These ten
virtues have been divided in two parts on the basis of �Paryaya-Naya�
i.e., the model point of view, and �Dravya-Naya� i.e., the
substantial point of view; or in spiritual terminology �Vyavahara-Naya�
i.e., the practical point of view and �Nishchaya-Naya� i.e.,
the realistic point of view. The householders are ordained for partial
observation and the ascetics for absolute observation of these virtues.
From the above view points these ten virtues have been further classified
into forty categories. The adjective �Supreme� has been used with these
ten virtues with three viewpoints:
(i) Forgiveness given with perfect
faith is called supreme forgiveness.
(ii) Forgiveness given by an ascetic
who observes the great vows is known as supreme forgiveness.
(iii) Ordinarily the virtue of
forgiveness has been assigned the first place among virtues and is
regarded superb in the world; from this viewpoint also forgiveness is the
supreme virtue.
Pertaining
to the use of the adjective �Supreme�, the sermon of Acharya Uma
Swamy is also worth remembering:
�Utamkshmamardvarjvshochstyanymtpstyagaiknynybrhmyrari Dharma�
(Tattvartha
Sutra: Section IX, Sutra 6)
There are other versions of
ten virtues in Jain philosophy:
�Athahimsa kasha Satyam, shuchi shradhendryasanyam,
Danmijaya tapodhyanam,
dashakam dharmsadhnam�
It
means religion has ten ways and means:
1. Ahimsa - Non-violence
2. Kshma - Forgiveness
3. Satya - Truthfulness
4. Shuchitva - Purity
5. Shradha -
Faith
6. Indriya Sanyam
- Restraint on senses
7. Dana - Charity
8. Puja - Devotion or
worship
9. Tapa - Penance
10. Dhayana -
Meditation
�Sanyam sunritshoch, brahmakichanta Tapa,
Kshanti
mardvmrijuta, muktishch dashdha sa tu�
It means, this religion which
preaches universal well-being is of ten kinds:
1. Sanyam -
Self-restraint
2. Satya - Truthfulnes
3. Pavitrata - Purity
4. Brahmacarya -
Chastity
5. Akinchanya -
Non-attachment
6. Tapa - Penance
7. Shanty - Peace
8. Vineysheelta -
Humility
9. Nishkapat
Vyavhar - Deception-free conduct
10. Mukti - Liberation
