӛ֟ ֻ֝껵 ִ Ӑֻ
Ӑ ֲ֤ ֻ֯ Ӑֵֻӟ ־ֵ
״. Ӥ֏ӛ
-֟֟֓ ָ . ֭ ֻ֍ָӭ
֣ꓔ ֍ ִԝ . ӓ
֭ ֕ ֛ ֡ ֓ ֍.
ߓ ßӳ . ֓ ӓ 80
ֻ֯ ֏ֵָ֯՟ ־ָ Ӥ ց ֜
֕־֙ . ־ָ 껵 ־ֹ ӓ 896
. . . ßӳ ߣԍ פֿ֣ Ӳ֟ ֆ.
־ָ ӓ ٟ 껵 . ֻ
֛־ָ ֓߭ ֭ߵ ִ .
֛֓ ֓߭ ֭ߵ ִ .
֛֓ ָ ֕ . ֟֕ ߭
, 'ֿ֟: ã֯֟֍ꓵ ӟ ӭ ֍ ԟ
֯ , ד֟֓ ӓ ָָ ֍
! '
ã֯֟֍ ־՟ ֓߭ ֿ ֓ ׁ֝ Ӎ
אָ ӛאָ ־ԟӟ ֛ אָָ
־ԟӟ ӱ ״֟. אָ ӛאָߓ
ӱӲֲ֟ ״. ֭ӓ ֝ , ӓ
ד֡֟ ֓߭֟ ך֝ ַ֜
֍ָ ύָ ִ ӓ ֿ . אָߓ
֣ߐӱ ָӓ ִֻֻ ן֯֬ ֻ
. ã֯֟֍ꓵ ߭ ֝ߐӱ ֝ ӱ
֭ߵ . ִ֬ ã֯֟֍֬ .
ԭ֣ӓ ߾֭ ӟ ן֍ֻ֭ .
ꓵ ߭ ֣ ֵ֯֙, ß ֭ߵ
. ֯֟֍ ߍ .
ã֭ ֝ ֓ ã֭ ןӤ ִפ .
ӟ 10 11 ֟֍ӟ ֕
פ֯ϴ֝ ןӤ . ״. ֭ӓ ֝
, '֭֕֯ӟ ִ ӓ פ֓ ã ֻ .
ָ ָߵ ꓵ ֍ӭ ( ֭ӭ) ָ
ֵ㌟ .
ӓ
ã֯֟֍ ָ֣֓ ֻ֜ . ־ԭ
֭ , ־ ֍ ã֯֟ ו־ӟ ֟ ָ
ûߴ ֟ ֻ ֟. ״. ױ֭ ӭ
ã֯֟־ָ ӣ ӟ ֟, ָ־
֟֍֓ ɝ ִ פ , ָ֣ Ӎ
ֻ껵 ߓ . ֝֍
ִפӟ Ӳ־ָ -ִԖ
ֵֿԴ㐬 ֟. ׁ֝ ִԓ ã֯֟ӓ
֕ ֲֻ . ӯ
Ӧֳ ֳ֣֮ ϴ . ָ֬֟: ӓ
ִ ֻ㌵ӓ ִ֤ ֏ ؍ ӓ
ֵ֏ֻ ֻ ־. ָ ִ֤ ֓ ύָ
ӱ . ֟־ ֟֍ӟ ִֻ֕ ֟.
ׁ֝
ִפ ٟ ϴ֝ӟ . ־ֲ֝
() ּþִ ֬ ִٟ .
ã֯֟֍ꓵ ߭ . ָ ִפ
. כ֭ ߓ . ָ ӓ ׁ֝
ָߵ Ͼכ֭ ߿ ״ ؍ ָ ָߵ
֬߿ . ײ֦ פӟ Ӎ
ִ֓ ֍ ֵ ־ָ ցߍִ ֝ߵ
. ָӿ, ָ־ԓ
ד֟֓ ֤ , ֓߭ ֍ ֿ
ӯָ֛ ߟ. ֕ ӓ ß
ך֝ ֍ Ӥ ִ ֜֟. ִ ֬
ד֡֍ָ ֿӍ ־ ֻ֯ 'Ӭ֍ָ ߭ ָ'
( . 95-96) ָ ֟֟ , 'ָߵ ֭
ֵ֤֟, ָ Ӹ֍ ֻ֓ פ . '
þ. .
. ֵþֻ ӭ ִ֬Ӳ֟ ßֲ֟
ߓ אֻ֟ . פ־ָ
ָӓ ֲ֟ ֟֟, ''֟ Ͽ ã֟
, ӭ ָ ״ֻ ? xxx
־ָ ӭ ֭֭֟ (פ) ָֹ ֻֻ
־֟, ֗ ָ ! ''
ָߵ
ӓ ַ ӯϤ֍ ֳ֭֕ ֲֲ֟ ״.
ָ ӓ ֟ ֭ߵ . ӭ ֣
֓߭ ϴ֝ ֻ֯ ֟ ۿ֟
. '֣ ӿ֭־ֹ ֻ ֛ ״ֻ
, ָߵ ӯ֯Ϥ֍ . , ɝ
ִԭ ֻ֯֯ ֓ ӓ ֵ
. ꓵ ӟ ӭ ϟߍ ֝ ן ֓
Ͼӟ ֻ . ־ ٴ֍ ֟֍
֟ӓ ֭ , ֭֭֟ ־խ֓
ָ ߟ߭ !
