The undeveloped reasonable
five-sensed beings.
cognition: mati-, sruta-,
avadhi-jnana (ajnana), acaksur-,
avadhi-darsana.
activity : karmana-, and
audarika-misra-kaya-yoga.
lesyas : all 6.
belief : mithyatva,
sasvadana-samyaktva, samyaktva (not samyagmithyatva ! Kg. I, 98a).
conduct : avirati.
gunasthana: 1, 2, 4.
Beings of this class bind
only karman suitable for animals and human beings.
Table of bandha
udaya satta of nama-k.
23,25abc,26,29abc,30ab
21c, 26e 92,88,86ab,80ab,78ab
THE HUMAN STATE OF
EXISTENCE.
Human beings are of three
kinds:
1. those
living in the 15 Karmabhumis,
2. those living in the 30
Akarmabhumis,
3. those living on the 56
Antaradvipas.
According to another
division (Tattv. III 15) they are divided into aryas and mlecchas. Like
animals there are developed and undeveloped beings of this class.
The developed human
beings.
With the developed human
beings all upayogas and yogas, all lesyas, every kind of belief and
conduct, and all 14 gunasthanas are possible. The following combinations
of nama-k occur in udaya: 20, 21de, 25de, 26fg, 27cde, 28defghi, 29ghiklm,
30fghi, 31c, 8,9.
They can bind all species
of karman-combinations suitable to all 4 states of existence; all species
of satta-combinations are possible with them. The mutual relationship in
which bandha, udaya and satta-ks are standing towards one another, differs
according to the gunasthana. (See below).
Before all other beings
mankind enjoys an infinite advantage; human being only can attain perfect
self-discipline and thereby acquire salvation. The existence in the human
state is, therefore, the condition sine qua non of salvation, and a jiva
must be reborn in this state in order to be saved.
The undeveloped human
beings.
To the undeveloped human
beings, i.e. those whose organs or faculties have not fully grown, belong
also those created by coagulation. The sammurcchima-manusyas are produced
through generatio aequivoca in bile, phlegm, urine, mucus, blood, semen,
in a corpse, in impure places, through the union of a man and a woman (stripurusasamyoge),
etc. (Kg. I, 117a).
The marganasthanas and
karman-combinations correspond to those of the undeveloped five-sensed
animals.
THE CELESTIAL STATE OF
EXISTENCE.
Gods (deva) are beings
with fine transformation-bodies who pass their lives, which are very long
in comparison to earthly conception, relatively in a greater or smaller
state of bliss. They enter into existence through "manifestation" (upapata),
i.e. they appear suddenly where according to their karman they must
originate. If the ayus of a god is exhausted, his existence is ended,
without a cause of death (upakrama) being the apparent reason of it. Gods
are developed and undeveloped; the latter only if their organs are not
fully developed. The faculties (labdhi) of the body, breath, etc. are
always completely existing in a god (Kg. I, 115b).
cognition: mati-, sruta-,
avadhi-jnana (or ajnana), caksur- acaksur-, avadhi-darsana.
activity : 4 vag-yogas, 4
mano-yogas, vaikriya-, vaikriya-misra- and karmana-kaya-yoga.
lesyas : all 6 occur, yet
among the classes of gods differences exist, concerning which further
details will be given later.
belief : mithyatva,
sasvadana samyaktva, samyagmithyatva, samyaktva,
conduct : gods possess no
self-control, because there is no possibility for them to practice it, as
every wish is fulfilled immediately it arises (Gandhi 111).
gunasthanas: 1--4.
Devas are reincarnated as
human beings or as animals; if as the latter, however, only as developed
gross earth-, water or plant-beings, as well as 5-sensed animals. The
following karmans are not bound by them: celestial and infernal state of
existence, anupurvi, ayus; transformation-body and limbs;
translocation-body and limbs: undeveloped common body, 2-,3-,4-sensed
class of beings, fine body.
After these general
remarks, I give a short characteristic of the 4 celestial classes and
their subdivisions.
1. The
lowest species of gods are the Bhavanavasins who, on their part, are
divided into 10 classes, which have the following names: Asura-kumara,
Naga-kumara, Vidyut-kumara, Suparna-kumara, Agni-kumara, Vata-kumara,
Stanita-kumara, Udadhi-kumara, Dvipa-kumara, Dik-kumara. The first named
ones are living in the upper part of the uppermost hell (Ratnaprabha), the
others in the earth. In appearance they equal princes, as the second part
of their name indicates. At the head of each class are 2 Indras; the other
members of a class are divided into 9 grades. They satisfy their sexual
needs by bodily coition. Their lesya is black, dark, gray or fiery. They
bind no tirthakara-karman.
2. The Vyantaras comprise
8 classes: Kinnara, Kimpurusa, Mahoraga, Gandharva, Yaksa, Raksasa, Bhuta
and Pisaca. They live in all 3 worlds, they are partly free, partly
serving others--even men. The 1st rank of each class is again occupied by
2 Indras; besides these, there are, however, only 7 other grades. Sexual
pleasure, lesya and karman as with the preceding class.
3. The Jyotiskas are
divided into 5 classes: suns, moons, planets; naksatras and fixed stars.
In the human world these are continually revolving, in the direction
towards the right round the Meru mountain; beyond in they are not in
constant movement. There are many Indras here--the suns and moons
--besides 7 other grades. The other as with the preceding.
4. The Vaimanikas are
divided into 2 chief classes: Kalpopapannas (inhabitants of Kalpas) and
Kalpatitas (kalpa-less). Kalpa means abode of the gods.
1) The Kalpopapannas are
inhabiting the following Kalpas: 1. Saudharma, 2. Aisana, 3. Sanatkumara,
4. Mahendra, 5. Brahma-loka, 6. Lantaka, 7. Mahasukra, 8. Sahasrara, 9.
Anata, 10. Pranata, 11. Arana and 12. Acyuta. The 1. Kalpa lies above the
canopy of the Meru, then every one above the other. With every Kalpa the
lifetime, power, delights, splendor, purity of the lesya, strength of the
senses, and sphere of activity of the avadhi-knowledge of its inhabitants
is growing whilst the circumstance of the sphere (through which they
wander in the universe), the size of the body, the possession and the
pride, is decreasing. In 1 and 2 bodily coition is still performed; in the
others a more and more refined sort of sexual satisfaction takes its
place. At the head of each group stands an Indra, besides whom there are
still 9 grades. The lesya is in 1 and 2 fiery, in 3,4,5 lotus-pink,
thereafter white. In 1 and 2 each karman assimilable by gods, is bound, in
3-8 not the karmans of 1-sensed class of beings, immovable body, warm
splendor, in 9-12, in addition to these not cold luster, animal state,
anupurvi, ayus.
2) The Kalpatitas have a
white lesya and no sexual desire at all. With them no difference in rank
exists. They are divided into 2 divisions, which again are subdivided into
many classes.
I. The
Graiveyakas are 9-fold: Sudarsana, Supratibandha, Manorama, Sarvabhadra,
Suvisala, Somanasa, Sumamkasa, Priyamkara, nandikara. They do not bind the
karmans: 1-sensed class of beings, immovable body warm splendor, cold
luster, animal state of existence, anupurvi and ayus.