֟֓ߓ ״. ֭ ô֣ ӭ ֻ֯ 'פ ß
ћ љیߕ ѱ ' ӟ .
֯ϴ֝
֓߭ פ , ֻֻ, ӱ ִϯ֡ . ֭
֕ -֓߭ ß֟: פ ֟. ֯
ָ ־ ֓ Ͼӟ ֻ
. ״. ֭ ӓ ֝ 'ָ
Ӳ֓ ֙ӓ ӟ ָߓ ֻ ֻ פ֟.
ύָ ֙ ִ֬ ֜ ֵ:
־֣ ֟֍ӟ . ָ ֑ ֭ ӱ
֜. 6 7 ֿ֟֍ӟ . ύָ ֙
ӿ֭ ֝֏ ӯ֛. ָ
ύָ ֙ӓ ֟ Ӥ Ӳ ִֻ֭ӭ ֻ֯
ִӟ ֵӟ ֻ֝. ״. ֭ ֻ֯ Histroy of Indian
and Eastern Architecture. P.209. ָ ֟ , ִ, פ,
, ָ ֲָ֤ ֻֿ ֤
פӓ֓ : ֵָ . ָ֣ ֬
֣֭ פ ߟ ? . . 1025 ֬ ֤
֭֗߭ פ֓ אָָ ־ԟ־ָ
ֻ껵 . ֣߭ӓ ִפֿ ״ .
״. ֭֓ ֝ , ' ִֻ֭ӭ
פ־ָ ֍֝ 'ָ פ' Ӿ֭
ֻ ֟ . ָ ֕ ־. ָ פ
־֓ ָ ־ػ ֿ ן ־ֵ
. ָ ûִ ן ֍֓ ֝ ,
, ֟, ֵ . ã֟ ٟ
־ػ ؍ ꝵ ָ ߣԍӓ
־, ֝ ־ ָ֣ ־ ִԓ Ӿ ֿ֝
־. ִֻ֭֭7ӟָ פ֓ ߝ쾤ָ ֕
ߴ֤, ֬֕ ָֻӭ ֻ. ־
. ־ֹ ֭ ӭ ֜ ,
֣֭֓ פ ִפ .
ϴ֝
'֟֟ ֲ֓ ן ֯֍ . ן
ֵָ ӟ Ӭ֭ӓ ־ֿ֍ ֟, ־
'֟֟' ִ֬ ٳ֟ . ֓߭ פ, 'ٟ
ӱ ßӳ ֯ϴ֝ ֓߭ ֻֻ á ӓ
ִ־ ֟֟ӟ ֍.
־ֲ֝
() ֻֻ .
֟֟ ֳ֓ ֻ֟߭ ֍ָ և ӭ
־ֲ֝֓ 144 ֻֻӓ Ӑ ύ֟
. ӓ ß־֭ ӭ ӓ ן֍
֍ ־֭ӓ ց ֻ . Ӧ㯟 ם
֦ ӓ ָï (֯֟) ӲӬ֓ ־֭
, ӭ ֜ , ִ֙
Ӧ㯟ִխ ֦ ו֤֭߁ ֻ .
֯ϴ֝ ֻֻ . 1 ֬ ӓ ôָ . Ӑ֓ ָ ־ע ־ֲ֤
ָ . ֵָ֓ ӭ ύ֟ . ӟ ӭ 500
ֻֻ Ӑ ß־֭ ӓ ן֍
֟ ־֭ . ָ Ӑ ֛֭
֭ ֯ ִֻ ӓ ־ע ָ֭ ֯
. ֻֻ֕ . ִֵٟ֕ ӓ֍ . ִ֣
ӭ ӯפ ύ֟ . ֓֯ϴ֝
, ֛ . ך֝ ֻֻ, ִϯ֡,
ӣ֯Ͽß, ¯֍, ּ־ֻ, Ծֻ, ֕־ӿ־ֻ
ӣ . ֭ ֯ ן֍ ִ ֲֻ פ
.
þ . .
. . ֵþֻ ӭ ֻ֯ ӟ , 'ִ֬
2500 ԓ Ӿ֟ ֭֝ ־ ֡ӟ
־՟ Ӑֻ (֓߭) . ־ֹ ִ֕֟ , ֓߭
ן֍ ֙ߓ Ԑ֭֝ ִ֓ ӟ ֻ
. ָ ך֝ 㯟 ֻ,
ӟ֓ ӓ ֭֝ꓵ ָ֬־ָ
ם֍ ן֍ 㬤 ־߸ӓ ֯
ֵ֛ ־ ֙ӓ ֻ ִ ۿ֟ ֍.
ӓ Ӑֻ ߟ߭ ־ ֙ӿ ִ ֻ.
ן֍ ֙ӓ ӓ ן֍
ּ־ֻ ״. ( ӿ֭ ӛ 1-. 211).
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